Capsules are solid dosage forms where the drug is enclosed within a shell, typically made of gelatin. There are two main types - hard gelatin capsules which contain powders, granules, or pellets and release their contents rapidly; and soft gelatin capsules which contain liquids or pastes and provide rapid release. Capsules offer advantages like masking unpleasant tastes and smells, easy swallowing, and sustained or delayed release depending on the formulation. They are manufactured through processes like dipping, spinning, drying, stripping, trimming, and joining. Finished capsules are evaluated for content uniformity, disintegration time, moisture content, and dissolution.

1. Prepared by
Mrs. Ashwini P
. Shewale
M.Pharm
(PDEA’S Shankarrao Ursal Collegeof
Pharmacy,Kharadi)
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2. CAPSULES
Unit solid dosage form thedrug is enclosed within watersoluble shell or
an envelope either a hard or soft shell. Shell is typically made of gelatin
primarily intended fororal delivery provide a rapid releaseof contents.
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3. Advantages :
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1.The drug having unpleasant odour & taste can be
administered byenclosing them in a tasteless shell.
2.Smooth becomeveryslipperywhen moist &can beeasily
swallowed.
3.They are economical.
4.Easy to handle & carry.
5.Release the medicamentas and when desired in GIT.
6.Theyare made up from gelatin hence theyare
therapeutically inert.
7.Theyareattractive inappearance.
8.Available invarioussizes .
9. Microencapsulation provides thesustained release
dosageform.

4. Disadvantages:
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⚫1. The hygroscopic drugs cannot be filled in capsules.
Theyabsorbwaterpresent in thecapsuleshell & make
itvery brittle, which ultimately breaks intopieces.
⚫2.Theconcentrated preparation which need previous
dilution are unsuitable for capsules because it may
lead to irritation in stomach if administered as such.

5. GELATINE
protein, prepared from hydrolysis of collagen (animal bones and
skin)
type A : PH = 7-9, pig skin
type B : PH = 5, animal bones
TYPEA - Derived from acid treated precursor that exhibits an iso electric
point at pH-9. It is manufactured mainly from pork skin.
TYPE B - Derived from alkali treated precursor that exhibits an iso electric
point at pH-4.7. It is manufactured mainly from animal bones.
POSSESSES 4 ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES
•stablewhen dry
•subject to microbial degradationwhen moist
•digested
• absorbed
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6. MANUFACTURE OF EMPTY GELATIN
CAPSULES:
Steps involved in making empty gelatin capsules…
⚫ Dipping
⚫ Spinning
⚫ Drying
⚫ Stripping
⚫ Trimming
⚫ Joining
⚫ Polishing
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8. • Once raw materials have been received and released by Quality
Control, the gelatin and hot demineralized water are mixed
under vacuum in Stainless Steel Gelatin Melting System.
• From receiving tanks, the gelatin solution is transferred to
stainless steel feed tanks.
• Dyes, opacifants, and any needed water are added to the gelatin
in the feed tanks to complete the gelatin preparation procedure.
• From the feed tank, the gelatin is gravity fed to Dipper section.
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9. Dipping : Pairs of the stainless steel pins are dipped into the
dipping solution to simultaneously form the caps and bodies for
12sec. The dipping solution is maintained at a temperature of
about 50º C in a heated, jacketed dipping pan & pins are at 22ºc.
Spinning : The pins are rotated to distribute the gelatin over the
pins uniformly and to avoid the formation of a bead at the
capsule ends it is rotated 2½ times by moving upward.
Drying : The gelatin is dried by a blast of cool air to form a hard
shells. The pins are moved through a series of air drying kilns,
Here gently moving air which is precisely controlled for volume,
temperature, and humidity, removes the exact amount of
moisture from the capsule halves. 9

