Candida oral pathology. .pptx
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Candida pathogen.pptx
This document discusses Candida, a fungal pathogen that can cause various infections in humans. It notes that Candida albicans is the most common Candida species causing infection. It identifies several risk factors that increase the risk of Candida infection, including extremes of age, pregnancy, HIV infection, steroid/cytotoxic drug therapy, malignancy, and broad spectrum antibiotic use. The document outlines several types of Candida infections, including mucosal and cutaneous candidiasis. It also describes methods for laboratory diagnosis of Candida infections through microscopy, culture, and other tests. Treatment generally involves the use of antifungal azole drugs or amphotericin B.
Hemophilus & gardernella
1. Haemophilus species are fastidious Gram-negative bacilli that require factors like hemin (X factor) and NAD/NADP (V factor) for growth. H. influenzae is a major cause of meningitis, epiglottitis, and bronchitis in children.
2. Gardnerella vaginalis is associated with bacterial vaginosis and produces a fishy odor. It forms clue cells when mixed with vaginal epithelial cells. Metronidazole is used to treat infections caused by G. vaginalis.
3. H. ducreyi causes the sexually transmitted infection chancroid, presenting as tender genital ulcers. It is
Simian haemorrhagic fever - SHF
Simian Hemorrhagic Fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever that causes lethal disease in Asian macaque monkeys resembling Ebola or Lassa fever in humans. It is characterized by the release of cytokines from infected macrophages and dendritic cells in the liver and spleen, inducing coagulation issues. Two outbreaks occurred in 1964 among captive macaques. The virus is an arterivirus that infects macrophages and dendritic cells. It is highly contagious and fatal, causing fever, edema, bleeding, and death within 7-13 days. There is no specific treatment but symptoms can be treated.
Staphylococcus
1. Staphylococcus are Gram-positive cocci that occur in clusters and can cause a variety of infections through toxins or direct invasion. Common species include S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus.
2. S. aureus is an important human pathogen capable of causing skin infections, pneumonia, sepsis and toxic shock syndrome. Virulence factors include coagulase, hemolysins and enterotoxins.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves culturing specimens on selective media, testing for catalase and coagulase production, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. MRSA strains are resistant to multiple
Candida
Candida is a common yeast-like fungus that normally inhabits human skin and mucosa. It can cause infections, known as candidiasis, in individuals with weakened immune systems. The most common disease-causing species is Candida albicans. Candidiasis ranges from superficial mucosal infections to deep-seated invasive infections. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and tests for species identification like the germ tube test or growth at 45°C. Treatment depends on the type of candidiasis and may include topical or oral antifungal azole drugs for superficial infections or amphotericin B for invasive infections.
Corynebacterium listeria erysipelothrix_bacillus
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by various Gram-positive bacilli, including Corynebacterium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, and Bacillus. It provides details on specimen collection, microscopic examination, culture methods and media, and biochemical testing for identifying these bacteria, with a focus on Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus anthracis. Vaccination is emphasized as an important prevention method for diphtheria.
Leishmaniasis 120609100101-phpapp01
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by sand flies. Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is caused by L. donovani and presents with fever, weight loss, enlarged liver and spleen. It is diagnosed by identifying the parasites in bone marrow or spleen aspirates under microscopy. Treatment involves pentavalent antimony compounds. Control relies on vector control measures and treating infected individuals to reduce the reservoir and prevent epidemics. Some patients may later develop a skin condition called post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis.
Lab diagnosis-viruses.ppt
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of viral infections through various methods. Sample collection from different sites depends on the suspected virus. Diagnosis involves direct microscopy to look for inclusion bodies, culturing samples in animals, eggs, or cell lines to isolate viruses. Detection methods include cytopathic effects in cell culture, antigen detection by immunofluorescence, and antibody detection through serological tests. Newer molecular techniques like PCR allow for nucleic acid detection of specific viruses.
