The document discusses several plants that have potential anticancer properties, including their uses, mechanisms of action, and effects on specific cancer types. It provides details on Ashwagandha, Manjistha, Chitraka, Daruhaldi, and Katuki - describing their geographical sources, morphologies, chemical constituents, and roles in treating cancers like colon, breast, lung, blood, prostate, and more. The key mechanisms discussed include inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, suppressing metastasis, and modulating critical signaling pathways.
Monoclonal antibodies have potential as anti-cancer therapies by specifically targeting tumor cells. They can induce apoptosis through several mechanisms, including antigen cross-linking, activating death receptors, or delivering cytotoxic agents directly to tumors. Challenges include insufficient drug delivery to solid tumors and heterogeneous antigen expression limiting targeted cells. New strategies involve using monoclonal antibodies to activate enzymes that convert locally administered pro-drugs into anti-tumor agents at the tumor site. The first approved therapeutic monoclonal antibody Rituximab treats B-cell lymphomas with high response rates. Future research aims to optimize combinations with chemotherapy and determine best candidates.
This document summarizes various targeted anticancer therapies. It discusses targeted therapies that interfere with molecular structures implicated in tumor growth like nuclear factors, cell survival factors, and angiogenesis factors. Primary targeted therapy tools are monoclonal antibodies and small synthetic molecules. Protein kinases and their role in signaling pathways are described. Examples of targeted therapies discussed include BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, HER2/NEU inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors targeting VEGF, mTOR inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, MAPK pathway inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. Resistance mechanisms and newer agents to overcome resistance are also summarized.
The presentation discusses cancer, including its causes, classification of anticancer drugs, and recent developments. It covers milestones in cancer discovery such as imatinib mesylate in 2001 and recent FDA-approved drugs. Phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables that are being studied for cancer prevention are mentioned. Research is exploring the anticancer effects of compounds from pomegranates, bromelain from pineapples, and curcumin from turmeric. Targeted drug delivery approaches to tumor vasculature are also discussed.
A good review of common GYN/ONC chemotherapy agents, especially for residents. Given at Wake Forest. Thanks to Dr. Michael Kelly for contributing and reviewing.
This document discusses targeted cancer therapies, which work by interfering with specific molecular targets involved in cancer growth and progression, unlike traditional chemotherapy which acts on all rapidly dividing cells. It provides examples of molecular targets for small molecule drugs and monoclonal antibodies, including growth factor receptors and fusion proteins. The document also discusses methods of target identification, categories of targeted therapies, examples of FDA-approved targeted drugs, limitations and side effects of targeted therapies, and concludes by emphasizing the importance and promise of targeted therapies while noting challenges that remain.
This document discusses targeted cancer therapies and their mechanisms of action. It outlines 10 hallmarks of cancer and describes targeted drugs that inhibit specific proteins and pathways involved in cancer growth. These targeted drugs include small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, angiogenesis inhibitors, and proteosome inhibitors. Examples are provided of targeted therapies used to treat cancers like chronic myeloid leukemia, lung cancer, breast cancer, and multiple myeloma. Potential side effects of targeted therapies are also mentioned.
This document discusses plant-derived anticancer agents that are currently used in clinical practice or show promise as future treatments. It summarizes several prominent plant-derived compounds that are used clinically to treat various cancers, including vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, camptothecin, and podophyllotoxin derivatives. It also outlines some challenges with developing plant-derived anticancer drugs and the process of isolating active compounds from plants and testing their efficacy and safety.
Monoclonal antibodies have potential as anti-cancer therapies by specifically targeting tumor cells. They can induce apoptosis through several mechanisms, including antigen cross-linking, activating death receptors, or delivering cytotoxic agents directly to tumors. Challenges include insufficient drug delivery to solid tumors and heterogeneous antigen expression limiting targeted cells. New strategies involve using monoclonal antibodies to activate enzymes that convert locally administered pro-drugs into anti-tumor agents at the tumor site. The first approved therapeutic monoclonal antibody Rituximab treats B-cell lymphomas with high response rates. Future research aims to optimize combinations with chemotherapy and determine best candidates.
This document summarizes various targeted anticancer therapies. It discusses targeted therapies that interfere with molecular structures implicated in tumor growth like nuclear factors, cell survival factors, and angiogenesis factors. Primary targeted therapy tools are monoclonal antibodies and small synthetic molecules. Protein kinases and their role in signaling pathways are described. Examples of targeted therapies discussed include BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, HER2/NEU inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors targeting VEGF, mTOR inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, MAPK pathway inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. Resistance mechanisms and newer agents to overcome resistance are also summarized.
The presentation discusses cancer, including its causes, classification of anticancer drugs, and recent developments. It covers milestones in cancer discovery such as imatinib mesylate in 2001 and recent FDA-approved drugs. Phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables that are being studied for cancer prevention are mentioned. Research is exploring the anticancer effects of compounds from pomegranates, bromelain from pineapples, and curcumin from turmeric. Targeted drug delivery approaches to tumor vasculature are also discussed.
A good review of common GYN/ONC chemotherapy agents, especially for residents. Given at Wake Forest. Thanks to Dr. Michael Kelly for contributing and reviewing.
This document discusses targeted cancer therapies, which work by interfering with specific molecular targets involved in cancer growth and progression, unlike traditional chemotherapy which acts on all rapidly dividing cells. It provides examples of molecular targets for small molecule drugs and monoclonal antibodies, including growth factor receptors and fusion proteins. The document also discusses methods of target identification, categories of targeted therapies, examples of FDA-approved targeted drugs, limitations and side effects of targeted therapies, and concludes by emphasizing the importance and promise of targeted therapies while noting challenges that remain.
This document discusses targeted cancer therapies and their mechanisms of action. It outlines 10 hallmarks of cancer and describes targeted drugs that inhibit specific proteins and pathways involved in cancer growth. These targeted drugs include small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, angiogenesis inhibitors, and proteosome inhibitors. Examples are provided of targeted therapies used to treat cancers like chronic myeloid leukemia, lung cancer, breast cancer, and multiple myeloma. Potential side effects of targeted therapies are also mentioned.