10. Stripping : Aseries of bronze jaws strip the cap and body portions of
the capsules from the pins.
Trimming and joining: The stripped cap and body portions are
trimmed to the required length by stationary knives. The cap and
body lengths are precisely trimmed to a ±0.15 mm tolerance.
After trimming to the right length, the cap and body portion are
joined.
⚫Finished capsules are pushed onto a conveyer belt which carries
them out to a container.
⚫Capsule quality is monitored throughout the production process
including size, moisture content, single wall thickness, and color.
⚫ Capsules are sorted and visually inspected on specially designed
Inspection Stations.
⚫Perfect capsules are imprinted with the client logo on high-speed
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11. Types of Capsules
1.Hard gelatin capsules
2.Soft gelatin capsules
3.modified-release capsules:
1.delayed-release capsules gastroresistant / enteric capsules)
2.sustained-release capsules (extended-/prolonged release
capsules).
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12. Hard Gelatin Capsules
contain 12 - 16 % moisture
typically filled with dry solids
powders
granules
pellets
tablets
alsocontain gelatin, titanium dioxide
Colorant ,preservatives
SIZE Capacity in mg VOLUME
(cm3
)
000 950 1.37
00 650 0.95
0 450 0.68
1 300 0.50
2 250 0.37
3 200 0.30
4 150 0.21
5 100 0.13
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14. Excipients used in the filling of capsules:
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1. Diluents: e.g. Lactose, mannitol , sorbitol , starch
2.Absorbents: e.g. magnesiumoxides, magnesium
carbonates, Calciumoxides, Calciumcarbonates,
Kaolin
3.Glidants: Talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate
4. Antidusting agents: inertedibleoil.

15. Hard Gelatin Capsules
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⚫ Advantages
⚫ tastelessand odorless
⚫ swallowing iseasy
⚫ flexibility in formulating
⚫ uniquely suitable for blinded clinical trials
⚫ useful forextemporaneouscompounding by pharmacist
⚫ Disadvantages
⚫ tend to be moreexpensive toproduce than tablets
⚫ not suitable for highly solublesalts
Processing of capsules:
1.Filling of capsules
2. Cleaning & polishing
3. Sealing of capsules

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17. Capsule filling machine (Hand operated) Itconsists of:—
1. A bed having 200-300 holes
2. A loading tray having 200-300 holes
3. A powder tray
4. A pin plate having 200-300 pins
5. A sealing plate having a rubbertop
6. A lever
7. A cam handle
Polishing
Pan Polishing : Acela-cota pan is used todustand polish.
Cloth Dusting : Capsule are rubbed with cloth.
Brushing : Capsuleare feed undersoft rotating brush.
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18. Locking and Sealing of Capsules :
Banding – Placing gelatin color bands at the meeting point of caps and the bodies.
Moistening – Moistening the inner surface of caps with lukewarm gelatin solution.
Spot Welding – Spot welding the joints which leaves a ring like appearance at the
point of sealing
Thermal welding – Applying wetting sol. At the meeting points which causes
lowering of M.P at applied area. Finally they are sealed at a temp. 40-45ºc.
By using Coni-snap capsules – Grooves help to lock the caps with the bodies.
Storage: Finished capsules normally contain an equilibrium moisture content
of 13-16%. To maintain a relative humidity of 40-60% when handling and
storingcapsules
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19. Soft Gelatin Capsules (Softgels)
• consist of acontinuous gelatin shell surrounding a liquid
core
• formed, filled, and sealed in one operation
• shells are softened platizised by addition of glycerin or
polyhydric alcohol (ex. sorbitol), Maycontain preservetive.
• oblong, spherical, elliptical in shape. Enclosed
oils,suspention,food concentarate,opthalmic products.
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20. SHAPES OF SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES:
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21. Soft Capsules
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⚫ADVANTAGES
⚫maycontain liquids, suspensions, pastes
⚫rapid releaseof contents
⚫useful fordrugs prone tooxidation
⚫DISADVANTAGES
⚫have agreater tendency toadhere to each other
⚫more expensive
⚫increased possibilityof interactions between drug and
shell

