Brief Introduction to pharmacology.pptx
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general pharma.pptx
1.1 Pharmacology- An Introduction
The word pharmacology is derived from two Greek words, pharmacon meaning a drug, and logos meaning an opinion or reason. It can be defined as
“The science which deals with the history, source, physical properties, chemical properties, compounding, biochemical effects, physiological effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, therapeutic and other uses of drugs, is called pharmacology.”
“The study of a substance that interacts with the living system through chemical processes especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activates or inhibits normal body processes”
“The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.”
Drug:
The word drug comes from Drogue meaning a dry herb. A drug can be defined as:
“A substance, material or product used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention and relief of symptoms or cure of disease.”
WHO defines drug as:
“A substance, material or product used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological processes or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.”
General Features of a Drug:
• Variability in molecular size
• Variability in shape
• Variability in chemical nature
• Variability in lipid/water partition coefficient
• Variability in degree of ionization
• Physical Properties
• Variability in molecular size
Smaller sized molecules are easily absorbed than larger molecules. Normally the molecular weight is between 100-1000 but may be higher or lower. Streptokinase is an example of large molecular weight drug while lithium or nitric oxides are of small molecular weight.
• Variability in shape
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The document provides an overview of basic concepts in pharmacology including definitions of key terms like pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical pharmacology, and toxicology. It also discusses essential drug concepts, drug nomenclature, sources of drugs, routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes, and factors governing the choice of administration route.
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Clinical pharmacology is a multidisciplinary science that studies the relationship between drugs and humans. It has a long history dating back to the 18th century. Clinical pharmacologists play important roles in patient care, teaching, and research. Their goals are to improve patient outcomes through rational drug use and the development of safer and more effective medicines. They conduct research studies in humans to better understand pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics which can help optimize drug therapy for individuals.
General pharmacology 1.1 introduction to pharmacology
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in pharmacology including:
- Definitions of pharmacology and drugs. Pharmacology deals with drug interaction with living systems.
- The main divisions of pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body) and pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug).
- Historical landmarks in pharmacology including the development of early drugs from natural sources and landmark discoveries like penicillin.
- The scope of pharmacology including areas like pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy, and toxicology.
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This document discusses Ayurvedic formulations known as Asava and Arista. Asava and Arista are medicinal preparations made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery that then undergoes fermentation to produce alcohol, extracting active principles from the herbs. The key differences are that Asava is prepared without boiling the herbs, while Arista involves boiling. Standardization of these formulations ensures a defined content of constituents with known therapeutic activity. The document outlines the methods of preparing Asava and Arista, including use of fermentation pots, addition of herbs, and precautions to ensure cleanliness during the process.
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This document discusses Ayurvedic formulations known as Asava and Arista. It begins by defining Asava and Arista as medicinal preparations made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery that undergoes fermentation to produce alcohol, extracting active principles and allowing long preservation. It then describes the methods of preparing Asava, where herbs are soaked in water without boiling, and Arista, where herbs are boiled. General precautions for production are outlined. The key characteristics are that the filtered final products have alcohol that acts as a preservative while delivering active principles.
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general pharma.pptx
1.1 Pharmacology- An Introduction
The word pharmacology is derived from two Greek words, pharmacon meaning a drug, and logos meaning an opinion or reason. It can be defined as
“The science which deals with the history, source, physical properties, chemical properties, compounding, biochemical effects, physiological effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, therapeutic and other uses of drugs, is called pharmacology.”
“The study of a substance that interacts with the living system through chemical processes especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activates or inhibits normal body processes”
“The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.”
Drug:
The word drug comes from Drogue meaning a dry herb. A drug can be defined as:
“A substance, material or product used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention and relief of symptoms or cure of disease.”
WHO defines drug as:
“A substance, material or product used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological processes or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.”
General Features of a Drug:
• Variability in molecular size
• Variability in shape
• Variability in chemical nature
• Variability in lipid/water partition coefficient
• Variability in degree of ionization
• Physical Properties
• Variability in molecular size
Smaller sized molecules are easily absorbed than larger molecules. Normally the molecular weight is between 100-1000 but may be higher or lower. Streptokinase is an example of large molecular weight drug while lithium or nitric oxides are of small molecular weight.