This document discusses plant-derived anticancer agents that are currently used in clinical practice or show promise as future treatments. It summarizes several prominent plant-derived compounds that are used clinically to treat various cancers, including vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, camptothecin, and podophyllotoxin derivatives. It also outlines some challenges with developing plant-derived anticancer drugs and the process of isolating active compounds from plants and testing their efficacy and safety.
This document discusses targeted cancer therapy. It begins with an introduction to cancer classification and targeted therapy. It then discusses the epidemiology of cancer in India, signs and symptoms, and risk factors. It describes the goals and challenges of targeted therapy development. Targets for targeted therapy include monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors that target proteins involved in cancer signaling pathways. Treatment involves administration of targeted drugs through pills or IV. Side effects and limitations of targeted therapy are also discussed. The document concludes that targeted therapies provide more selective treatment compared to chemotherapy.
This document discusses using bacteria for cancer therapy. It describes how certain bacteria can target and kill tumor cells, including some that are currently in clinical trials. Obligate anaerobes like Clostridium target low-oxygen areas of tumors, while facultative anaerobes like Salmonella can detect and penetrate tumors. Genetically modified Salmonella and Clostridium have shown efficacy in preclinical studies and early clinical trials. Bacteria can also be used as vectors to deliver gene therapy or anticancer agents directly to tumors. Overall, the document argues that bacteria show promise as novel anticancer agents.
Biological agents are substances derived from living organisms that are used clinically for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This document discusses several types of biological agents including monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, interferons, and protein kinase inhibitors. It provides examples of specific drugs, describes their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. While biological agents demonstrate promising results in cancer treatment, their development and production is complex and costs are currently high compared to conventional chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy uses chemical agents or drugs to treat cancer by destroying malignant cells. Paul Ehrlich is considered the father of chemotherapy for discovering the first effective treatment for syphilis. Chemotherapy drugs work during different phases of the cell cycle to damage DNA and prevent cell reproduction. There are several types of chemotherapy drugs including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, anti-tumor antibiotics, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and corticosteroids. Common side effects of chemotherapy include fatigue, pain, mouth sores, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and hair loss.
the presentation include the different type of mechanism used by cancer cells to protect them from anticancer agents lead to produce resistance. the slide include definition of cancer as per WHO, type of tumors, treatment of cancer, goal of treatment, problem associated with chemotherapeutic agents, need of studing mechanisms of resistance for anticancer agents, resistance, different mechanism of drug resistance, epigenetics, drug efflux, drug inactivation, DNA damage repair, drug target alteration and cell death inhibitiond
This document discusses various targeted cancer therapies including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and other targeted agents. It describes key targets of these therapies such as protein kinases, growth factor receptors, angiogenesis pathways, and nuclear factors. Specific drugs are discussed that target ABL, EGFR, VEGFR, mTOR, MAPK pathways, and the proteasome. Resistance mechanisms and combination approaches are also mentioned.
Potential plants molecule in cancer disease. The document discusses several herbal plants that show anticancer activity, including their mechanisms of action. It summarizes that Camptotheca acuminata contains camptothecin which inhibits topoisomerase I and DNA replication. Podophyllum contains podophyllotoxin and related compounds that inhibit topoisomerase II. Periwinkle contains alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine which prevent microtubule assembly. Taxus brevifolia contains taxol and related compounds that stabilize microtubules. Curcuma longa contains curcumin which has anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects. Many herbal compounds show promise for cancer treatment but developing safe, economic anticancer drugs remains a
The document discusses drug resistance in cancer therapy and antibiotic therapy. It provides causes and mechanisms of drug resistance, including alterations in drug targets, drug inactivation, reduced drug accumulation, and increased efflux pumps. Strategies to overcome resistance include pharmacokinetic monitoring, pharmacogenetic monitoring, and inhibiting efflux pumps. Drug resistance is a major challenge in cancer treatment and antibiotic use.
This document summarizes different types of chemotherapy used to treat cancer. It discusses how chemotherapy works by interfering with rapidly dividing cancer cell growth. The main types covered are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, plant alkaloids, and miscellaneous agents. For each type, 1-2 specific drug examples are provided along with a brief overview of their mechanism of action and effects on DNA, RNA, or other cell processes critical to cell division. Hormonal agents are also summarized as targeting certain hormone-sensitive cancers. The document aims to explain the biological basis and classifications of various chemotherapy drugs.
The document discusses principles of chemotherapy, including common agents and their mechanisms of action, side effects, and clinical considerations. It covers conventional chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and antitumor antibiotics, as well as their uses in treating cancers and managing side effects. The goal of chemotherapy is to cure cancer through eliminating all cancer cells, achieving long-term disease control, or palliating cancer symptoms.
Strategies to combat drug resistance in antibiotics and anticancer therapyRajan Kumar
This presentation discusses strategies to combat drug resistance in antibiotics and anticancer therapy. It covers antibiotic resistance, which can be intrinsic, acquired through mutation, or acquired via plasmids. Strategies to address antibiotic resistance include international collaboration, national policies and guidelines, and actions at the community and hospital levels. Mechanisms of resistance gene transfer between bacteria include conjugation, transduction, and transformation. For anticancer therapy, a key strategy is addressing multidrug resistance caused by ATP-binding cassette transporters that pump drugs out of cancer cells. Clinical trials aim to identify the transporters involved and use inhibitors to block drug efflux.
Chemotherapy involves using chemical substances to treat diseases, particularly cancer and microbial infections. The term was coined by Paul Ehrlich, who developed the first effective treatment for syphilis called Salvarsan. Chemotherapeutic agents can be synthetic chemicals or substances produced by microorganisms. Some common classes of antimicrobial agents used in chemotherapy include sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and others. These work by interfering with bacterial growth and survival through various mechanisms such as inhibiting enzymes or DNA synthesis. While effective against many infections, these agents can sometimes cause side effects and the development of drug resistance remains a concern.
Sidney Farber is considered the father of modern chemotherapy. The history of chemotherapy began with early experiments using heavy metals and immunostimulants in the 1500s-1800s. Significant developments occurred during World Wars I and II, including the discovery of nitrogen mustard's ability to suppress the bone marrow and lymph nodes. In the post-war decades of the 1950s-1970s, chemotherapy drugs were developed and tested through the National Cancer Institute and Children's Cancer Group. Recent decades saw the growth of targeted therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and other novel agents, while many challenges of chemotherapy discovered by early researchers remain relevant today.
