Introduction to Targeted Therapies in OncologyMohamed Abdulla
Describes the molecular background which represents the core for developing targeted therapies against specific biological events in malignant cellular clones.
Introduction to Targeted Therapies in OncologyMohamed Abdulla
Describes the molecular background which represents the core for developing targeted therapies against specific biological events in malignant cellular clones.
this slide contain information about antibody mediated anti-cancer therapy like antibody drug conjugates (ADC), Bispecific monoclonal antibody, Immuno-checkpoint therapy, biomarkers, mechanism of action of all 3 therapies, approved drugs of each category
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight, by RxVichuZ!!RxVichuZ
This presentation deals with PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY.
The following headings are included:
A. PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
B. CELL-CYCLE
C. PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
Precise details have been provided.
Do go through!!
The Trial Assigning IndividuaLized Options for Treatment (Rx) -TAILORx,TAILORx clinical trial showed that most women with hormone receptor (HR)–positive, HER2-negative, axillary node–negative early-stage breast cancer and a mid-range score on a 21-tumor gene expression assay (Oncotype DX® Breast Recurrence Score) do not need chemotherapy after surgery
this slide contain information about antibody mediated anti-cancer therapy like antibody drug conjugates (ADC), Bispecific monoclonal antibody, Immuno-checkpoint therapy, biomarkers, mechanism of action of all 3 therapies, approved drugs of each category
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight, by RxVichuZ!!RxVichuZ
This presentation deals with PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY.
The following headings are included:
A. PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
B. CELL-CYCLE
C. PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
Precise details have been provided.
Do go through!!
The Trial Assigning IndividuaLized Options for Treatment (Rx) -TAILORx,TAILORx clinical trial showed that most women with hormone receptor (HR)–positive, HER2-negative, axillary node–negative early-stage breast cancer and a mid-range score on a 21-tumor gene expression assay (Oncotype DX® Breast Recurrence Score) do not need chemotherapy after surgery
a short presentation about the types of treatments used in cancer therapy, including traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy. also a short talk about side effects and administration of the CTX drugs.
Diploma nursing Extension student International institute of health science jinja,Uganda presenting the Antineoplastic drugs, the main objectives is
1.definition.
2.classes of Antineoplastic drugs.
3.Different types of drugs in each class.
4Different forms,dosage,indication,Adverse effects of some common Antineoplastic.
Nursing interventions in Antineoplastic drugs.
Providence Parenting University: Toddler Behavior Tips by Rick Brandt-Kreutz, LICSW of St. Peter Family Medicine. Presented May 31, 2011 in Olympia, WA.
"Responding to Emergencies" with Dr. Kevin Haughton, East Olympia Family Medicine, and Dr. Joe Pellicer, Providence St. Peter Hospital Emergency Center, May 2011 in Olympia.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
What's New in Cancer Treatment; Chemotherapy vs. Targeted Therapy
1. Chemotherapy
vs.
Targeted Therapy
James J Lechner, MD
Medical Director
Providence Regional Cancer System
2. The Role of Systemic Therapy
• Treatment of the whole body
• Intent?
– Induction therapy
– Adjuvant therapy
– Palliative
3. Chemotherapy vs Targeted Therapy
• Chemotherapy:
– Drugs that effect cells that are doubling
– Not very specific
– Mostly intravenous, some oral agents
– Cytotoxic
• Targeted therapy:
– Drugs that inhibit a more specific target in cells
– Many are oral agents
– Mixture of cytostatic and cytotoxic
7. Class Example Method of Action Cycle
Specfic
Alkylating agents Cytoxan Effects DNA chemically All
Antimetabolites 5-FU Substitutes for normal cell S
Gemzar building blocks
Anthracyclines Adriamycin DNA damage or inhibit All
topoisomerase
Anti-tumor Bleomycin DNA damage All
Antibiotics
Topoisomerase Irinotecan Complex DNA and S
Inhibitors topoisomerase together G-2
Vinca Alkaloids Vincristine Binds to tubulin, interferes M
with mitosis
Taxanes Taxol Prevents microtubules from M
Taxotere disassociating
8. Targeted Therapy
Attempts to take advantage of a
genetic change in the malignant cells
14. EML4-ALK Mutation in
Lung Cancer
• Present in 3-5% of non-small cell lung
cancer, usually adenocarcinoma
• Mutation leads to formation of a fusion
gene that codes for an abnormal tyrosine
kinase receptor
18. Her-2/neu
• About 25% of breast cancer cases are
associated with a amplification of the
genes coding for a cell surface receptor
called Her-2/neu
• These cells may a 1000 fold increase in
the number of these receptors over normal
breast cells
• Associated with rapid growth
we will first review three types of drugs that can be used as targeted therapies—small molecules, antibodies, and vaccines.
The best target for therapy is a molecule or pathway that is present in cancer cells and absent in normal cells.
The Philadelphia chromosome was first discovered and described in 1960 by Peter Nowell from University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine[8] and David Hungerford from the Fox Chase Cancer CenterThe exact chromosomal defect in Philadelphia chromosome is a translocation, in which parts of two chromosomes, 9 and 22, swap places. The result is that a fusion gene is created by juxtapositioning the Abl1 gene on chromosome 9 (region q34) to a part of the BCR ("breakpoint cluster region") gene on chromosome 22 (region q11)
The BRAF mutation causes cells to proliferate without any control or normal programmed cell death (apoptosis). Approximately 50% of melanoma cells have the mutated BRAF gene. It is more common in the young and more likely present in metastatic disease compared with primary melanoma.
The EML4-ALK fusion gene is responsible for approximately 3-5% of non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC). The vast majority of cases are adenocarcinomas. Through an unknown mechanism, cells with this mutation can no longer control their growth cycle, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and the potential for cancer.
The next best target for therapy is a molecule that is present more frequently in cancer cells compared to normal cells. In this case, it may be possible to adjust the dose of a drug so that cancer cells are killed more often than nearby normal cells.
Other possible targets for therapy include molecules that are present on both cancer cells and normal cells, but the patient's body can replace the normal cells that get destroyed.
Second, they can also be used as delivery vehicles, guiding radioactive molecules or toxins to the cancer cells.
an antibody-drug conjugate that works by binding to CD30 proteins on the surface of Hodgkin lymphoma cells. The ADC then forms a complex with CD30 and enters the cell. Inside the cell, the ADC’s chemotherapy component is released and kills the cancer cell. [
Third, antibodies attached to a cell can trigger an immune response that destroys the cell.
Ipilimumab or Yervoy is a monoclonal antibody against the CTLA-4 receptor on T cells (white blood cells that fight cancer). By blocking this receptor the T cell remains activated against cancer cells such as melanoma.Two phase III trials have shown a survival benefit over traditional melanoma treatment in the form of Dacarbazine or a peptide vaccine. The most recent presented at ASCO in June 2011 showed higher survival rates at 1 year (47.3% v’s 36.3%), 2 years (28.5% v’s 17.9%) and at 3 years (20.8% v’s 11.6%).
Unlike other targeted therapies, therapeutic cancer vaccines do not act specifically on pathways in cancer cells. Instead, they act broadly by trying to activate the body's immune system to make it recognize and attack cancer cells.Eg: interleukin 2
Developed based on concept of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which include dendritic cells, macrophages and B lymphocytesAPCs from patients blood are harvested by leukapheresis, sent to drug company (Dendreon), where they are incubated with recombinant fusion protein antigen containing PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase) and GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) ● These antigen-loaded APCs are infused into patient, and may prime a T-cell mediated immune response against prostatic cancer cells (J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3089)