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Candida pathogen.pptx
This document discusses Candida, a fungal pathogen that can cause various infections in humans. It notes that Candida albicans is the most common Candida species causing infection. It identifies several risk factors that increase the risk of Candida infection, including extremes of age, pregnancy, HIV infection, steroid/cytotoxic drug therapy, malignancy, and broad spectrum antibiotic use. The document outlines several types of Candida infections, including mucosal and cutaneous candidiasis. It also describes methods for laboratory diagnosis of Candida infections through microscopy, culture, and other tests. Treatment generally involves the use of antifungal azole drugs or amphotericin B.
Hemophilus & gardernella
1. Haemophilus species are fastidious Gram-negative bacilli that require factors like hemin (X factor) and NAD/NADP (V factor) for growth. H. influenzae is a major cause of meningitis, epiglottitis, and bronchitis in children.
2. Gardnerella vaginalis is associated with bacterial vaginosis and produces a fishy odor. It forms clue cells when mixed with vaginal epithelial cells. Metronidazole is used to treat infections caused by G. vaginalis.
3. H. ducreyi causes the sexually transmitted infection chancroid, presenting as tender genital ulcers. It is
Simian haemorrhagic fever - SHF
Simian Hemorrhagic Fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever that causes lethal disease in Asian macaque monkeys resembling Ebola or Lassa fever in humans. It is characterized by the release of cytokines from infected macrophages and dendritic cells in the liver and spleen, inducing coagulation issues. Two outbreaks occurred in 1964 among captive macaques. The virus is an arterivirus that infects macrophages and dendritic cells. It is highly contagious and fatal, causing fever, edema, bleeding, and death within 7-13 days. There is no specific treatment but symptoms can be treated.
Staphylococcus
1. Staphylococcus are Gram-positive cocci that occur in clusters and can cause a variety of infections through toxins or direct invasion. Common species include S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus.
2. S. aureus is an important human pathogen capable of causing skin infections, pneumonia, sepsis and toxic shock syndrome. Virulence factors include coagulase, hemolysins and enterotoxins.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves culturing specimens on selective media, testing for catalase and coagulase production, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. MRSA strains are resistant to multiple
Candida
Candida is a common yeast-like fungus that normally inhabits human skin and mucosa. It can cause infections, known as candidiasis, in individuals with weakened immune systems. The most common disease-causing species is Candida albicans. Candidiasis ranges from superficial mucosal infections to deep-seated invasive infections. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and tests for species identification like the germ tube test or growth at 45°C. Treatment depends on the type of candidiasis and may include topical or oral antifungal azole drugs for superficial infections or amphotericin B for invasive infections.
Corynebacterium listeria erysipelothrix_bacillus
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by various Gram-positive bacilli, including Corynebacterium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, and Bacillus. It provides details on specimen collection, microscopic examination, culture methods and media, and biochemical testing for identifying these bacteria, with a focus on Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus anthracis. Vaccination is emphasized as an important prevention method for diphtheria.
Leishmaniasis 120609100101-phpapp01
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by sand flies. Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is caused by L. donovani and presents with fever, weight loss, enlarged liver and spleen. It is diagnosed by identifying the parasites in bone marrow or spleen aspirates under microscopy. Treatment involves pentavalent antimony compounds. Control relies on vector control measures and treating infected individuals to reduce the reservoir and prevent epidemics. Some patients may later develop a skin condition called post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis.
Lab diagnosis-viruses.ppt
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of viral infections through various methods. Sample collection from different sites depends on the suspected virus. Diagnosis involves direct microscopy to look for inclusion bodies, culturing samples in animals, eggs, or cell lines to isolate viruses. Detection methods include cytopathic effects in cell culture, antigen detection by immunofluorescence, and antibody detection through serological tests. Newer molecular techniques like PCR allow for nucleic acid detection of specific viruses.
Brucella
- Brucella is a zoonotic, Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis in humans and animals. The three main species that infect humans are B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis.
- Brucella is transmitted primarily through the ingestion of contaminated animal products like unpasteurized milk or cheese. Symptoms in humans include undulant fever, sweats, fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain.
