This document discusses hard shell and soft shell capsules. It defines capsules as solid dosage forms containing medicinal agents enclosed in gelatin shells. Hard shell capsules are made of two rigid gelatin shells joined together, while soft shell capsules contain plasticizers like glycerin added to the gelatin. The document describes the manufacturing processes of both types of capsules and compares their advantages and disadvantages as drug delivery systems.
Plant layout of capsules contains the defination, types, layout of hard and soft gelatin capsule and the environmental condition concluding with the references.
Capsules are tasteless, odorless and can easily be
administered.
Combination of powders we can use
There are attractive in appearance.
The drugs having un-pleasant odor and taste are
enclosed in a tasteless shell.
They can be filled quickly and conveniently.
Physician can change the dose and combination of drug
according to patient requirement.
They are economical.
They are easy to handle and carry.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
Plant layout of capsules contains the defination, types, layout of hard and soft gelatin capsule and the environmental condition concluding with the references.
Capsules are tasteless, odorless and can easily be
administered.
Combination of powders we can use
There are attractive in appearance.
The drugs having un-pleasant odor and taste are
enclosed in a tasteless shell.
They can be filled quickly and conveniently.
Physician can change the dose and combination of drug
according to patient requirement.
They are economical.
They are easy to handle and carry.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
A Primer on Hard Gelatin Capsule ManufacturingVivek Sinha
31/03/2015
Hard gelatin capsule shells are used as soluble containers for incorporation of drugs or nutritional
supplements, usually in the form of powders, pellets or granules in the healthcare industry. They are
commonly intended for oral administration having its advantages over other dosage forms that are
used widely by pharmaceutical companies to develop different medicaments and ensure stability of
the product throughout the shelf life. Since it serves as a major excipient for the manufacture of
pharmaceutical products, the quality attributes of hard capsule shells is very vital for performance
and stability of the final product.
Pharmaceutical products are categorized as high quality and high risk product administered to fight
various types of acute and chronic illnesses where the performance of the product should be
reproducible every time it is administered. The capsule shell consists of two cylindrical parts i.e. the
cap and body; both are open at one extreme. Other extreme of both is hemispherical; the open end
of cap overlaps the open end of body and maintains a closure with a typical lock system. Hence, it is
very important that the product achieves the label claim as set forth and is not contaminated and
readily available to the patients. Benchmarking of developments and manufacturing processes in the
pharmaceutical industry as against other industries led to the concept of Quality by Design or QbD.
Over the past few years, QbD has gained considerable acceptance throughout pharmaceutical
industry and has been successfully applied. The key quality attributes of capsules that determine the
process ability on the high speed filling machine are the dimensional characteristics and weight
variability.
The potential variations of empty hard capsules as an input material and its potential impact on
finished product quality has been studied and high consistency within the specification of the critical
quality parameters is confirmed. Annual product quality review needs to be performed using defined
sampling size against set of verification criteria. The built-in quality approach begins at the
development stage of new product where even factors impacting the performance of hard capsules
i.e. formulation, filling machine type, etc., is given due consideration. The selection of proper raw
material, the process validations and stability studies are to be conducted for suitability. The process
conditions should be maintained along with appropriate in-process quality checks. Final release of
product can be done by QA after product and document review. The data on process capability,
trends of quality parameters, technical specification and the evaluation procedure should be
maintained and submitted based on the current level of quality standards.
Its All About Capsule...
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A Primer on Hard Gelatin Capsule ManufacturingVivek Sinha
31/03/2015
Hard gelatin capsule shells are used as soluble containers for incorporation of drugs or nutritional
supplements, usually in the form of powders, pellets or granules in the healthcare industry. They are
commonly intended for oral administration having its advantages over other dosage forms that are
used widely by pharmaceutical companies to develop different medicaments and ensure stability of
the product throughout the shelf life. Since it serves as a major excipient for the manufacture of
pharmaceutical products, the quality attributes of hard capsule shells is very vital for performance
and stability of the final product.