Cancer is abnormal cell growth that can spread if untreated. It is caused by factors like chemicals, alcohol, smoking, viruses and genetics. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, and weight loss. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies. Many plants have compounds that may treat cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation or inducing cell death. Examples discussed include vinca alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus, taxanes from Taxus brevifolia, and camptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata. Curcumin, flavonoids, polyphenols from foods like berries and tea may also have anticancer effects. As conventional treatments do not always work, herbal medicines provide a
This document discusses the use of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. It provides background on conventional chemotherapy and highlights limitations. It then covers the history and development of monoclonal antibodies, including their production and mechanisms of targeting cancer cells, such as antigen cross-linking, activating death receptors, and delivering cytotoxic agents. Specific examples of toxin-immunoconjugates and antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy are described. The mechanism and applications of the monoclonal antibody Rituximab for lymphoma are discussed. In conclusion, the document notes the potential for optimizing monoclonal antibody combinations with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
This document discusses chemotherapy for cancer treatment. It describes the main types of anticancer drugs as cytotoxic, targeted, and hormonal drugs. Cytotoxic drugs are further broken down into categories like alkylating agents, platinum coordination compounds, antimetabolites, and microtubule damaging agents. The document also covers general principles of chemotherapy like using combination therapy to achieve total tumour cell kill and targeting actively dividing cancer cells. Adverse effects of cytotoxic drugs are explained, like bone marrow depression and immunosuppression. The goal of cancer therapy is outlined as cure, prolonging remission, or palliation depending on the cancer type and stage.
Gentian is a plant whose dried rhizome and roots are used as a bitter tonic. It contains several bitter glycosides such as gentiopicrin, which has an intensely bitter taste and is used to stimulate digestion. Gentian grows in central and southern Europe and Asia, and its rhizomes are harvested in autumn after 2-5 years of growth. Microscopically, transverse sections of gentian rhizome show a porous wood surrounded by parenchyma cells containing oil globules and calcium oxalate needles. Gentian is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and other gastrointestinal issues.
This document provides an overview of botany and the history of botanical study. It discusses how botany originated from herbalism and the identification of medicinal plants. Key developments included the earliest plant classifications in ancient Greece and China, the modern binomial naming system of Linnaeus in the 18th century, and advances in microscopy that allowed the discovery of cells and tissues. Modern botany utilizes various techniques including molecular genetics, genomics, and biotechnology to study plant structure, function, development, taxonomy, and relationships at the molecular and ecological level.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single clone that target specific antigens. They are used widely in targeted cancer therapies. The document discusses the various methods used to produce monoclonal antibodies including hybridoma technology, phage display, and transgenic mice. It also covers the structure and functions of antibodies as well as the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of several monoclonal antibodies used to treat various cancers and other diseases by targeting cell surface receptors like CD20, HER2, EGFR, VEGF.
This document provides information about monoclonal antibodies including their production, types, and applications. It discusses how monoclonal antibodies are produced using the hybridoma technique which fuses antibody producing B cells with myeloma cells. This results in immortal cell lines that produce identical antibodies targeting a single epitope. The document contrasts monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and describes the evolution of monoclonal antibodies from murine to humanized and human forms to reduce immunogenicity. It also covers monoclonal antibody nomenclature, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and therapeutic uses.
This document discusses targeted cancer therapy. It begins with an introduction to cancer classification and targeted therapy. It then discusses the epidemiology of cancer in India, signs and symptoms, and risk factors. It describes the goals and challenges of targeted therapy development. Targets for targeted therapy include monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors that target proteins involved in cancer signaling pathways. Treatment involves administration of targeted drugs through pills or IV. Side effects and limitations of targeted therapy are also discussed. The document concludes that targeted therapies provide more selective treatment compared to chemotherapy.
This document discusses using bacteria for cancer therapy. It describes how certain bacteria can target and kill tumor cells, including some that are currently in clinical trials. Obligate anaerobes like Clostridium target low-oxygen areas of tumors, while facultative anaerobes like Salmonella can detect and penetrate tumors. Genetically modified Salmonella and Clostridium have shown efficacy in preclinical studies and early clinical trials. Bacteria can also be used as vectors to deliver gene therapy or anticancer agents directly to tumors. Overall, the document argues that bacteria show promise as novel anticancer agents.
Biological agents are substances derived from living organisms that are used clinically for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This document discusses several types of biological agents including monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, interferons, and protein kinase inhibitors. It provides examples of specific drugs, describes their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. While biological agents demonstrate promising results in cancer treatment, their development and production is complex and costs are currently high compared to conventional chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy uses chemical agents or drugs to treat cancer by destroying malignant cells. Paul Ehrlich is considered the father of chemotherapy for discovering the first effective treatment for syphilis. Chemotherapy drugs work during different phases of the cell cycle to damage DNA and prevent cell reproduction. There are several types of chemotherapy drugs including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, anti-tumor antibiotics, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and corticosteroids. Common side effects of chemotherapy include fatigue, pain, mouth sores, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and hair loss.
the presentation include the different type of mechanism used by cancer cells to protect them from anticancer agents lead to produce resistance. the slide include definition of cancer as per WHO, type of tumors, treatment of cancer, goal of treatment, problem associated with chemotherapeutic agents, need of studing mechanisms of resistance for anticancer agents, resistance, different mechanism of drug resistance, epigenetics, drug efflux, drug inactivation, DNA damage repair, drug target alteration and cell death inhibitiond
This document discusses various targeted cancer therapies including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and other targeted agents. It describes key targets of these therapies such as protein kinases, growth factor receptors, angiogenesis pathways, and nuclear factors. Specific drugs are discussed that target ABL, EGFR, VEGFR, mTOR, MAPK pathways, and the proteasome. Resistance mechanisms and combination approaches are also mentioned.