- Diagnosis involves blood culture, serology tests like the SAT and ELISA. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or other antibiotics over several weeks. Controlling brucellosis in animals through vaccination
staphylococcus-131009035940-phpapp01 (1).pptx
Staphylococci can cause many forms of infection. (1) S aureus causes superficial skin lesions (boils, styes) and localized abscesses in other sites. (2) S aureus causes deep-seated infections, such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis and more serious skin infections (furunculosis). (3) S aureus is a major cause of hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection of surgical wounds and, with S epidermidis, causes infections associated with indwelling medical devices. (4) S aureus causes food poisoning by releasing enterotoxins into food. (5) S aureus causes toxic shock syndrome by release of superantigens into the blood stream. (6) S saprophiticus causes urinary tract infections, especially in girls. (7) Other species of staphylococci (S lugdunensis, S haemolyticus, S warneri, S schleiferi, S intermedius) are infrequent pathogens
Urethritis seminar
Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra that can be caused by various pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis. It is characterized by dysuria with or without urethral discharge. Gonorrhea diagnosis involves Gram stain of urethral discharge to identify kidney bean shaped diplococci or culture. Treatment includes ceftriaxone or cefixime. Chlamydia diagnosis uses NAAT and treatment involves azithromycin or doxycycline. Trichomoniasis is diagnosed by culture or PCR and treated with metronidaz
Systemic mycosis
This document provides an overview of systemic and opportunistic mycoses. It defines systemic mycoses as deep fungal infections caused by soil-dwelling dimorphic fungi that are accidentally inhaled. The main causative agents described are Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Opportunistic mycoses occur in immunocompromised individuals and the most common causes are Candida species, Aspergillus species, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Key clinical features, laboratory diagnostics including microscopy, culture, and serology, treatment approaches, and important epidemiological details are summarized
Staphylococcus
Most important bacteria for undergraduate students. This topic packs up lot of short notes and viva questions. Examiner's Favorite
Bacteriology Update 2021 (Part 2.)
This document summarizes several Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species. It describes their morphology, biochemical characteristics, pathogenicity and role in causing diseases like diphtheria, anthrax, listeriosis, plague and more. Identification of these bacteria involves examining their growth patterns, hemolytic properties, enzyme production and reactions on selective media.
Fungal diagnosis
Laboratory diagnosis of fungal diseases involves specimen collection, microscopy, culture, and immunological and molecular testing. Specimens are collected based on infection site and may include skin, hair, nails, sputum, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. Microscopy of specimens using techniques like potassium hydroxide preparation, Gram stain, and calcofluor white stain allows visualization of fungal elements. Culture on media like Sabouraud's dextrose agar is used for isolation and identification based on macroscopic and microscopic colony characteristics. Immunological tests detect antibodies or antigens, while molecular methods like PCR provide accurate identification directly from specimens or cultures.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
Staphylococcus are spherical bacteria that grow in grape-like clusters. S. aureus is an important human pathogen capable of causing a wide range of illnesses from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions like toxic shock syndrome. It produces many virulence factors like toxins and enzymes. Common infections include impetigo, boils, cellulitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and sepsis. Diagnosis involves culture and tests for coagulase and antibiotic resistance. Treatment requires drainage of infections and antibiotic therapy. Prevention focuses on hygiene, safe food handling, and complete treatment of infections.
Staphylococcus
Staphylococci are spherical bacteria that occur in grape-like clusters. Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that can cause a variety of infections, from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions like toxic shock syndrome and endocarditis. S. aureus produces several virulence factors like toxins and enzymes that damage tissues and evade the immune system. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, microscopy, and tests like coagulase to identify S. aureus. Antibiotics are used to treat infections, and prevention focuses on hygiene and safe food handling. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is an antibiotic resistant form that is more difficult to treat.
Salmonella Tphi
Typhoid fever is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi).
It infects your small intestines (gut) and causes high fever, stomach pain and other symptoms.
Typhoid fever is also called enteric fever.
Salmonella is a gram negative rods genus belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family.
Within 2 species, Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica, over 2500 different serotypes or serovars have been identified to date.
Gram-negative rods
Do not ferment lactose
Antigens of Salmonella species
Cell wall O antigen
Flagellar H antigen
Capsular Vi (virulence) antigen)
Salmonella bacteria are widely distributed in domestic and wild animals.