Pharmaceutical products are categorized as high quality and high risk product administered to fight
various types of acute and chronic illnesses where the performance of the product should be
reproducible every time it is administered. The capsule shell consists of two cylindrical parts i.e. the
cap and body; both are open at one extreme. Other extreme of both is hemispherical; the open end
of cap overlaps the open end of body and maintains a closure with a typical lock system. Hence, it is
very important that the product achieves the label claim as set forth and is not contaminated and
readily available to the patients. Benchmarking of developments and manufacturing processes in the
pharmaceutical industry as against other industries led to the concept of Quality by Design or QbD.
Over the past few years, QbD has gained considerable acceptance throughout pharmaceutical
industry and has been successfully applied. The key quality attributes of capsules that determine the
process ability on the high speed filling machine are the dimensional characteristics and weight
variability.
The potential variations of empty hard capsules as an input material and its potential impact on
finished product quality has been studied and high consistency within the specification of the critical
quality parameters is confirmed. Annual product quality review needs to be performed using defined
sampling size against set of verification criteria. The built-in quality approach begins at the
development stage of new product where even factors impacting the performance of hard capsules
i.e. formulation, filling machine type, etc., is given due consideration. The selection of proper raw
material, the process validations and stability studies are to be conducted for suitability. The process
conditions should be maintained along with appropriate in-process quality checks. Final release of
product can be done by QA after product and document review. The data on process capability,
trends of quality parameters, technical specification and the evaluation procedure should be
maintained and submitted based on the current level of quality standards.
Its All About Capsule...
i tried to explain in short...
hope you liked it..
please like and share to all students,
which are want to more study in minimum time..
Thank You..
also join on whatsapp to bring newthings
contact no. 9765763626
capsules and its types are discussed in this slide. along with their uses and their advantages over one another. preparation of each type is well explained in these slides.
Capsules. Their Types, manufacturing and packaging.pdfShakeelIjaz3
Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed within either a hard or soft soluble shell, usually formed from gelatin.
The capsule may be considered a container drug delivery system that provides a tasteless and odorless dosage form without need for a secondary coating step, as may be required for tablets. Their availability in a wide variety of colors makes capsules aesthetically pleasing. Gelatin is obtained by the partial hydrolysis of collagen obtained from the skin, white connective tissue, and bones of animals.
Gelatin capsule shells may be hard or soft, depending on their composition.
Hard Gelatin Capsules
Soft Gelatin Capsules
The shells may be composed of two pieces, a body and a cap, or they may be composed of a single piece. hard-shell capsules are two piece capsules whereas soft shell capsules are one piece capsules.
Hard Gelatin Capsules:
Most capsule products manufactured today are of the hard gelatin type.
The community pharmacist also uses hard gelatin capsules in theextemporaneous compounding. The empty capsule shells are made of gelatin, sugar, and water.
Normally, hard gelatin capsules contain 13% to 16% of moisture. However, if stored in an environment of high humidity, additional moisture is absorbed by the capsules, and they may become distorted and lose their rigid shape. In an environment of extreme dryness, some of the moisture normally present in the gelatin capsules is lost, and the capsules may become brittle and crumble when handled. Therefore, it is desirable to maintain hard gelatin capsules in an environment free from excessive humidity or dryness.
Advantages for HGC:
Hard gelatin capsules often have been assumed to have better bioavailability than tablets.
Hard shell capsules allow a degree of flexibility of formulation not obtainable with tablets.
Modern capsule filling equipment makes possible the multiple filling of diverse systems such as beads, granules, small tablets and powders.
Hard gelatin capsules are ideally suited for clinical trials and are widely used in preliminary drug studies. For comparative bioequivalence studies tablets can even be hidden in capsules to ensure the test being blinded.
Disadvantages of HGC:
The number of suppliers of shells is limited.
Filling equipment is slower than tableting.
Generally, hard gelatin capsule products tend to be more costly.
Highly soluble salts (e.g., iodides, bromides, and chlorides) generally should not be dispensed in hard gelatin capsules. Their rapid release may cause gastric irritation owing to the formation of a high drug concentration in localized areas.