• Variability in shape
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Medicine has a long history dating back to prehistoric times when herbal medicines were used. Some key events include the development of early medical systems in places like China, Egypt, and India; the contributions of Hippocrates and Galen in ancient Greece; the founding of excellent hospitals in the Medieval and Renaissance periods; important discoveries in the 17th-19th centuries like vaccines, antibiotics, and x-rays; and modern developments like transplants, dialysis, and treatments for diseases. Medicines can be classified in different ways like therapeutic classification based on the condition treated, pharmacologic classification based on mechanism of action, and chemical classification based on molecular structure. Understanding classifications helps ensure safe use and maximize benefits of
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The document provides an overview of basic concepts in pharmacology including definitions of key terms like pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical pharmacology, and toxicology. It also discusses essential drug concepts, drug nomenclature, sources of drugs, routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes, and factors governing the choice of administration route.
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Clinical pharmacology is a multidisciplinary science that studies the relationship between drugs and humans. It has a long history dating back to the 18th century. Clinical pharmacologists play important roles in patient care, teaching, and research. Their goals are to improve patient outcomes through rational drug use and the development of safer and more effective medicines. They conduct research studies in humans to better understand pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics which can help optimize drug therapy for individuals.
General pharmacology 1.1 introduction to pharmacology
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in pharmacology including:
- Definitions of pharmacology and drugs. Pharmacology deals with drug interaction with living systems.
- The main divisions of pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body) and pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug).
- Historical landmarks in pharmacology including the development of early drugs from natural sources and landmark discoveries like penicillin.
- The scope of pharmacology including areas like pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy, and toxicology.
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This document discusses Ayurvedic formulations known as Asava and Arista. Asava and Arista are medicinal preparations made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery that then undergoes fermentation to produce alcohol, extracting active principles from the herbs. The key differences are that Asava is prepared without boiling the herbs, while Arista involves boiling. Standardization of these formulations ensures a defined content of constituents with known therapeutic activity. The document outlines the methods of preparing Asava and Arista, including use of fermentation pots, addition of herbs, and precautions to ensure cleanliness during the process.
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This document discusses Ayurvedic formulations known as Asava and Arista. It begins by defining Asava and Arista as medicinal preparations made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery that undergoes fermentation to produce alcohol, extracting active principles and allowing long preservation. It then describes the methods of preparing Asava, where herbs are soaked in water without boiling, and Arista, where herbs are boiled. General precautions for production are outlined. The key characteristics are that the filtered final products have alcohol that acts as a preservative while delivering active principles.
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This document discusses Ayurvedic formulations known as Asava and Arista. Asava and Arista are medicinal preparations made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery that then undergoes fermentation to produce alcohol, extracting active principles from the herbs. The key differences are that Asava is prepared without boiling the herbs, while Arista involves boiling. Standardization of these formulations ensures a defined content of constituents with known therapeutic activity. The document outlines the methods of preparing Asava and Arista, including use of fermentation pots, addition of herbs, and precautions to ensure cleanliness during the process.
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This document discusses Ayurvedic formulations known as Asava and Arista. It begins by defining Asava and Arista as medicinal preparations made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery that undergoes fermentation to produce alcohol, extracting active principles and allowing long preservation. It then describes the methods of preparing Asava, where herbs are soaked in water, and Arista, where herbs are boiled. General precautions for production are outlined. The key characteristics are that the filtered final products have alcohol that acts as a preservative while delivering active principles.
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Scienti fi c medicine has achieved indispensable
progress in pediatric cancer therapy, however,
with treatments entailing numerous adverse
effects and thus signi fi cant loss of quality of life.
Homeopathy can diminish these side effects and
strengthen the overall condition of the child, and
should be regarded as a respectable complementary
therapy in pediatric hemato-oncology.
Further scienti fi c research should be performed
to promote and facilitate homeopathic
practice as an integrative part of pediatric cancer
care.
Homeopathy practitioners should be encouraged
to practice responsibly and openly and to
contribute to and participate in the scienti fi c discussion.
Hemato-oncologists should be encouraged
to open their minds to appropriate
complementary methods and to enter into an
open and critical dialog with CAM-competent
colleagues, in order to ensure quali fi ed guidance
and maximum well-being for each child and its
family.
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Materia Medica is a Latin medical term
for the body of collected knowledge
about the therapeutic properties of
any substance(drug) used for healing with their sources, preparations, doses and use.
