In this presentation a complete description of macronutrients can be described. Their physiological role in plants. excess use of macronutrient result. and the deficiency in plants result described.

1. Name Mobeen Arshad
Roll no. 20

2. Macronutrients
 A chemical element or substance that is essential in
relatively large amounts to the growth and health of a
living organism.

3. Macro nutrients
Hydrogen (H)
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Sulfur (S)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)

4. Nitrogen
Physiological role of nitrogen:
Promotes growth of leaves and stem
Give dark green color and improve quality of foliage
Essential component of cell proteins and nucleic acids
Important component of chlorophyll
Promotes cell division and cell enlargement
Increase respiratory rate

5. Nitrogen
Deficiency symptoms:
 The older leaves near the base of plants turn yellow and
start falling (chlorosis).
 Leaf viens turn purple or red due to anthocyanin
formation.
 Lower the rate of respiration due to shortage of enzyme
of respiration.
 Dormancy of lateral buds.
 Stunted growth of plants. Size of leaves reduce.
 Maturity of plants delayed.

6. Excess supply of nitrogen:
Abundent vegetative growth and poor
flowering.
Insects and pathogen attack on plants
increase.
Stem become weak and tender.
Leaves become dark green and succulent.
Inhibits the development of mechanical
tissue like sclernchyma.

9. Phosphorus
Necessary for the functioning of mitochondria.
Helps in translocation of carbohydrates.
Promotes root growth.
Promotes fruit ripening.
Important part of cell membrane.
Part of organic molecules like ATP, NADP and ADP.
Part of nucleoproteins and co-enzyme.
necessary for cambial activity.
Present abundantly in growing and storage organ.
Physiological role of phosphorous:

10. Phosphorus
Deficiency symptoms:
Growth become retard and dark green color of leaves.
Appearance of dead patches on leaves, petioles and fruit.
Leaves fall early.
Bulky pith in stem.
Delays maturity of plants, and produce non-woody slender
stems.
Imbalance in the storage of carbohydrates, results leaf pigment
change and leaves become dark purplish in color.
Premature senescence of older leaves.

12. Potassium
Physiological role:
Important role in plant metabolism.
Activator of many plant enzyme.
Necessary of ionic balance.
Promotes the growth of apical meristem, secondary roots and newly
developing leaves.
Essential for the synthesis and translocation of carbohydrates.
Essential for the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.
Necessary for opening and closing of stomata.
Plant requires potassium ions for protein synthesis.
Improves resistance to diseases and insects.
Improves the efficiency of water use.

13. Potassium
Deficiency symptoms:
Necrosis in the interveinal spaces between the main veins along with
interveinal chlorosis.
Young shoots and leaves start dying.
Leaves margins become dull yellow.
Growth of internodes become retard.
Brown scorching and curling of leaf tips.
Chlorosis between leaf tips.
Purple spots appear on leaf underside.
Photosynthesis reduce.
Poor development in mechanical tissues.
Less resistance to disease.
Cell fails to divide and elongate result stunted growth.

15. Calcium
Physiological roles:
Calcium is the important part of cell walls, mainly middle lamella.
Necessary for cell division.
Stimulate the development of root hairs.
Neutralizing acids like oxalic acid, both inside and outside the plants.
Promotes the movement and utilization of carbohydrates and amino
aids.
Play role in binding of nucleic acid to proteins.

16. Calcium
Deficiency symptoms:
Chlorosis patches appear near the leaf margins.
Rapid disintigration of the growing tips of roots and shoots.
Inhibits seed formation.
Cells become weaken.
Vascular system start to collapse.
Cause high uptake of magnesium. Which cause magnesium
toxicity in plants.

18. Sulphur
Physiological roles:
Occurs in proteins, amino acids cysteine and
amino acids.
Essential component of vitamins, thiamine and
biotin.
Component of co enzyme A necessary for
respiration.
Synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids.

19. Sulphur
Deficiency symptoms:
Chlorosis in younger leaves first than
older leaves. Some time at all in both
younger and older leaves.
Stunted growth of plants.
Anthocyanin accumulation.

21. Magnesium
Physiological roles:
Have role in activation of enzymes that involved
in respiration and photosynthesis.
Synthesis of DNA and RNA.
Part of the porphyrin component of
cholorophyll.
Combine with ATP and allows it to function in
many reaction.

22. Magnesium
Deficiency symptoms:
Interveinal chlorosis, if it
prolongs leaf become white or
yellow.
Premature fall of the leaf ( leaf
abscission )