They are prevalent in food animals such as poultry, pigs, and cattle; and in pets, including cats, dogs, birds, and reptiles such as turtles.
Person-to-person transmission can also occur through the faecal-oral route.
Incubation Period: 7 to 23 days (average 10 to 14 days)
Aerobic or facultative anaerobes
Optimal temperature 37°C
Optimal pH
Nutrient broth: Uniform turbidity
Blood agar: Colonies 2 to 3 mm, circular, low convex, smooth, translucent, and non-hemolytic
MacConkey agar: Non- lactose fermenter ( colorless colonies)
Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA): Non-lactose fermenter colonies
Wilson and Blair bismuth sulfite medium: Jet black colonies with a sheen
Principle:
The strip consists of 20 microtubes containing dehydrated substrates. The tests are inoculated with bacterial suspensions that reconstitutes the media. During incubation, specific bacterial metabolites are produced that can be detected via color changes. Based on this information, bacterial identification is often possible.
Staph epidermidis and saprophyticus
Staphylococcus bacteria can cause a variety of diseases through both infection and toxin production. S. aureus is a common cause of skin, soft tissue, and bloodstream infections, as well as pneumonia. S. epidermidis often infects implanted medical devices and causes infections in hospitalized patients. S. saprophyticus typically causes urinary tract infections in young women. Laboratory identification involves culturing specimens, examining morphology and biochemical properties, and performing antibiotic sensitivity testing. MRSA is an antibiotic-resistant form of S. aureus treated with vancomycin.
Viral hgeic fever
1. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are zoonotic diseases caused by several viruses including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
2. They typically present with non-specific flu-like symptoms initially before potentially progressing to hemorrhage, shock, and multi-organ failure.
3. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect viruses or antibodies, and management is largely supportive though ribavirin may be used for some viruses.
Cryptosporadium
Cryptosporidium parvum is a microscopic parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis, resulting in watery diarrhea. It is found in the intestines of infected humans and animals. C. parvum has a direct life cycle involving the ingestion of oocysts and is an important cause of diarrhea, known as calf scours, in young livestock such as calves. While often self-limiting, it can cause dehydration, weight loss, and mortality if left untreated. Proper sanitation and providing colostrum are important for control and prevention. C. parvum is also zoonotic, being transmitted between animals and humans through contact with feces or contaminated water or food
Campylobacter jejuni
- Campylobacter jejuni is a spiral shaped, gram-negative, motile bacterium that causes diarrhea in humans.
- It grows best under microaerophilic conditions at 42°C and takes 24-72 hours to culture. Colonies resemble water drops.
- Infection occurs through eating contaminated poultry or untreated water. It releases toxins that destroy gut lining.
- Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain lasting 5-7 days. Antibiotics like erythromycin or azithromycin can treat severe cases.
Candida
This document outlines a study to isolate and identify yeast from oral swabs of patients suspected of having oral thrush. The objectives are to isolate yeast from oral swabs and identify the isolated yeast. Oral thrush is caused most commonly by Candida albicans but can also be caused by other Candida species. Yeast will be isolated by culturing oral swabs on SDA plates and identified via microscopic examination and a germ tube test. The germ tube test helps identify C. albicans by detecting formation of germ tubes after incubating the yeast in serum at 37°C.
Surgery in tropics
This document provides information on various tropical diseases that may require surgery, including their pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and treatment options. It discusses amoebiasis, ascariasis, asiatic cholangiohepatitis, filariasis, hydatid disease, and leprosy. For each condition, it describes the causative organism, areas of prevalence, how the disease spreads in the body, potential symptoms, relevant tests, and medical and surgical management approaches.
staphylococcus-.pdf
Staphylococcus is a genus of bacteria that can cause a variety of infections in humans. The most common pathogenic species is Staphylococcus aureus, which was first identified in the late 19th century. S. aureus produces toxins and enzymes that allow it to infect skin, blood, lungs, and other tissues. It commonly causes skin infections like boils and abscesses but can also lead to serious diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, or toxic shock syndrome. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections are difficult to treat with many antibiotics. Laboratory tests are used to identify S. aureus from patient samples and test for antibiotic resistance.