Manufcaturing of HGC:
Hard gelatin capsule shells are manufactured in two sections, the capsule body and a shorter cap. The two parts overlap when joined, with the cap fitting snugly over the open end of the capsule body. Some capsule shells are designed to lock in place when closed. Hard gelatin shells are manufactured by a process in which stainless steel mold pins are
Capsules:
a. Hard gelatin capsules: Introduction, Extraction of gelatin and production of hard gelatin capsule shells. size of capsules, Filling, finishing and special techniques of formulation of hard gelatin capsules. In process and final product quality control tests for capsules.
b. Soft gelatin capsules: Nature of shell and capsule content, size of capsules,importance of base adsorption and minimum/gram factors, production, in process and final product quality control tests. Packing, storage and stability testing of soft gelatin capsules
Scope of Pharmacy 1 Prof morning Batch 2021Tehmina Adnan
Introduction and orientation to the Profession of Pharmacy concerning Hospital Pharmacy, Retail Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy, Forensic Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical education and research etc
Pharmacy Orientation Gp B Evening Batch 2021Tehmina Adnan
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a. Introduction and orientation to the Profession of Pharmacy in relation to Hospital Pharmacy, Retail Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy, Forensic Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical education and research etc
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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3. INTRODUCTION:
“Capsules are solid dosage
forms in which medicinal agents
and inert substances are enclosed
in a small shell of gelatin’’
4. CLASSIFICATION:
On the basis of composition of gelatin shells,
capsules are divided into 2 types;
1. Hard shell capsule
2. Soft shell capsule
5. 1. HARD SHELL CAPSULE:
Hard gelatin capsule shells are used in most
commercial medicated capsules. The community
pharmacist also uses hard gelatin capsules in the
extemporaneous compounding of prescriptions. Hard shell
capsules consist of two interconnecting rigid, thin shells
that contain the drug and excipient composition.
Ingredients used for capsule shells should be nontoxic and
soluble in order to release drug formulation and should
additionally demonstrate resistance to mechanical stress
that may be encountered during manufacturing and
shipping of the product.
6. The empty capsule shells are made of gelatin, sugar, and
water. They can be clear, colorless, and essentially tasteless.
Most commercially available medicated capsules contain
combinations of colorants and opaquants to make them
distinctive, many with caps and bodies of different colors. For
human use, eight sizes of capsules are available. The capacity
of each size varies according to the combination of drugs and
their apparent densities.
7. METHODS OF PREPARATION OF HARD
SHELL CAPSULE:
Hard gelatin capsule shells are manufactured in two
sections, the capsule body and a shorter cap. The two parts
overlap when joined, with the cap fitting snugly over the open
end of the capsule body.
STEPS OF PREPARATION:
1. Preparation of gelatin solution.
2. Dipping and spining
3. Drying
4. Stripping and cutting
5. Joining
8. 1. PREPARATION OF GELATIN SOLUTION:
The first step in this process is to prepare the gelatin. Here,
you need to mix gelatin with hot demineralized water under a
vacuum. Once mixed, let the mixture sit for a while to allow the
elimination of air bubbles. Then, transfer the mixture to
a stainless steel service tank and add dyes and water. Note that at
this stage, water (hot) should only be used to adjust the viscosity
of the mixture.
2. DIPPING AND SPINNING:
The shells are produced industrially by the mechanical
dipping of pins or pegs of the desired shape and diameter into a
temperature controlled reservoir of melted gelatin mixture and
The moulds are slowly withdrawn from the solution and then
rotated during their transfer to the upper level of the machine, in
order to form a film of uniform thickness.
9. 3. DRYING:
Groups of ‘pin bars’ are then passed through a series of drying
kilns, in which large volumes of controlled-humidity air are
blown over them. When they reach the rear of the machine, the
bars are transferred back to the lower level and pass through
further drying kilns until they reach the front of the machine.
4. STRIPPING & CUTTING:
The dried films are removed from the moulds and cut to the
correct length.
5. JOINING:
The two parts are joined together and the complete capsule is
delivered from the machine.
10.
11.
12. FILLING OF HARD SHELL CAPSULE:
1. Rectification of capsules (placing empty gelatin capsules on
the removable plate with bodies facing downward).
2. Separation of caps from bodies.
3. Dosing of fill material (The body is filled with the
formulation manually using a plastic spatula, and the excess
powder is removed).