Potential plants molecule in cancer disease. The document discusses several herbal plants that show anticancer activity, including their mechanisms of action. It summarizes that Camptotheca acuminata contains camptothecin which inhibits topoisomerase I and DNA replication. Podophyllum contains podophyllotoxin and related compounds that inhibit topoisomerase II. Periwinkle contains alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine which prevent microtubule assembly. Taxus brevifolia contains taxol and related compounds that stabilize microtubules. Curcuma longa contains curcumin which has anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects. Many herbal compounds show promise for cancer treatment but developing safe, economic anticancer drugs remains a
The document discusses drug resistance in cancer therapy and antibiotic therapy. It provides causes and mechanisms of drug resistance, including alterations in drug targets, drug inactivation, reduced drug accumulation, and increased efflux pumps. Strategies to overcome resistance include pharmacokinetic monitoring, pharmacogenetic monitoring, and inhibiting efflux pumps. Drug resistance is a major challenge in cancer treatment and antibiotic use.
This document summarizes different types of chemotherapy used to treat cancer. It discusses how chemotherapy works by interfering with rapidly dividing cancer cell growth. The main types covered are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, plant alkaloids, and miscellaneous agents. For each type, 1-2 specific drug examples are provided along with a brief overview of their mechanism of action and effects on DNA, RNA, or other cell processes critical to cell division. Hormonal agents are also summarized as targeting certain hormone-sensitive cancers. The document aims to explain the biological basis and classifications of various chemotherapy drugs.
The document discusses principles of chemotherapy, including common agents and their mechanisms of action, side effects, and clinical considerations. It covers conventional chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and antitumor antibiotics, as well as their uses in treating cancers and managing side effects. The goal of chemotherapy is to cure cancer through eliminating all cancer cells, achieving long-term disease control, or palliating cancer symptoms.
Strategies to combat drug resistance in antibiotics and anticancer therapyRajan Kumar
This presentation discusses strategies to combat drug resistance in antibiotics and anticancer therapy. It covers antibiotic resistance, which can be intrinsic, acquired through mutation, or acquired via plasmids. Strategies to address antibiotic resistance include international collaboration, national policies and guidelines, and actions at the community and hospital levels. Mechanisms of resistance gene transfer between bacteria include conjugation, transduction, and transformation. For anticancer therapy, a key strategy is addressing multidrug resistance caused by ATP-binding cassette transporters that pump drugs out of cancer cells. Clinical trials aim to identify the transporters involved and use inhibitors to block drug efflux.
Chemotherapy involves using chemical substances to treat diseases, particularly cancer and microbial infections. The term was coined by Paul Ehrlich, who developed the first effective treatment for syphilis called Salvarsan. Chemotherapeutic agents can be synthetic chemicals or substances produced by microorganisms. Some common classes of antimicrobial agents used in chemotherapy include sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and others. These work by interfering with bacterial growth and survival through various mechanisms such as inhibiting enzymes or DNA synthesis. While effective against many infections, these agents can sometimes cause side effects and the development of drug resistance remains a concern.
Sidney Farber is considered the father of modern chemotherapy. The history of chemotherapy began with early experiments using heavy metals and immunostimulants in the 1500s-1800s. Significant developments occurred during World Wars I and II, including the discovery of nitrogen mustard's ability to suppress the bone marrow and lymph nodes. In the post-war decades of the 1950s-1970s, chemotherapy drugs were developed and tested through the National Cancer Institute and Children's Cancer Group. Recent decades saw the growth of targeted therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and other novel agents, while many challenges of chemotherapy discovered by early researchers remain relevant today.
Cancer is abnormal cell growth that can spread if untreated. It is caused by factors like chemicals, alcohol, smoking, viruses and genetics. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, and weight loss. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies. Many plants have compounds that may treat cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation or inducing cell death. Examples discussed include vinca alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus, taxanes from Taxus brevifolia, and camptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata. Curcumin, flavonoids, polyphenols from foods like berries and tea may also have anticancer effects. As conventional treatments do not always work, herbal medicines provide a
This document discusses the use of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. It provides background on conventional chemotherapy and highlights limitations. It then covers the history and development of monoclonal antibodies, including their production and mechanisms of targeting cancer cells, such as antigen cross-linking, activating death receptors, and delivering cytotoxic agents. Specific examples of toxin-immunoconjugates and antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy are described. The mechanism and applications of the monoclonal antibody Rituximab for lymphoma are discussed. In conclusion, the document notes the potential for optimizing monoclonal antibody combinations with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
This document discusses chemotherapy for cancer treatment. It describes the main types of anticancer drugs as cytotoxic, targeted, and hormonal drugs. Cytotoxic drugs are further broken down into categories like alkylating agents, platinum coordination compounds, antimetabolites, and microtubule damaging agents. The document also covers general principles of chemotherapy like using combination therapy to achieve total tumour cell kill and targeting actively dividing cancer cells. Adverse effects of cytotoxic drugs are explained, like bone marrow depression and immunosuppression. The goal of cancer therapy is outlined as cure, prolonging remission, or palliation depending on the cancer type and stage.
Gentian is a plant whose dried rhizome and roots are used as a bitter tonic. It contains several bitter glycosides such as gentiopicrin, which has an intensely bitter taste and is used to stimulate digestion. Gentian grows in central and southern Europe and Asia, and its rhizomes are harvested in autumn after 2-5 years of growth. Microscopically, transverse sections of gentian rhizome show a porous wood surrounded by parenchyma cells containing oil globules and calcium oxalate needles. Gentian is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and other gastrointestinal issues.
This document provides an overview of botany and the history of botanical study. It discusses how botany originated from herbalism and the identification of medicinal plants. Key developments included the earliest plant classifications in ancient Greece and China, the modern binomial naming system of Linnaeus in the 18th century, and advances in microscopy that allowed the discovery of cells and tissues. Modern botany utilizes various techniques including molecular genetics, genomics, and biotechnology to study plant structure, function, development, taxonomy, and relationships at the molecular and ecological level.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single clone that target specific antigens. They are used widely in targeted cancer therapies. The document discusses the various methods used to produce monoclonal antibodies including hybridoma technology, phage display, and transgenic mice. It also covers the structure and functions of antibodies as well as the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of several monoclonal antibodies used to treat various cancers and other diseases by targeting cell surface receptors like CD20, HER2, EGFR, VEGF.
