Local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels, preventing the transmission of electrical signals in nerves. They are commonly used for minor surgical procedures and can be administered via different routes. The most commonly used local anesthetics are amide and ester derivatives that exist in both ionized and non-ionized forms, with the non-ionized forms able to more readily cross cell membranes and the ionized forms being the active blocking entities inside axons. Toxicity can occur if local anesthetic blood levels become too high, potentially causing CNS or cardiovascular effects like seizures or arrhythmias. Treatment of local anesthetic toxicity focuses on supportive measures.