Nosocomial infections
The document discusses nosocomial infections, including their etiology and methods of diagnosis. It describes that bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause nosocomial infections. Specific pathogens are listed for each category. Methods of diagnosing common types of nosocomial infections like UTIs, bacteremia, pneumonia, and surgical infections are outlined. These involve collecting appropriate specimens and examining through microscopy, culturing, or other tests to identify the causative organism.
Anaerobic bacteria
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by obligate anaerobic bacteria. It defines various types of bacteria based on their ability to grow with or without oxygen. Obligate anaerobes cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase to break down harmful oxygen byproducts. Specimen collection and transport methods aim to maintain an oxygen-free environment. Identification techniques for certain pathogenic anaerobes that cause infections like gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism are also outlined.
streptococcus-it a gram negative bacteria
Streptococci are Gram-positive spherical/ovoid cocci arranged in long chains. They are classified based on hemolysis reactions into alpha, beta, and gamma hemolytic types. Major pathogenic streptococci include S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. viridans, and E. faecalis. S. pyogenes causes infections like impetigo and pharyngitis. S. pneumoniae is commonly found in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. S. viridans inhabits the oral cavity and can cause endocarditis. E. faecalis is found in the intestines and associated with infections like urinary tract infections.
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Similar to Candida oral pathology. .pptx
Brucella
- Brucella is a zoonotic, Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis in humans and animals. The three main species that infect humans are B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis.
- Brucella is transmitted primarily through the ingestion of contaminated animal products like unpasteurized milk or cheese. Symptoms in humans include undulant fever, sweats, fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain.
- Diagnosis involves blood culture, serology tests like the SAT and ELISA. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or other antibiotics over several weeks. Controlling brucellosis in animals through vaccination
staphylococcus-131009035940-phpapp01 (1).pptx
Staphylococci can cause many forms of infection. (1) S aureus causes superficial skin lesions (boils, styes) and localized abscesses in other sites. (2) S aureus causes deep-seated infections, such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis and more serious skin infections (furunculosis). (3) S aureus is a major cause of hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection of surgical wounds and, with S epidermidis, causes infections associated with indwelling medical devices. (4) S aureus causes food poisoning by releasing enterotoxins into food. (5) S aureus causes toxic shock syndrome by release of superantigens into the blood stream. (6) S saprophiticus causes urinary tract infections, especially in girls. (7) Other species of staphylococci (S lugdunensis, S haemolyticus, S warneri, S schleiferi, S intermedius) are infrequent pathogens
Urethritis seminar
Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra that can be caused by various pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis. It is characterized by dysuria with or without urethral discharge. Gonorrhea diagnosis involves Gram stain of urethral discharge to identify kidney bean shaped diplococci or culture. Treatment includes ceftriaxone or cefixime. Chlamydia diagnosis uses NAAT and treatment involves azithromycin or doxycycline. Trichomoniasis is diagnosed by culture or PCR and treated with metronidaz
Systemic mycosis
This document provides an overview of systemic and opportunistic mycoses. It defines systemic mycoses as deep fungal infections caused by soil-dwelling dimorphic fungi that are accidentally inhaled. The main causative agents described are Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Opportunistic mycoses occur in immunocompromised individuals and the most common causes are Candida species, Aspergillus species, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Key clinical features, laboratory diagnostics including microscopy, culture, and serology, treatment approaches, and important epidemiological details are summarized
Staphylococcus
Most important bacteria for undergraduate students. This topic packs up lot of short notes and viva questions. Examiner's Favorite
Bacteriology Update 2021 (Part 2.)
This document summarizes several Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species. It describes their morphology, biochemical characteristics, pathogenicity and role in causing diseases like diphtheria, anthrax, listeriosis, plague and more. Identification of these bacteria involves examining their growth patterns, hemolytic properties, enzyme production and reactions on selective media.