This document provides information about monoclonal antibodies including their production, types, and applications. It discusses how monoclonal antibodies are produced using the hybridoma technique which fuses antibody producing B cells with myeloma cells. This results in immortal cell lines that produce identical antibodies targeting a single epitope. The document contrasts monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and describes the evolution of monoclonal antibodies from murine to humanized and human forms to reduce immunogenicity. It also covers monoclonal antibody nomenclature, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and therapeutic uses.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells or hybridomas. They can be used for diagnostic tests and therapy. In 1975, Köhler and Milstein developed the technique of fusing myeloma cells with spleen cells from immunized mice to generate hybridomas that produce monoclonal antibodies. This provided an unlimited supply of identical antibodies against specific antigens. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications such as diagnostic tests, purification of substances, and cancer treatment when conjugated to toxins or radioisotopes. However, they can cause side effects like allergic reactions, vomiting, and diarrhea when used intravenously.
This document discusses and compares polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies are derived from different B cell lineages and can have batch-to-batch variation, making them less suitable for clinical diagnostic tests. Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single B cell clone and have greater homogeneity, specificity, and ability to produce unlimited quantities of antibody, enabling their use in diagnostic tests. The document also outlines methods for generating recombinant antibodies and the various therapeutic and diagnostic applications of monoclonal antibodies.
This document discusses research on three plants from Kashmir - Lavatera cashmeriana, Delphinium cashmerianum, and Rhododendron campanulatum - for their potential anti-cancer properties. Previous studies have found that L. cashmeriana contains protease inhibitors that inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Extracts from D. cashmerianum showed anti-proliferative effects on breast cancer cells. The proposed study aims to isolate and characterize anti-cancer compounds from these plants, test their effects on cancer cell lines and mouse tumor models, and study their mechanisms of inducing apoptosis. A budget of 27.72 lakh rupees over 3 years is proposed to cover salaries, consumables, travel,
ABSTRACT- P53 is a tumor suppressor gene with a well established role in causation of different human cancers. The
p53-MDM2 interactions have become the cornerstone of intensive cancer based research due to their effective anti-cancer
properties. These potential compounds are found in many traditional natural plant products. In the present context, there is
a tremendous level of enthusiasm to evaluate the pharmacological potential of various natural plants used in traditional
systems of medicine. The experimental efforts to carry out such biological screening of plants are still considerably high,
and therefore, computer-aided drug design approaches have become attractive alternatives. Virtual screening has
established itself as a dynamic and cost-effective technology to isolate compounds with pharmacological potential. The
main aim of the present study is to identify a novel or similar or better drug like compound in comparison with that of the
FDA approved drug Nutlin (potent MDM2-p53 inhibitor) from the Hamelia patens plant, through the Structure Based
Virtual Screening, Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation studies, for future anti-cancer therapy for future
implications as a therapeutic model.
Key-words- MDM2-p53 interaction, Natural Plant products, Virtual screening, Docking, Molecular dynamic simulation
Pharmacognostical study of monocot medicinal herb kyllinga triceps rottbijtsrd
Kyllinga triceps in a small tufted herb upto 12in. high with a short rhizome and linear leaves, one half or nearly as long as the stem, found in forest of Gwalior-Chambal region. The plant is considered as diuretic, hepato protective, anti diabetic in Ayurvedic literatures plant is known as musta. It Cures kapha and pitta disorders in the present work detailed information related to pharmacognosy of kyllinga triceps rottb. (Cyperaceae) have been carried out, which would help investigators in identification of the plant. Amit Upadhyay | Dr. Suman Jain"Pharmacognostical study of monocot medicinal herb kyllinga triceps rottb" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2422.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/2422/pharmacognostical-study-of-monocot-medicinal-herb-kyllinga-triceps-rottb/amit-upadhyay
This document provides information on the plant Oroxylum indicum, including its nomenclature, habitat, morphological characteristics, cultivation practices, traditional medical uses, pharmacological actions, major chemical constituents, and commercial applications. It describes O. indicum as a semi-deciduous tree found in tropical areas of South Asia and Southeast Asia. Various parts of the plant have been used ethnomedicinally to treat conditions like fever, digestive issues, wounds, and rheumatism. Extracts from O. indicum have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties in pharmacological studies. Major chemical constituents include compounds like oroxylin A, β-sitosterol, ursolic
Moringa Oleifera aqueous leaf extract inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines by down-regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway and increasing the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy. The extract reduced the viability of three pancreatic cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. It induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Panc-1 cells by reducing levels of proteins involved in the NF-κB pathway. When combined with cisplatin chemotherapy, the extract synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effect on Panc-1 cells. The study demonstrates that Moringa Oleifera extract can potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway that contributes to chemoresistance.
1. Pharmacognostic profile of Fenugreek
2. Macroscopy
3. General uses and Common names of fenugreek
4. Health benefits
5. Nutraceutical properties
6. Medicinal uses of fenugreek
7. Doses & Adverse effects
8. Formulations
9. Thank you
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the anti-cancer activities of extracts from Vitex negundo (Chinese chaste tree) and Heliotropium indicum (Indian turnsole) against prostate cancer (PC3) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cell lines. Key findings include:
1) Chloroform and ethanol extracts of both plants showed potential anticancer activity in preliminary assays.
2) In MTT assays, the extracts dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of PC3 and HeLa cells, with chloroform extracts showing the highest activity.
3) DNA fragmentation assays indicated the extracts may induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
Further studies are needed to characterize active
Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities on Catunaregum spinosapharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antitumor activities of the methanol extract of Catunaregum spinosa (MECS) in Dalton's ascites lymphoma (DAL) bearing mice. MECS was administered at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 14 days after tumor inoculation. MECS caused a decrease in tumor volume, viable cell count, and packed cell volume, while increasing lifespan. It also positively impacted hematological and biochemical parameters and increased antioxidant levels. The results suggest MECS has significant antitumor effects in DAL-bearing mice.
