This document provides information about carbohydrates including their structure, types, and functions. It begins with an introduction to carbohydrates and explains that they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It then discusses the three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The document concludes by describing the key functions of carbohydrates, which include energy storage, forming cellular structures, and bonding to other molecules.

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8. Lesson 21.1
Carbohydrates

9. Learning Competency
Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such
as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
(S10MT-IVc-d-22).
At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning
competency should be met by the students.

10. Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to
do the following:
● Recognize carbohydrates as one of the major
categories of biomolecules.
● Explain the functions of carbohydrates in the
processes of life.

11. Carbohydrates are well
known to perform
functions that are
mostly related to
energy storage and
energy reservoirs.
However, in most
organisms, these are
not the only uses of
carbohydrates.
What are
carbohydrates and
what are their
functions?

12. Learn about It

13. Learn about It
● hydrate de carbone means
hydrates of carbon.
● Also called saccharides,
derived from the Greek word
sakcharon, which means
sugar.
● Suffix -ose is used to denote
the name of a saccharide
Carbohydrates and Their General Structure
Typical structure of carbohydrates

14. Learn about It
Sugar, starch, and
cellulose are groups of
carbohydrates and are all
made up of the elements
carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.

15. Learn about It
● Carbohydrates are
molecules that are
composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
They have the general
formula CnH2nOn.
Carbohydrates and Their General Structure
Typical structure of carbohydrates

16. Learn about It
● Carbohydrates basically
contain an aldehyde or a
ketone unit, with
multiple hydroxyl groups
at almost all carbon atoms.
Carbohydrates and Their General Structure
Typical structure of carbohydrates

17. Learn about It

18. Learn about It
- Micromolecule
-monosaccharide
- Macromolecule
- disaccharide
- polysaccharide
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES

19. Learn about It
● Monosaccharides
○ simplest form of
carbohydrates
○ The prefix mono- suggests
that these carbohydrates
are composed of only one
basic molecule.
Classifying Carbohydrates Based on Complexity
Glucose as a monosaccharide

20. Learn about It
● Monosaccharides
○ They have open-chain
and cyclic forms, and
these forms are
interchangeable
through chemical
reactions.
Classifying Carbohydrates Based on Complexity
Glucose as a monosaccharide

21. Learn about It
● Monosaccharides
○ In aqueous solutions,
most of the glucose will
be found in their cyclic
form.
Classifying Carbohydrates Based on Complexity
Glucose as a monosaccharide

22. Learn about It
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common examples of
simple sugars, each bearing the same molecular formula of
C6H12O6.

23. Learn about It
• Glucose , sometimes referred to
as dextrose.
• Most abundant monosaccharide
in nature.
• Found in the bloodstream
• Provides the immediate source
of energy of the body’s cells and
tissues.
• May exist both in a chain and
cyclic form.

24. Learn about It
• Fructose, is known as the fruit
sugar as it is likely to be found
in fruits.
• Sweetest among all sugars
• Nectar of flowers, molasses,
and honey

25. Learn about It
• Galactose does not occur free
in nature.
• It is produced in the body,
through digestion of
disaccharide lactose.

26. Learn about It

27. Learn about It

28. Learn about It
● Disaccharides
○ From the prefix di-,
disaccharides are
formed when two
monosaccharides
combine.
Classifying Carbohydrates Based on Complexity
Formation of maltose from two glucose molecules.
This type of reaction is known as a condensation
reaction.

29. Learn about It
● Disaccharides
○ In a disaccharide, the
monosaccharides are
linked via a condensation
reaction producing an
ether (C−O−C) group
called glycosidic bond.
Classifying Carbohydrates Based on Complexity
Fructose and galactose as
disaccharides

30. Learn about It

31. Learn about It

32. Learn about It
● Polysaccharides
○ long chains of
monosaccharide units
○ They are also called
complex
carbohydrates.
Classifying Carbohydrates Based on Complexity
Starch as a polysaccharide

33. Learn about It
● Polysaccharides
○ Carbohydrates can either
be homopolysaccharides,
which are composed of one
type of monosaccharide, or
heteropolysaccharides
with multiple types.
Classifying Carbohydrates Based on Complexity
Starch as a polysaccharide

34. Learn about It

35. Learn about It
● The main function of
carbohydrates is to store
and provide energy.
● Carbohydrates are broken
down into smaller glucose
units, which can be easily
absorbed by the cells.
The Functions of Carbohydrates
Common carbohydrates for energy
storage

36. Learn about It
● Some carbohydrates also
serve as the framework of
cellular structures.
● These carbohydrates serve
as a brace or a support
structure for the shape and
form of the organism.
The Functions of Carbohydrates
Chitin, carbohydrate for structures
of insects

37. Learn about It
● Carbohydrates also form other types of molecules once
bonded to specific groups.
● A notable example of this is the group of proteins known as
the glycoproteins.
The Functions of Carbohydrates

38. Key Points
● Carbohydrates are molecules that are composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
● The basic structure of a carbohydrate includes an
aldehyde or a ketone unit, surrounded by many
hydroxyl groups.
● The types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

39. Check Your Understanding
Identify the terms being described by each of the
statements below.
1. These carbohydrates are also known as simple sugars.
2. These carbohydrates are made up of several simple sugars
linked together. They are also called complex carbohydrates.
3. These proteins known to have carbohydrate moieties.

40. Bibliography
Boyer, Rodney. 2006. Concepts in Biochemistry Third Edition. Danvers: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Carberry, Claudia. “How to Make Homemade Whey Protein.” wikiHow. Accessed June 7, 2022.
https://www.wikihow.com/Make-Homemade-Whey-Protein.
Krempels, Dana. “The Plant Cell is Special.” Department of Biology, University of Miami. Accessed August
17, 2016. http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/226/226F07_3print.html.
Lehninger, Albert L., Nelson, David L., Cox, Michael M. 2013. Principles of Biochemistry, 6th Edition. W.H.
Freeman and Company.
Martin, Laura J. “Antibody.” Medline Plus. Accessed August 17, 2016.
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002223.htm.

41. Bibliography
Moyna, Guillermo. “Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids.” The Moyna Group. Accessed August 18, 2016.
http://tonga.usp.edu/gmoyna/biochem341/dec6.html.
Reusch, William. “Peptides & Proteins.” Natural Product Chemistry. Accessed August 18, 2016.
https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/protein2.htm.
Voet, Donald, Voet, Judith G., Pratt, Charlotte W. 2016. Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular
Level, 5th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
“What is the Biuret Test for Proteins?” Brilliant Biology Student. Accessed June 7, 2022.
http://brilliantbiologystudent.weebly.com/biuret-test-for-protein.html.