Fungal diagnosis
Laboratory diagnosis of fungal diseases involves specimen collection, microscopy, culture, and immunological and molecular testing. Specimens are collected based on infection site and may include skin, hair, nails, sputum, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. Microscopy of specimens using techniques like potassium hydroxide preparation, Gram stain, and calcofluor white stain allows visualization of fungal elements. Culture on media like Sabouraud's dextrose agar is used for isolation and identification based on macroscopic and microscopic colony characteristics. Immunological tests detect antibodies or antigens, while molecular methods like PCR provide accurate identification directly from specimens or cultures.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
Staphylococcus are spherical bacteria that grow in grape-like clusters. S. aureus is an important human pathogen capable of causing a wide range of illnesses from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions like toxic shock syndrome. It produces many virulence factors like toxins and enzymes. Common infections include impetigo, boils, cellulitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and sepsis. Diagnosis involves culture and tests for coagulase and antibiotic resistance. Treatment requires drainage of infections and antibiotic therapy. Prevention focuses on hygiene, safe food handling, and complete treatment of infections.
Staphylococcus
Staphylococci are spherical bacteria that occur in grape-like clusters. Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that can cause a variety of infections, from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions like toxic shock syndrome and endocarditis. S. aureus produces several virulence factors like toxins and enzymes that damage tissues and evade the immune system. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, microscopy, and tests like coagulase to identify S. aureus. Antibiotics are used to treat infections, and prevention focuses on hygiene and safe food handling. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is an antibiotic resistant form that is more difficult to treat.
Salmonella Tphi
Typhoid fever is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi).
It infects your small intestines (gut) and causes high fever, stomach pain and other symptoms.
Typhoid fever is also called enteric fever.
Salmonella is a gram negative rods genus belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family.
Within 2 species, Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica, over 2500 different serotypes or serovars have been identified to date.
Gram-negative rods
Do not ferment lactose
Antigens of Salmonella species
Cell wall O antigen
Flagellar H antigen
Capsular Vi (virulence) antigen)
Salmonella bacteria are widely distributed in domestic and wild animals.
They are prevalent in food animals such as poultry, pigs, and cattle; and in pets, including cats, dogs, birds, and reptiles such as turtles.
Person-to-person transmission can also occur through the faecal-oral route.
Incubation Period: 7 to 23 days (average 10 to 14 days)
Aerobic or facultative anaerobes
Optimal temperature 37°C
Optimal pH
Nutrient broth: Uniform turbidity
Blood agar: Colonies 2 to 3 mm, circular, low convex, smooth, translucent, and non-hemolytic
MacConkey agar: Non- lactose fermenter ( colorless colonies)
Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA): Non-lactose fermenter colonies
Wilson and Blair bismuth sulfite medium: Jet black colonies with a sheen
Principle:
The strip consists of 20 microtubes containing dehydrated substrates. The tests are inoculated with bacterial suspensions that reconstitutes the media. During incubation, specific bacterial metabolites are produced that can be detected via color changes. Based on this information, bacterial identification is often possible.
Staph epidermidis and saprophyticus
Staphylococcus bacteria can cause a variety of diseases through both infection and toxin production. S. aureus is a common cause of skin, soft tissue, and bloodstream infections, as well as pneumonia. S. epidermidis often infects implanted medical devices and causes infections in hospitalized patients. S. saprophyticus typically causes urinary tract infections in young women. Laboratory identification involves culturing specimens, examining morphology and biochemical properties, and performing antibiotic sensitivity testing. MRSA is an antibiotic-resistant form of S. aureus treated with vancomycin.
Viral hgeic fever
1. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are zoonotic diseases caused by several viruses including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
2. They typically present with non-specific flu-like symptoms initially before potentially progressing to hemorrhage, shock, and multi-organ failure.
3. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect viruses or antibodies, and management is largely supportive though ribavirin may be used for some viruses.
