This document discusses cancer and antioxidants. It defines cancer, describes different types and risk factors. It outlines methods of detection and effects/treatments of cancer. It then discusses the role of antioxidants and free radicals in cancer development. Important antioxidants like beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and phytochemicals are described. The document concludes with recommendations for improving antioxidant intake and lifestyle changes to reduce cancer risk.

2. Contents
• Introduction
• What is Cancer?
• Classification
• Risk Factors
• Signals
• Detection
• Effects
• Treatments
• Dietary management
• Antioxidants v/s Free radicals
• Important Antioxidants
• Lifestyle changes
• Summery

3. Introduction
• A high intake of Antioxidants reduces
Cancer risk.
• Cancer treatments lead to oxidative
stress.
• Antioxidants fight against Free radicals.

4. What is Cancer?
• Refers to malignant neoplasm or tumor
• Mutation of cellular genes
• Uncontrolled growth
• Invasion
• Metastasis

5. What is Cancer?
• Exposure to chemical, physical &
biological factors
• Occur at any age
• In any part of the body

6. Stages of Cancer

7. Classification
Type Origin Example
Carcinoma Epithelial cells Breast, Prostate
Sarcoma Connective tissue Osteosarcoma,
Fibro sarcoma
Leukemia White blood cell Acute
lymphoblastic
leukemia
Lymphoma Monocyte,
macrophage
Blood cancer,
Hodgkin’s disease

8. Risk factors
• Heredity
• Ionizing radiations
• Hormonal imbalance
• Viruses
• Stress
• Age
• Chemical substances
• Dietary factors

9. Risk factors
(chemical substances)
• Cause mutations-
Carcinogens
• Tobacco
• Benzene
• Asbestos
• Persistent use-
genetic deformities

10. Risk factors
(Dietary)
• Meat
• Energy balance
• Fat
• Protein
• Alcohol
• Nitrates

11. Signs & symptoms
• Local symptoms:
 Lumps
 Swellings
 Hemorrhage
 Ulceration
 Pain
• Metastatic symptoms:
 Enlarged lymph nodes
 Enlarged liver, spleen
 Pain or fracture of
bones
 Neurological symptoms
• Systemic symptoms:
 Weight loss
 Fatigue
 Sweating
 Anemia
 Immunological or
hormonal signals

12. Identification
• Breast Cancer
 Self examination
 Mammograms
 Clinical Breast
Exam
• Prostate Cancer
 DRE
 PSA
• Colon/Rectum
 Stool blood test
annually
 Digital rectal exam
 Sigmoidoscopy
 Colonoscopy
(virtual)

13. Identification
• Ovarian Cancer
Annual pelvic exam
Pelvic ultrasound with vaginal probe
• Cervical Cancer
Pelvic Exam
PAP Test

14. Identification
Biopsy
Lab tests

15. Systemic effects
• Abnormalities in
metabolism
• Anorexia
• Mal-absorption
• Fluid-electrolyte
imbalance
• Anemia
• Taste & appetite
changes
• Learned food
aversions
• Hypercalcemia
• osteomalacia

16. Treatments &
nutritional problems
• Chemotherapy
 Affects rapidly multiplying cells
 Both cancer & normal cells
 Cause side effects
 G.I. symptoms
 Anemia
 Fluid-electrolyte imbalance
 Changes in skin, hair/scalp, hearing, muscle,
blood, fertility, etc.

17. Treatments &
nutritional problems
• Radiotherapy
Loss of taste/ sensation
Anorexia, nausea, decreased appetite
Intestinal damage
Hemorrhage, obstruction
Diarrhea, mal-absorption
Lead to nutritional problems

18. Treatments &
nutritional problems
• Surgery
G.I., Head & neck surgery, Gastrectomy,
pancreatectomy
Improper ingestion, digestion & absorption
Loss of digestive enzymes
Long term tube feeding
Induced insulin dependent diabetes
Weight loss

19. Dietary management
• Objectives:
To meet increased metabolic demands
Prevent catabolism
Reduce symptoms

20. Dietary management
• Energy-(2000-
4000Kcal)
 Degree of
malnutrition &
Body trauma
 Excessive weight
loss
 Increased
metabolic demands
 Spare protein
• Protein-(80-100gm)
 Tissue regeneration
 Healing
 Rehabilitation
 Ensure anabolism
 Positive nitrogen
balance

21. Dietary management
• Vitamins & minerals
Optimal recommended intake
Supplements according to nutritional
status
• Fluid
Increased to compensate losses
To help kidneys
Protect against irritation & inflammation

22. Antioxidants v/s
Cancer
• Antioxidants- a molecule capable of
inhibiting the oxidation
• prevents cellular damage
• Free radicals- atoms or group of atoms
with unpaired electrons
• Formed on oxidation
• Pathway for cancer, aging, and a variety
of diseases

23. Antioxidants v/s
Cancer
• Apoptosis- Process of programmed cell
death
• 50-70 billion cells/ day die
• Excess- Atrophy like, ischemic damage
• Insufficient- Uncontrolled cell growth
• Antioxidants induces Apoptosis in
Cancer cells
• Potential role in Cancer

24. Important antioxidants
• β- carotene
 Lung cancer &
stomach, cervix,
esophageal,
throat, etc.
 CV disease in
smokers
 GLV’s, yellow-
orange fruits &
veggies
• Vitamin C
 G.I. tract, cervix
cancer
 CV disease
 Citrus fruits,
sprouted pulses

25. Important antioxidants
• Vitamin E
 Oral & pharyngeal
cancer
 CV diseases
 Cereals, cereal
products, oil seeds,
nuts
• Selenium, zinc,
copper & iron
 Esophageal &
stomach cancer
 Meats, seafood,
cereals & pulses
 Oysters, liver,
mushroom, nuts,
chocolate

26. Important
phyto-chemicals
• Terpenes
Act as antioxidant
Inhibit tumor growth
Tomatoes, parsley, oranges & spinach
• Lycopene
Two times as powerful as β- carotene
Reduce risk of prostate cancer
Tomatoes

27. Important
phyto-chemicals
• Flavonoids & phenols
 Scavenge free radical compounds
 Reduce risk of cancer
 Parsley, carrots, citrus fruits, cabbage,
cucumber, tomato, soy products, etc
• Isoflavones
 Act as carcinogen blockers
 Effective against hormone related cancers
 Soya bean & products

28. Important
phyto-chemicals
• Thiols
Sulphur containing phytonutrient
Regulate detoxifying enzymes
garlic & broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage
etc.
• Lignans
Protect against hormone related
cancers
Flax seeds, wheat bran, barley etc.

29. Improving
antioxidant intake
• Try new fruit or vegetable each week
• Double the normal serving size for
vegetables
• Eat fruit with curd
• Incorporate veggies in cereals & pulses
• Eating fruit as a snack
• Adding veggies to favorite recipes

30. Lifestyle changes
• Stop using tobacco
• Limit alcohol consumption
• Maintain a reasonable weight
• Increase physical activity
• Eat 5-9 fruits and vegetables daily
• Increase fiber and reduce fat
• Limit exposure to the sun