Phyllanthus niruri is a small herb used in indigenous medicine systems to treat liver dysfunction. It contains several active constituents like lignans, flavonoids, and tannins that have been shown to protect the liver from damage caused by toxins, drugs, and viruses. Studies demonstrate that extracts of P. niruri can reduce elevated liver enzymes and protect liver cells induced by chemicals like carbon tetrachloride, galactosamine, and paracetamol overdose. The primary active constituents, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin, have hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. P. niruri is considered effective for treating liver diseases and injuries based on its long traditional use and
The document summarizes a study that investigated the anticancer potential of methanolic extracts of Nigella Sativa seeds. Key findings:
- The extract showed potent inhibition of cancer cell growth in HL-60 and U-937 cell lines, with IC50 values of 13.70 μg/ml and 28.31 μg/ml respectively.
- The extract was more effective at inhibiting cancer cell growth than the standard drug cyclophosphamide, demonstrating it has promising potential as a future anticancer agent.
- The extract had lower cytotoxicity against normal HEK293T cells, suggesting it can selectively target cancer cells with fewer side effects.
Coumarin is useful compound which is found in many plant species. in this power point I summarized what Coumarin is. additionally, I have put an article as a sample proven Coumarin might be utilized clinically for cancer treatment
This document provides information on various types of anti-cancer drugs, including their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It discusses alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products/taxanes, antibiotics, platinum compounds, and drugs that alter the hormonal milieu. It also classifies anti-cancer drugs according to how they directly act on cells and their mechanism of action. Key drugs discussed include chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, busulfan, methotrexate, fluorouracil, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, etoposide, and hydroxyurea.
1) The study compared the effects of crude extracts of Cannabis sativa and its main compound cannabidiol on cervical cancer cell lines.
2) Results showed that both cannabidiol and Cannabis sativa extracts were able to halt cell proliferation in all cell lines at varying concentrations.
3) Cannabidiol was found to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells, as shown by increased subG0/G1 phase and apoptosis marker expression, while Cannabis sativa crude extracts were less effective at inducing apoptosis.
Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as lingzhi or reishi, is a polypore mushroom with a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. It contains many active compounds including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and sterols. These compounds have various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, and immunomodulatory activities. G. lucidum is cultivated and harvested for use in supplements, teas, and other formulations to promote health and longevity. Potential side effects from prolonged use include dryness and sensitivity. It may interact with medications like anticoagulants, antiplatelets, amphetamines, and hypoglycemic agents.
Define cancer and Describe cell cycle.
Able to demonstrate the risk factor, character , diagnosis and treatment of cancer
Able to understand the warning signs of cancer.
List the anti cancer drug classification.
Able to demonstrate the mechanism of cancer drugs.
Describe the toxic effects of anti cancer drugs.
Cancer is the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs. This process is referred to as metastasis. Metastases are the major cause of death from cancer. (WHO)
Cancer known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a broad group of diseases involving unregulated cell growth.
In cancer, cellsdivide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invading nearby parts of the body.
The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream.
Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not invade neighboring tissues and do not spread throughout the body.
There are over 200 different known cancers that affect humans.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation that has transformed from normal cells. Several screening methods are used to test potential cancer treatments in vitro and in vivo. In vitro methods include tetrazolium salt assays, sulphorhodamine B assays, and thymidine uptake assays to test cell viability. In vivo methods include inducing tumors in mice and rats through chemicals like DMBA and testing whether treatments reduce tumor incidence and size. DMBA is used to induce skin papillomas in mice and mammary gland carcinomas in rats, with the drug's efficacy measured by decreased tumor rates compared to controls. Various assays then measure cell viability and proliferation after treatment to screen for potential anti-cancer effects.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. Many factors can cause cancer, including external factors like chemicals and radiation, and internal factors like hormones and genetic mutations. While there are 92 approved anticancer drugs, effective therapies are still lacking for many types of cancer. New drugs are needed that are more selective for cancer cells to reduce side effects from long-term treatment. In vitro screening methods are used to identify potential drug candidates, including assays to test cell viability, proliferation, and morphology. Promising candidates then advance to in vivo testing using animal models of cancer like chemically-induced tumors in mice. The goal is to find drugs that can effectively treat cancer while avoiding side effects.
Micropropagation is a proven means of producing millions of identical plants under a controlled and aseptic condition, independent of seasonal constraints. It not only provides economy of time and space but also gives greater output and allows further augmentation of elite disease free propagules.India is homeland of many important fruit crops such as Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Guava (, Psidium guajava), jamun or black plum (Syzygium cuminii L. Skeels.), Mango (Mangifera indica) and Papaya (Carica papaya).
1) Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body. Herbal drugs provide an alternative to chemotherapy to treat cancer while avoiding harmful side effects.
2) Many herbal compounds have been shown to be effective against cancer through mechanisms like antioxidant effects, immune boosting, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting angiogenesis.
3) Specific herbal compounds and plants discussed that have anti-cancer properties include polyphenols, citrus flavonoids, tannins, curcumin, gallacatechins, saponins, brassinosteroids, alkaloids, bromelain, cardiac glycosides, and dietary fiber. Combinations of herbal compounds may enhance their anti
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
2. Introduction
Cancer :Abnormal, unwanted multiplication of cells,
• It is a disease of cells characterized by
Uncontrolled proliferation
Dedifferentiation(anaplasia)
Invasiveness
Metastasis
3. Categorized based on the
functions/locations of the cells
Carcinoma - skin or in tissues that line or cover
internal organs. E.g., Epithelial cells. 80-90%
reported cancer cases are carcinomas.
Sarcoma - bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood
vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.
Leukemia - White blood cells and their precursor
cells such as the bone marrow cells, causes large
numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and
enter the blood.
4. Lymphoma - cells of the immune system that
affects lymphatic system.
Myeloma - B-cells that produce antibodies- spreads
through lymphatic system.
Central nervous system cancers - cancers that
begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.
5. Common etiological factors
• Viruses :EBV,HBV
• Environmental and Occupational factors
• Diet and habits
• Genetic factors
• Drugs :immunosuppressant
6. Basic mechanism of cancer
development
Activation of proto-oncogene's- ex:BCL2,RAS
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes:P53
7. Types of cancer
Benign
• Slow growth
• Resemble normal cells
• Localized
• Not harmful
Malignant
• Fast
• Don’t
• Invasive and metastatic
• Harmful if left untreated
9. 9
LIST OF ANTI CANCER PLANTS
• ASHWGANDHA Withania somnifera Linn.