Cryptosporadium
Cryptosporidium parvum is a microscopic parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis, resulting in watery diarrhea. It is found in the intestines of infected humans and animals. C. parvum has a direct life cycle involving the ingestion of oocysts and is an important cause of diarrhea, known as calf scours, in young livestock such as calves. While often self-limiting, it can cause dehydration, weight loss, and mortality if left untreated. Proper sanitation and providing colostrum are important for control and prevention. C. parvum is also zoonotic, being transmitted between animals and humans through contact with feces or contaminated water or food
Campylobacter jejuni
- Campylobacter jejuni is a spiral shaped, gram-negative, motile bacterium that causes diarrhea in humans.
- It grows best under microaerophilic conditions at 42°C and takes 24-72 hours to culture. Colonies resemble water drops.
- Infection occurs through eating contaminated poultry or untreated water. It releases toxins that destroy gut lining.
- Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain lasting 5-7 days. Antibiotics like erythromycin or azithromycin can treat severe cases.
Candida
This document outlines a study to isolate and identify yeast from oral swabs of patients suspected of having oral thrush. The objectives are to isolate yeast from oral swabs and identify the isolated yeast. Oral thrush is caused most commonly by Candida albicans but can also be caused by other Candida species. Yeast will be isolated by culturing oral swabs on SDA plates and identified via microscopic examination and a germ tube test. The germ tube test helps identify C. albicans by detecting formation of germ tubes after incubating the yeast in serum at 37°C.
Surgery in tropics
This document provides information on various tropical diseases that may require surgery, including their pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and treatment options. It discusses amoebiasis, ascariasis, asiatic cholangiohepatitis, filariasis, hydatid disease, and leprosy. For each condition, it describes the causative organism, areas of prevalence, how the disease spreads in the body, potential symptoms, relevant tests, and medical and surgical management approaches.
staphylococcus-.pdf
Staphylococcus is a genus of bacteria that can cause a variety of infections in humans. The most common pathogenic species is Staphylococcus aureus, which was first identified in the late 19th century. S. aureus produces toxins and enzymes that allow it to infect skin, blood, lungs, and other tissues. It commonly causes skin infections like boils and abscesses but can also lead to serious diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, or toxic shock syndrome. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections are difficult to treat with many antibiotics. Laboratory tests are used to identify S. aureus from patient samples and test for antibiotic resistance.
Nosocomial infections
The document discusses nosocomial infections, including their etiology and methods of diagnosis. It describes that bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause nosocomial infections. Specific pathogens are listed for each category. Methods of diagnosing common types of nosocomial infections like UTIs, bacteremia, pneumonia, and surgical infections are outlined. These involve collecting appropriate specimens and examining through microscopy, culturing, or other tests to identify the causative organism.
Anaerobic bacteria
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by obligate anaerobic bacteria. It defines various types of bacteria based on their ability to grow with or without oxygen. Obligate anaerobes cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase to break down harmful oxygen byproducts. Specimen collection and transport methods aim to maintain an oxygen-free environment. Identification techniques for certain pathogenic anaerobes that cause infections like gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism are also outlined.
streptococcus-it a gram negative bacteria
Streptococci are Gram-positive spherical/ovoid cocci arranged in long chains. They are classified based on hemolysis reactions into alpha, beta, and gamma hemolytic types. Major pathogenic streptococci include S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. viridans, and E. faecalis. S. pyogenes causes infections like impetigo and pharyngitis. S. pneumoniae is commonly found in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. S. viridans inhabits the oral cavity and can cause endocarditis. E. faecalis is found in the intestines and associated with infections like urinary tract infections.
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chapter 1 tooth Morpho.pptx
This document discusses tooth morphology and is the first chapter of a work by Chanda Shehzadi. Tooth morphology refers to the shape, size, and structural formation of teeth. The chapter will likely examine the different types of teeth and their functions as well as how their shapes are adapted for various purposes.
cementum.pptx
This document provides an overview of cementum, including its physical characteristics, composition, functions, classification, locations, abnormalities, and more. Cementum is the avascular, mineralized tissue covering tooth roots. It is composed of cells, collagen fibers, and hydroxyapatite crystals. Cementum functions to provide anchorage for fibers attaching teeth to bone and aids in adaptation and repair. It can be classified based on presence of cells, fiber origin, location, and matrix composition. Abnormalities include aplasia, hypoplasia, and hypercementosis.