Homeopathic principle in present time
Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann is considered the founder of homeopathy. He developed the principle of "similars" - that a substance can cure symptoms in a healthy individual that are similar to those of an illness. Hahnemann experimented by administering potential remedies to healthy subjects to record their symptoms, known as "homeopathic provings". He also proposed three chronic diseases or "miasms" - psora, syphilis, and sycosis. Later, other proposed miasms included tuberculosis and cancer. Some homeopaths experimented with combining remedies for different symptoms, but Hahnemann was skeptical it could lead to polypharmacy. While homeopathy has changed over 200
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2. Other common routes include topical administration to the skin, eyes, ears, or nose. Subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous routes involve injection under the skin, into muscles, or directly into veins or arteries.
3. The route chosen depends on factors like the drug's intended site of action, ability to be absorbed, potential for side effects, and patient factors like ability to swallow. Invasive routes result in faster onset but have greater risks
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2. Other common routes include topical application to the skin, eyes, ears, nose, or lungs. Sublingual administration allows for rapid absorption into the bloodstream.
3. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection deliver drugs systemically but break the skin barrier, requiring sterile technique. They can administer large volumes or act more rapidly than oral drugs.
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1. The most common route is oral, as it is noninvasive, convenient, and inexpensive. However, oral drugs may irritate the GI tract or have an unpleasant taste.
2. Other common routes include topical application to the skin, eyes, ears, nose, or lungs. Sublingual administration allows for rapid absorption into the bloodstream.
3. Parenteral routes like subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intradermal injections deliver drugs systemically but break the skin barrier, requiring sterile technique. Intramuscular injections can deliver larger volumes of drugs than subcutaneous injections.
lecture_1_introduction_to_pharmacology_0.ppt
1. The most common route is oral, as it is noninvasive, convenient, and inexpensive. However, oral drugs may irritate the GI tract or have an unpleasant taste.
2. Other common routes include topical application to the skin, eyes, ears, nose, or lungs. Sublingual administration allows for rapid absorption into the bloodstream.
3. Parenteral routes like subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intradermal injections deliver drugs systemically but break the skin barrier, requiring sterile technique. Intramuscular injections can deliver larger volumes of drugs than subcutaneous injections.
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This document discusses a study on using Phatak's Repertory to treat respiratory diseases in children. It provides background on repertories and Phatak's Repertory. The study aimed to evaluate the scope and limitations of Phatak's Repertory in treating children's respiratory diseases. 30 cases of acute and chronic respiratory diseases in children were treated using Phatak's Repertory. Most cases were school-aged children from average socioeconomic families with a family history of respiratory or other miasmatic diseases. Results showed improvement in most acute cases and recovery in many chronic cases.
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Homeopathy research
1. Homeopathy was founded in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann and is based on the principles of using highly diluted substances to treat medical conditions based on the idea that "like cures like."
2. Research on homeopathy has had mixed results, with some studies finding it effective for certain conditions and others finding no effects beyond a placebo. Major reviews in Australia and Europe found no reliable evidence that homeopathy is effective.
3. Proper clinical research methods and larger sample sizes are still needed to fully validate the effectiveness of homeopathic treatments according to some researchers and practitioners. Advocates argue its individualized approach needs to be studied differently than conventional medicine.
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2. Research on homeopathy has had mixed results, with some studies finding it effective for certain conditions and others finding no effects beyond a placebo. Major reviews in Australia and Europe found no reliable evidence that homeopathy is effective.
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chapter 1 tooth Morpho.pptx
This document discusses tooth morphology and is the first chapter of a work by Chanda Shehzadi. Tooth morphology refers to the shape, size, and structural formation of teeth. The chapter will likely examine the different types of teeth and their functions as well as how their shapes are adapted for various purposes.
cementum.pptx
This document provides an overview of cementum, including its physical characteristics, composition, functions, classification, locations, abnormalities, and more. Cementum is the avascular, mineralized tissue covering tooth roots. It is composed of cells, collagen fibers, and hydroxyapatite crystals. Cementum functions to provide anchorage for fibers attaching teeth to bone and aids in adaptation and repair. It can be classified based on presence of cells, fiber origin, location, and matrix composition. Abnormalities include aplasia, hypoplasia, and hypercementosis.
Cementum (1).pptx
Cementum is a hard, avascular connective tissue that covers tooth roots. It begins at the cervical portion of the tooth and extends to the apex. Cementum provides the medium for collagen fibers to attach the tooth to surrounding structures. It is composed mainly of inorganic hydroxyapatite and organic collagen. Cementum forms through a process called cementogenesis, where mesenchymal cells differentiate into cementoblasts that synthesize cementum. Cementum is classified based on formation timing, presence of cells, and origin of collagen fibers, with the primary types being acellular intrinsic fiber cementum and cellular extrinsic fiber cementum.