• MANJISTHA Rubia cordifolia Linn.
• DARUHALDI Berberis aristata DC.
• TULSI Ocimum sanctum Linn.
• HALDI Curcuma longa Linn.
• GARLIC Allium sativum Linn.
• SAHIJAN Moringa oleifera Lam.
• ARKA Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br.
• CHITRAKA Plumbago zeylanica Linn.
• TALISPATRA Taxus baccata Linn.
10. Ashwagandha
• Botanical source: dried
mature roots of Withania
somnifera (L.) Dunal
• English name : Indian
ginseng, Winter cherry
• Family : Solanaceae
Common Indian names :
Hindi : Asgandh
Sanskrit : Ashvagandha,
Balada, Gandhpatri,
11. Classification of Withania
somnifera
• Kingdom : Plantae
• Division : Angiosperms
• Class : Dicotiledoneae
• Order : Tubiflorae
• Family : Solanaceae
• Genus : Withania
• Species : somnifera
12. Habitat/Distribution
• The genus Withania is reported to have 23 species
out of which, Withania somnifera is of high
medicinal value. Withania somnifera is
cosmopolitan and grows throughout the drier parts
and subtropical regions. The wild growth of this
species has also been reported from India, Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Philistine, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco,
Srilanka, Spain, CanaryIsland, Eastern Africa,
South Africa. These areas represent wide variations
of soil, rainfall, temperature and altitude
13. Morphology
Straight , unbranched
outer surface buff to gray
yellow with longitudinal
wrinkles . fracture, short
and uneven dry root
cylindrical, gradually
tapering down with a
brownish white surface
and pure white inside
when broken.
14. Microscopy
A- Cork
B - Cortex
C – Endodermis
D – Pericycle
E – Phloem
F – Medullary ray
G - Pith
18. Anticancer activity
• Colon cancer
• Breast cancer
• Lung cancer
• Skin cancer
• Blood cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Renal cancer
• Pancreatic cancer
• Fibrosarcoma
19. Anticancer Activity of Withania
Somnifera
• Hydro alcoholic (1:1) sample of Withania
Somnifera (leaves) were prepared and tested for
their Cytotoxic activities against cancer cell lines
(MCF7, A549and PA1) with standard Doxorubicin.
The most essential reason of this study is to estimate
cytotoxicity of certain important Indian medicinal
plants with facilitate of MTT assay.
20. • Concentrations are set of each plant extract which
are 100 µg/ml, 10 µg/ml , 0.1 µg/ml, 0.01 µg/ml and
5-10×10 3 cells/ml are taken into each well which
are exposed to different Concentrations of Withania
Somnifera (leaves) for 96 hr and then treated with
MTT. For MTT absorbance in use at 570 nm. From
IC50 values of MTT assay of Withania Somnifera
(leaves) for MCF7, A549 and PA1 cancer cell lines,
from this it may conclude that Withania Somnifera
(leaves)shows efficient cytotoxicity on MCF-7 (10 ±
1 µg ) than PA-1 (13 ± 1 µg) and A-459 (11± 1 µg)
cancer cell line.
22. Geographical source
• This is perennial herb grow in shady places in the
garden and found in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and parts
India, which include Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and
Southern India.
23. Morphology
Straight, long, unbranched or slightly branched root
are always observed with or without secondary
roots, the texture of the roots are unbroken and
smooth, roots are usually very strong and they have
a distinctive odour with acrid and bitter taste
25. Chemical constitutes
• The roots contain an alkaloid called plumbagin, a
natural napthaquinone (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-
naphthoquinone)Its other constituents in roots are
chitranone, zeylanone, dihydrosterone, 2- methyl
naphthaquin, plumbazeylanone and terpenoids,
lupeol and teraxesterol.
27. Anti cancer activity of Chitraka
Plumbagin inhibited the growth of Panc-1 and
Bxpc-3 cells in a dose-dependent and time-
dependent manner. Liu's staining and transmission
electron microscopy demonstrated morphological
changes resembling apoptosis in Panc-1 ceils
treated with piumbagin. The degree of apoptosis
was assessed by measuring the proportions of
sub-G1, annexin V+/propidium iodide-, and
terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated-
nick-end labeling (TUNEL)+ cells, and a significant
increment in apoptotic cells was observed.
28. Exposure to piumbagin caused theupregulation of
Bax, a rapid decline in mitochondrial transmembrane
potential, apoptosis-inducing factor overexpression in
cytosol, and the cleavage of procaspase-9 and poly
ADP-ribose polymerase. Activation of caspase-3, but
not caspase-8, was evidenced by fluorometric
substrate assay. Pretreatment with caspase inhibitors
did not block plumbagin-induced apoptosis.
Alternatively, it is possible that piumbagin down-
regulated phosphoinositide3-kinase activity through a
negative feedback mechanism
29. In an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model, piumbagin
markedly inhibited the growth of Panc-1 xenografts
without any significant effect on leukocyte counts or
body weight. Conclusion: Piumbagin may induce
apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells primarily
through the mitochondria-related pathway followed
by both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent
cascades. It indicates that piumbagin can be
potentially developed as a novel therapeutic agent
against pancreatic cancer
30. Manjistha
Synonym:
English name: Indian Maddar
Hindi name: Manjitha, Manjit
Biological source: dried stem of
climber known as raktapushpi
Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Fam.
Rubiaceae).
31. Geographical source
It is found in afganistan, nepal, and iran upto
altitude of 2700m.
It is also found abundant in konkan.
32. Morphology
Stem slender, more or less cylindrical, slightly
flattened, wiry, about 0.5 cm thick, brown to
purple coloured surface scabrous, stiff and
grooved with longitudinal cracks; prickles
present in the immature stem; nodes distinct
having two leaf scars, one on either side;
fracture, short.
34. Chemical constituents
• It contains glycoside, manjisthin, purpurin,
resin and red dye rubiadin( 1:3 dihydroxy-2
methyl anthraquinone), xanthopurine,
psudopurpurin
35. Uses
It is used in the treatment of leucoderma,gauty
arthritis and skin pigmentation.