Cementum (1).pptx
Cementum is a hard, avascular connective tissue that covers tooth roots. It begins at the cervical portion of the tooth and extends to the apex. Cementum provides the medium for collagen fibers to attach the tooth to surrounding structures. It is composed mainly of inorganic hydroxyapatite and organic collagen. Cementum forms through a process called cementogenesis, where mesenchymal cells differentiate into cementoblasts that synthesize cementum. Cementum is classified based on formation timing, presence of cells, and origin of collagen fibers, with the primary types being acellular intrinsic fiber cementum and cellular extrinsic fiber cementum.
SOFT TISSUE ANOMALIES 2012.ppt
The document discusses several oral conditions including cleft lip, cleft palate, macroglossia, amyloidosis, black hairy tongue, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis. Cleft lip and cleft palate are classified in different severities. Macroglossia and amyloidosis present enlarged tongue issues while black hairy tongue and torus palatinus/mandibularis involve abnormal tongue and hard palate/jaw bone growths.
DOC-20230130-WA0020..pptx
Local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels, preventing the transmission of electrical signals in nerves. They are commonly used for minor surgical procedures and can be administered via different routes. The most commonly used local anesthetics are amide and ester derivatives that exist in both ionized and non-ionized forms, with the non-ionized forms able to more readily cross cell membranes and the ionized forms being the active blocking entities inside axons. Toxicity can occur if local anesthetic blood levels become too high, potentially causing CNS or cardiovascular effects like seizures or arrhythmias. Treatment of local anesthetic toxicity focuses on supportive measures.
molars.docx
This document describes and compares the anatomical features of the maxillary and mandibular molars. It outlines their eruption times, root development stages, occlusal surface geometries, root morphologies, contact areas, outlines, grooves and pits. The maxillary and mandibular first molars have similar features, such as trapezoidal buccal and lingual aspects, trifurcated roots, and 4 major cusps. Differences between the molars include their occlusion patterns, number of roots and cusps, and root fusion tendencies over time. Common anatomical variations are also listed.
nervous tissues.pptx
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and coordinates all body functions. The PNS connects the CNS to the limbs and organs through nerves and ganglia. Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system and transmit electrochemical signals through axons and dendrites to control sensation, movement, and organ function. Glial cells support and protect neurons. The spinal cord has gray matter containing neuron cell bodies surrounded by white matter of myelinated axons.
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- 1. Dr. Usman Ali, Ph.D. Pharmacology Candidiasis
- 2. Introduction • 200 species 20 A/W human or animal diseases • Major pathogen – Candida albicans • Others: C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C.kefyr, C.kruesi, C. lusitaniae, C. parapsilosis, C.tropicalis etc. • Budding cells, psudohyphae and true hyphae – all simultaneously possible
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- 4. Ending Host Defense system (Phenotype Switching)
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- 9. Mucosal candidiasis Oral thrush Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
- 13. Cutaneous candidiasis Onychomycosis and paronychia Intertrigo
- 18. Lab diagnosis • Specimen: Depending on site – swabs (mucosal patches, skin lesion), nail scrapings, sputum, blood, urine
- 19. • Direct Microscopy: • Gram positive, oval budding yeast (4-6um) or KOH mount • Pseudohyphae
- 20. • Pseudohyphae V/S true hyphae Feature Pseudohyphae True Hyphae Septa Constricted No Constriction Origin of branches Constricted and septate No Constriction & No septum present Grows by Budding Apical elongation
- 22. • Culture: SDA with antibiotic, Blood agar, Blood culture bottle, CHROM agaretc (@ 370C) • Creamy white colony with yeasty odour after 24-48 hrs (SDA) • Gram + budding yeast with pseudo-hyphae
- 24. Species identification • Germ tube test: Reynold Braude phenomenon • Colonies mixed with serum & incubated for 2 hours • Wet mount under microscope • Long tube like projections extending from yeast cells no constriction at origin • Specific for C. albicans (C. dubliniensis)
- 26. • Cornmeal agar: • Chlamydiospore is specific for Candida albicans
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