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23. ROTARY DIE MACHINE:
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25. Sr.No. Hard Gelatin Capsule Soft gelatin capsule
1. Hard Gelatin Capsule shell
consists of two parts 1. Body 2.
Cap
Soft gelatin capsule shell become a single
unit after sealing the two halves of the
capsules
2. They are cylindrical in shape They are available in round , oval & tube
like shapes
3. The contents of a hard gelatin
capsules usually consist of the
medicaments is the form of
powder, beads or granules
The contents of soft gelatin capsules
usually consists of liquids or solids
dissolved or dispersed in suitable
excipients to give a paste like consistency .
4. These are prepared from gelatin
,Titanium dioxide, coloring
agents and Plasticizer
These are prepared from gelatin plasticizer
(Glycerin or Sorbitol ) and a preservative
5. Capsules are sealed after they are
filled to ensure that the
medicaments may not come out
of the capsule due to rough
handling
Filing and sealing of soft gelatin capsules
are done in a combined operation on
machines
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26. EVALUTION OF CAPSULES:
(1) Content uniformity
(2) Disintegration test .
(3)Weight variation test
(4)Dissolution test.
(5)Moisture permeation test:
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27. Content uniformity:
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The amount of active ingredient should be within the
range of 85% to 115% of the label amount for 9 of 10
capsules, with no unit outside the range of 70% to
125% of label amount.

28. Disintegration test for capsules:
Place 1 capsule in each of the 6tubes of the basket &
suspend the assembly in water at 37℃ ± 2ºC,which is
repeatedly immersed 30 times per minute.
The capsules pass the test if no residue of drug or
other than fragments of shell remains on No. 10 mesh
screen of the tubes.
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29. ⚫ Weight variation test: 20 capsules are taken at random and
weighed. Their average weight is calculated, then each capsule is
weighed individually and their weight is noted. The capsule passes
the test if the weight of individual capsule falls with in 90-110% of
the average weight.
⚫ Moisture permeation test:
⚫ Acc. to U.S.P the unit dose container is packed along with
dehydrated pellets, which have the property of changing color in the
presence of moisture. The weight of test capsule is compared with
the under test capsules. Diff. in weights gives the amount of moisture
absorbed.
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30. Dissolution test for capsules:
 Place 1000ml of water having a temp. of 36.5º to 37.5º into the
vessel. Place specified number of capsules in basket 7 adjust
the speed to 100 rpm.
 Withdraw req. volume for every 10min time interval. Filter and
determine the amount of active ingredient.
 The sample passes the test if the amount of active ingredients
in the solution is not less than 70% of the stated amount.
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31. PACKING & STORAGE OF CAPSULES:
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Capsules should be packed well closed glass & plastic container
& stored at temp. not exceeding 30ºc. Capsules are
individually protected by enclosing in strip & blister
packaging.
In strip packing the capsule is hermetically sealed within the
strips of an aluminum or plastic film.
In blister packs, a press on the blister forces the capsule
through the backing strip.
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32. Special applications of capsules
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1.Enteric Coated Capsules:- a Coating of cellacephate (cellulose
acetate phthalate) and mixture of waxes with fatty acids or their
esters is given.
2. Sustained release capsules :- Finely powdered drug first
converted to pellets .pellets are coated with protective coating
that delay the release of drug.30% uncoated pellets 30% coated
pellets that release drug at 4 hr & 8 hr interval & 10% neutral
pellets to fill the capsule.
3.Rectal Capsules:-soft gelatin capsules as substitute for rectal &
vaginal suppositories. Pear shaped
4. Capsule containing ophthalmic ointments:- Ophthalmic
ointments are sterile to keep that ointment sterile during their
storage & later use it is required to be filled in a single dose
container. Intended for single application to eye. The capsule is
puncture with sterile needle a& instilled into eye & shell is
discarded

33. Angle of repose
The maximum angle between the surface of pile of
powder and the horizontal surface is called as angle of
repose.
tan θ = 2h
D
tan θ = 25O
tan θ= 50O
h
D
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