Helps to gain lustre and glow of skin and aids
to remove pimples, freckles and discoloration.
In ayurveda, it is used as blood purifier.
It is used in textile industries for dyeing of
fabrics
36. In vitro Anticancer Activity of
Rubia Cordifolia Against Hep G
32 Cell Line
in vitro cytotoxicity of Rubia cordifolia against Hep
G32 (human Hepatocellular carcinoma) cell line
using XTT assay. Methanol fraction of Rubia
cordifolia extract exhibited potent inhibition of Hep
G32 cell line with IC50 value of 28.07 μg/ml while
was found to be less cytotoxic against normal
human kidney cells with IC50 value more than 100
μg/ml displaying safety for normal cells.
37. DARUHRIDRA
• Hindi. : Daruhaldi,Darhald
English: Indian berberry
Biological Source:This consists
of dried stem of Berberis aristata,
Family: Berberidaceae
Geographic Source:From north
west,Himalayas,east ward to
Bhutan.
Distribution:J & K, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
(GarhwalHimalayas). Nepal,
Bhutan.
38. Macroscopic Characters
• Size: 0.4 - 0.8 cm thick
• Shape: cylindrical
• Colour: pale yellowish brown
• Odour: aromatic
• Taste: bitter
40. 40
Phytochemical Investigation
• The chemical analyses of the stems of Berberis aristata .
showed the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids,
phenol, proteins, sterols/terpenes, reducing sugars, non-
reducing sugars and tannins.These secondary plant
metabolites are known to possess various pharmacological
effects and may be responsible for the various actions of
Berberis aristata.
41. 41
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
The chief constituent of the roots and stem bark of Berberis
aristata is an alkaloid Berberine. other constituents including
berbamine, aromoline, palmatine oxyacanthine and
oxyberberine are also isolated. a
44. 44
ANTI CANCER ACTIVITY
• Here is a list of different types of cancers that Berberis aristata may
be prevent and help fight
> Lungs
> Liver
> Prostate
> Breast
Berberine
Berberine, an isoquinoline plant alkaloid is obtained from different
plant species of Berberis aristata .They showed anti-cancer activity
both in-vivo and in-vitro report show that berberine has found
effective against osteosarcoma, lung, liver, prostate and breast cancer
45. 45
The potential anticancer activity of berberine has always been a
subject of considerable interest because of its known ability to
interact with nucleic acids. Its ability to bind specifically to
oligonucleotides and to stabilize DNA triplexes or G-quadruplexes via
telomerase and topoisomerase inhibition accounts for its anti
proliferative activity. The predominant interaction between berberine
and double-stranded or single-stranded DNA is electrostatic. In
addition, the autophagic marker, microtubule-associated protein-1
light chain 3 (LC3) was modified after administration of berberine
hydrochloride in the human lung cancer cell line.
Berbamine-
Berbamine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid .It was found that
berbamine effectively causes cell apoptosis and resistant Ph+chronic
Myeloid leukemia cells. They work by inducing caspase-3dependent
apoptosis of leukemic NB4 cells by the survivin-mediated pathway .
46. KATUKI
• Biological source: dried
rhizomes of the plant
Pichrorhiza Kurroa (Fam.
scrophulariaceae), cut in
small pieces and freed from
attached root lets
• English : Hellebore
• Hindi : Kutki
48. Macroscopic Characters
• Colour – the rhizomes are deep greyish-brown in
color, externally white, blackish internally with
whitish-wood.
• Odour – slight, unpleasant
• Taste –bitter
• Size- 3 to 5 cm in length and 0.5 to 1 cm in diameter
• Shape – cylindrical pieces with longitudinal
wrinkles and annulations at the tip.
49. MICROSCOPY
The transverse section of rhizome showed 20-25 layers of cork
consisting of tangentially elongated, suberised cells and cork
cambium. The cortex is multilayered and vascular bundles are
present in cortex. The vascular bundles are surrounded by single
layer endodermis of thick-walled cells. The secondary phloem is
composed of phloem parenchyma and a few scattered fibres and
2-4 layered cambium. The secondary xylem consists of vessels,
tracheids, xylem fibers and xylem parenchyma. The tracheids are
long, thick-walled, lignified and more or less cylindrical. The xylem
parenchyma is thin-walled, polygonal in shape and centre
occupied by small pith consisting of thin-walled cells. It is simple
round to oval shape containing starch grains.
51. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
KUTKOSIDE,KUTKIOL,KUTKISTEROL,KUTKIN,
PICRORHIZIN,PICROSIDE,D-MANNITOL
ETC.
• PARTS USED: Root,Underground stem(
Rhizome, root)
Use:
• Picrorrhiza is used as valuable bitter
tonic, ant periodic, febrifuge and
stomachic and laxative in large doses.
• Alcoholic extract of root is found to have
antibacterial effect.
• The drug is found to useful in treatment
of jaundice
• Kutkoside has been found to be a
potential hapatoprotectant.
52. ACTIVITY
• To determine the anticancer and cytotoxic potential
of Nano encapsulated extract formulation from rhizome
of Picrorhiza kurroa enriched with Apocynin, caffeic esters
and cucurbitacins aglycone compounds, to produce any
cytotoxic effect on mammalian cell lines. The test
conducted using MTT method using human
hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) and Madin Darby
Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell lines as part of the in vitro
preclinical characterization of compound.
53. More than 100% increment in cell killing at a concentration
of 100µg/ml recorded in both the cell lines, 52.5%
cytotoxicity in HePG-2 cell line was recorded at
0.1µg/ml concentration, whereas 50.4% cytotoxicity
assessed in MDCK cell line at 1µg/ml of Formulation
concentration. Exhibited LC50 value of Formulation in
HePG-2 and MDCK cell lines were recorded 1.2 µg/ml and
4.14µg/ml respectively. Cytotoxic effect against HePG-2
cancer cell line is considered as a predictive anticancer
activity indicator also, where Doxorubicin is a standard
anti-cancer agent which is a highly cytotoxic drug. MDCK
cytotoxicity results support that formulation is less
cytotoxic in normal cell lines, as MDCK is a Non -Cancerous
cell line.