4. Replacement of caps/ closing capsule shells and.
5. Ejection of filled capsules.
13. FILLING OF POWDER FORMULATIONS
INTO HARD GELATIN CAPSULES:
Hard gelatin capsules can be filled by hand for
research or experimental purposes or when filling a small
number of capsules in the pharmacy. This is done by
placing the powder to be filled on a sheet of clean paper
or on a pill tile or porcelain plate and pressing the open
end of the capsule downward until it is filled. The cap is
then placed to close the capsule
14. On a small-scale manufacture, hard gelatin
capsules can be filled manually using a manual or
a hand operating capsule machine. This is done
by directly filling the powder into the capsule
shell and relying on the bulk/tapped density of
the powder to get the correct dose for the
volume of the capsule shell used.
Large scale production involves the use of
machines that come in great variety of shapes
and sizes, varying from semi- to fully automatic
and ranging in output from 3000 to 150 000 per
hour
15. CAPSULE SIZE:
Hard capsules are made in a range of sizes; the standard
industrial ones in use today for human medicines range in size
from 0 to 4.
CAPSULE SIZE BODY VOLUME (mL)
0 0.69
1 0.50
2 0.37
3 0.28
4 0.20
16. 2. SOFT SHELL CAPSULE:
Soft gelatin capsules are made of gelatin to which
glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol such as sorbitol has
been added. They contain preservatives such as
methyl paraben and/or propyl paraben, to retard
microbial growth due to presence of water. They may
be single colored or two-toned, oblong, oval or round
in shape. Soft gelatin capsules are pharmaceutically
elegant and are easily swallowed, as compared to
hard gelatin capsules.
17. METHODS OF PREPARATION OF SOFT
GELATIN CAPSULES:
Soft gelatin capsules are typically manufactured
by first melting the gelatin and then incorporating
plasticizers and colorants to form a hot gelatin mass
There are many ways of producing soft gelatin
capsules:
• Rotary die process
• Plate process
• Reciprocating die
• Accogel machine
18. PLATE PROCESS:
o A warm sheet of prepared gelatin is laid over the lower plate
and the liquid is poured on it
o The second sheet of gelatin is carefully put in place and this
followed by the top plate of mold.
o The set is placed under the press were pressure is applied to
form a capsule which are washed of with volatile solvent to
remove any trace of oil from exterior
19. ADVANTAGES OF CAPSULE:
1. When medications are to be administered orally to adults, capsules and
tablets usually are preferred because they are conveniently carried,
readily identifi ed, and easily taken compared with doses of a liquid
medication. With capsules and tablets, there is no need for spoons or
other measuring devices, which may be inconvenient and may result in
less than accurate dosing.
2. Most capsules and tablets are tasteless when swallowed, which is not the
case with oral liquid medications.
3. From a pharmaceutical standpoint, solid dosage forms are effi ciently and
productively manufactured; they are packaged and shipped by
manufacturers at lower cost and with less breakage than comparable
liquid forms. They are also more stable and have a longer shelf life than
their liquid counterparts.
4. Dosage forms that must be left intact include enteric coated tablets,
designed to pass through the stomach for drug release and absorption in
the intestine; extended-release dosage forms, designed to provide
prolonged release of the medication; and sublingual or buccal tablets,
formulated to dissolve under the tongue or in the mouth.
20. DISADVANTAGES OF CAPSULE:
1. Gelatin present in the Hard gelatin capsules is stable in air when
dry but is subject to microbial decomposition when it becomes
moist. if stored in an environment of high humidity, additional
moisture is absorbed by the capsules, and they may become
distorted and lose their rigid shape. In an environment of extreme
dryness, some of the moisture normally present in the gelatin
capsules is lost, and the capsules may become brittle and crumble
when handled.many capsules are packaged along with a small
packet of a desiccant material to protect against the absorption of
atmospheric moisture.
2. In dry formulations, the active and inactive components must be
blended thoroughly to ensure a uniform powder mix for the fill.
Care in blending is especially important for low-dose drugs, since
lack of homogeneity in blending may result in significant
therapeutic consequences.
3. Sometimes a patient who is unconscious cannot swallow a solid
dosage form, so in this case pharmacists can suggest a chewable
or liquid form of the drug.
21. REFERENCE:
Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms And Drug Delivery
System
Aultons’s Pharmaceutics (fifth edition)
Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
(sixth edition)
AAPS Introductions In The Pharmaceutical Sciences