SOFT TISSUE ANOMALIES 2012.ppt
The document discusses several oral conditions including cleft lip, cleft palate, macroglossia, amyloidosis, black hairy tongue, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis. Cleft lip and cleft palate are classified in different severities. Macroglossia and amyloidosis present enlarged tongue issues while black hairy tongue and torus palatinus/mandibularis involve abnormal tongue and hard palate/jaw bone growths.
DOC-20230130-WA0020..pptx
Local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels, preventing the transmission of electrical signals in nerves. They are commonly used for minor surgical procedures and can be administered via different routes. The most commonly used local anesthetics are amide and ester derivatives that exist in both ionized and non-ionized forms, with the non-ionized forms able to more readily cross cell membranes and the ionized forms being the active blocking entities inside axons. Toxicity can occur if local anesthetic blood levels become too high, potentially causing CNS or cardiovascular effects like seizures or arrhythmias. Treatment of local anesthetic toxicity focuses on supportive measures.
molars.docx
This document describes and compares the anatomical features of the maxillary and mandibular molars. It outlines their eruption times, root development stages, occlusal surface geometries, root morphologies, contact areas, outlines, grooves and pits. The maxillary and mandibular first molars have similar features, such as trapezoidal buccal and lingual aspects, trifurcated roots, and 4 major cusps. Differences between the molars include their occlusion patterns, number of roots and cusps, and root fusion tendencies over time. Common anatomical variations are also listed.
nervous tissues.pptx
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and coordinates all body functions. The PNS connects the CNS to the limbs and organs through nerves and ganglia. Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system and transmit electrochemical signals through axons and dendrites to control sensation, movement, and organ function. Glial cells support and protect neurons. The spinal cord has gray matter containing neuron cell bodies surrounded by white matter of myelinated axons.
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- 1. 1 WELCOME TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Dr. Khalid Niaz Associate Professor
- 2. TEACHING METHODOLOGY LGDs Practicals Short group discussion Problem Based Learning (PBL) Assignments Attendance Complete academic record 2
- 3. Books i. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology by B. Katzung 14th edition ii. Pharmacology by Rang & Dale 9th edition iii. Goodman & Gilman's by Alfred Goodman Gilman The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics 13th edition 3
- 4. Scope Of Pharmacology Disease? Physiology gone wrong (Pathology) Treatment? Art of healing With a knife → drugs With drugs 4
- 5. History 1. Mystical stage : 2. Empirical stage : i. Chinese era:- 2700 BC ii. Egyptian era: 1550 BC Snake charmers Babylona iii. Roman era : 25 BC -----200 AD Galen → Galenicals iv. Greek era: Hippocratic oath v. Muslim era: 800 ---- 1100 AD 5
- 6. Alternate Systems of Therapeutics (a) Allopathy James Gregory 1735 – 1821 Blood letting Emetics Purgatives etc were used till symptoms disappear. (b) Homeopathy By Hahnemann in early 19th century in reaction against allopathy with guiding principles of like cure likes Activity enhanced by dilution 6
- 7. PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Pharmacon (Greek) → A drug Logos (Greek) → A discourse or treatise : Treatise Written work dealing formally & systemically with a subject. Discourse- Conversation, speech or lecture: meaning to speak or write at length on a subject Therapy → Treatment 7
- 8. DRUG: Drogue (French) → A dry herb In General For a Physician / Doctors For a layman WHO Definition (1966) “A chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being.” 8
- 9. Objectives of learning and teaching Pharmacology :- ◦ To restrict to rational drug therapy ◦ To diagnose, treat & prevent cases of poisoning. ◦ To help the health authorities to combat drug abuse in addicts.
- 10. Rational Drug Therapy Administration of the right drug indicated for the disease, in right dose, through an appropriate(right) route, for a right duration.
- 11. General Principles for rational Prescribing 1. Need for drug therapy 2.Choice of drug. a. Efficacy b. Safety c.Cost effectiveness 3.Mono Drug Therapy 4.Drug Combinations 5.Dose of the Drug 6.Dosage Form/Rout of Administration 7.Duration of Therapy 8.Patient’s Compliance
- 12. BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY Pharmacy Prep, compounding & dispensing Pharmacokinetics Kinesis (Greek) → Movement Pharmacodynamics Dynamis (Greek) → Power Pharmacognosy Identification, History & sources Pharmaceutical chemistry Str., physical & chemical prop. 12