The document discusses various tumor inhibitors derived from plants, explaining cancer as a result of abnormal cell division and mutations. It highlights the characteristics of cancer cells and the mechanisms of different anticancer drugs, particularly exploring plant sources such as Catharanthus roseus, Colchicum autumnale, and Podophyllum peltatum, along with their medicinal effects, side effects, and mechanisms of action. Additionally, it covers types of cancer treatments including immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and the role of different immunostimulants in enhancing immune responses against cancer.

1. TUMOR INHIBITORS FROM
PLANTS
DR. SAMIA GHANI
M.PHIL PHARMACEUTICS
SENIOR LECTURER MICP

2. INTRODUCTION
• TUMOR: A MASS OF EXCESS TISSUES THAT RESULTS FROM ABNORMAL CELL
DIVISION. TUMORS PERFORM NO USEFUL BODY FUNCTIONS. THEY MAY BE
BENIGH (NOT CANCEROUS) OR MALIGNANT (CANCEROUS).
• CANCER: ITS A DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY UNCONTROLLED DIVISION,
MULTIPLICATION & SPREAD OF ABNORMAL FORMS OF BODY`S OWN CELLS. A
NORMAL CELL TURNS INTO CANCER CELL BECAUSE OF ONE OR MORE
MUTATIONS IN DNA, WHICH CAN BE ACQUIRED OR INHERITED.

3. • CANCER ARISES AS A RESULT OF SERIES OF GENETIC & EPIGENETIC CHANGES,
THE MAIN GENETIC LESIONS BEING:
INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
THE ACTIVATION OF OCOGENES (MUTATION OF THE NORMAL GENES
CONTROLLING CELL DIVISION AND OTHER PROCESSES.
• CANCER CELLS CHARACTERISTICS THAT DISTINGUISH THEM FROM NORMAL
CELLS ARE;
UNCONTROLLED PROLIFERATION
DIFFRENTIATION & LOSS OF FUNCTION
INVASIVENESS
METASTASIS

5. CARCINOGENESIS

6. CELL COMPARTMENTS OF SOLID TUMORS
• COMPARTMENT A: CONSISTS OF DIVIDING CELLS, POSSIBLY BEING CONTINUOUSLY IN
CELL CYCLE
• COMPARTMENT B: CONSISTS OF RESTING CELLS (G0) PHASE) WHICH, ALTHOUGH
NOT DIVIDING, ARE POTENTIALLY ABLE TO DO SO
• COMPARTMENT C: CONSISTS OF CELLS THAT ARE NO LONGER ABLE TO DIVIDE BUT
WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE TUMOR VOLUME.
• ONLY COM. A CELLS WHICH FORM AS LITTLE AS 5% OF SOME SOLID TUMORS ARE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE MAIN CURRENT CYTOTOXIC DRUGS WHICH AFFECT ONLY ONE
CHARACTERISTIC ASPECT OF CANCER CELL BIOLOGY-CELL DIVISION.

7. • IN MANY CASES THE ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTION IS DURING S-PHASE OF THE
CELL CYCLE & THE RESULTANT DAMAGE TO DNA INITIATES APOPTOSIS.
• AS MOST ANTICANCER AGENTS ARE ANTIPROLIFERATIVE, THEY ALSO AFFECT
RAPIDLY DIVIDING NORMAL CELLS & ARE THUS LIKELY TO DEPRESS BONE
MARROW, IMPAIR HEALING & DEPRESS GROWTH.
• MOST CAUSE NAUSEA, VOMITING, STERILITY, REVERSIBLE ALOPECIA &
TERATOGENICITY.

8. FORMS OF CANCER TREATMENTS
IMMUNOTHERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY
RADIATION
SURGERY

9. IMPACT OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
• THEY ARE HIGHLY REACTIVE & NON-SELECTIVE
• THEY CAUSE SERIOUS UNPLEASANT SIDE EFFECTTS LIKE NQUSEA, VOMITING,
FATIGUE, ANEMIA, TASTE & SMELL CHANGES, INFECTION & INFERTILITY ETC.

10. CLASIFICATION OF ANTICANCER DRUGS
• CELL CYCLE-SPECIFIC (CSS): ACT ON PROLIFERATING CELLS, MOST EFFECTIVE IN
HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES & IN SOLID TUMORS IN WHICH RELATIVEL
LARGER PROPORTION OF THE CELL ARE PROLIFERATING.
• CELL CYCLE-NON SPECIFC (CCNS): CAN KILL BOTH GÀ & CYCLING CELLS
(ALTHOUGH CYCLING CELLS ARE MORE SENSITIVE) ARE USED IN LOW GROWING
TUMORS.

13. PLANTS HAVING ANTICANCER EFFECTS
• CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS
• COLCHICUM AUTUMALE
• PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM
• RIFAMYIN ANTIBIOTICS
• MACROLIDES
• ANTI-AIDS
• IMMUNOSTIMULANTS

14. CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS
• SYNONYMS: MADAGASCAR PERIWINKLE, ROSE PERIWINKLE, OLD MAID, CHURCH-
FLOWER, MAGDALENA, SDABAHAAR.
• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS
• FAMILY: APOCYNACEAE
• PARTS USED: LEAVES, FLOWER, ROOT
• GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: NATIVE TO WEST INDIES, INDIAN OCEAN ISLAND,
CULTIVATED IN TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL REGIONS WORLD WIDE.

15. • CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION: SEEDS ARE SOWN DURING SPRING, FOR
OPTIMUM GERMINATION, PRE SOAKING FOR A DAY IS BETTER. CROP RESPONDS
WELL TO MANURING WITH NITROGEN.
• 4-5 IRRIGATIONS AROUND THE YEAR ARE DONE, AND THE FIRST HARVEST IS
DONE AT 6 MONTHS AND LATER HARVESTING DONE AT A 3 MONTHS INTERVAL.
• ROOTS ARE HARVESTED ONCE A YEAR, TWO LEAF STRIPINGS OBTAINED IN THIS
PERIOD AND THIRD WHEN WHOLE PLANT IS HARVESTED.
• LEAVES AND ROOTS ARE THAN WASHED AND DRIED UNDER SHADE, FROM
WHICH EXTRACTION OF ALKALOIDS IS DONE LATERLY.

16. • MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS:-
FLOWERS: ARE WHITE TO DARK PINK WITH DARKER RED CENTRE WITH A BASAL
TUBE 2.5-3CM LONG, COROLLA IS 2-5CM DIAMETER WITH FIVE PETAL LIKE
LOBES.
STEM: ERECT
LEAF: OVAL TO OBLONG, 1-3.5 INCHES LONG AND 1.4 INCHES BROAD, GLOSSY
GREEN, HAIRLESS WITH PALE MIDRIB. THEY ARE ARRANGED IN OPPOSITE PAIRS.
TOTAL YIELD OF ANTICANCER INDOLE ALKALOIDS IS VERY LOW, RESULTING IN
EXTRAORDINARY HIGH PRICES. SO BIOTECHNOLIGISTS ARE TRYING TO IMPROVE
YIELD AND REDUCE OVERALL COST.

17. • CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: ABOUT 90 ALKALOIDS HAVE BEEN ISOLATED FROM
VINCA E.G. AJMALICINE, SERPENTINE, CATHARANTHINE, VINDOLINE. MOST
IMPORTANT REGARDING ACTIVITY ARE VINCRISTINE & VINBLASTINE.
• MEDICINAL PROPERTIES:
1. LEAVES: ANTIEMETIC, USED IN DIABETES (ENHANCED SECRETION OF INSULIN),
YOUNG LEAVES FOR ABDOMINAL CRAMPS, ANTI-CANCER ALKALOIDS, AS
APPLICATION TO WASP, BEE STING.
2. ROOT: PURGATIVE, VERMIFUGE, HEMOSTATIC, FOR DYSENTERY,
ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL.
3. FLOWER: EXTRACT USED FOR EYEWASH IN INFANTS, IN ASTHMA.

18. • MORE ACTIVE, LESS STABLE, LESS USED IN ACUTE LEUKEMIA ESPECIALLY IN
CHILDREN.
• SIDE EFFECT: NEUROTOXICITY IS DOSE LIMITING FACTOR, CAUSES DAMAGE TO
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

19. VINCRISTINE
If this carbonyl group of aldehyde
Is replaced by methyl group than
Vinblastine will form.

20. VINBLASTINE
• MORE USED, USED FOR HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA, NON-SMALL CELL LUNG
CANCER, BLADDER CANCER (UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA), TESTICULAR CANCER,
MELANOMA, ASTROCYTOMAS AND BRAIN STEM GLIOMAS.
• SIDE EFFECTS: CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS SO NOT USED FOR PREGNANT FEMALES.
BONE MARROW DAMAGE IS A LIMITING FACTOR.

21. VINBLASTINE

22. MOA IN CANCER
BOTH VINCRISTINE AND VINBLASTINE BIND TO THE MICROTUBULAR PROTEINS
OF THE MITOTIC SPINDLE AND PREVENT CELL DIVISION DURING THE ANAPHASE
OF MITOSIS.
THEY ARREST MITOSIS AND CAUSE CELL DEATH.
THE DRUGS ARE THEREFORE M-PHASE CELL-CYCLE SPECIFIC AND
THEIR EFFECTS ARE THEREFORE LIMITED TO DIVIDING CELLS.

23. USES
• OTHER THAN ANTI CANCER EFFECTS, VINCA IS USED AS ASTRINGENT AND
TONIC IN MENORRHAGIA AND HAEMORRHAGES.
• USED AS GARGLE IN CASE OF SORE THROAT AND INFLAMED TONSILS.
• APPLIED EXTERNALLY IN BLEEDING PILES, ALSO TAKEN INTERNALLY.
• USED IN TREATMENT OF DIABETES.

24. COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE
• SYNONYMS: AUTUMN CROCUS, MEADOW SAFFRON, SURANJAAN SHIREEN.
• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE
• FAMILY: LILIACEAE
• PARTS USED: DRIED SEED, CORM, FLOWER
• GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: MAINLY FOUND IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH EUROPE,
GERMANY, GREECE, SPAIN, TURKEY & ENGLAND.

25. CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION:
PLANT IS CULTIVATED IN EARLY SUMMER AND THE GERMINATION IS SLOW
REQUIRES ABOUT 18 MONTHS.
THE PLANT BEARS LEAVES AND CAPSULAR FRUITS IN NEXT SPRING. FROM JUNE
TO JULY BROWN FRUITS ARE COLLECTED AND PLACED IN MUSLIN BAGS.
DURING RIPENING SEEDS BECOME DARK IN COLOUR AND ARE COVERED BY A
SWEET SACCHARINE SECRETION. SEEDS ARE SEPARATED BY SIFTING.
THE CORMS ARE HARVESTED IN MID TO LATE SUMMER WHEN THE PLANT HAS
FULLY DIED DOWN. THEY ARE DRIED AND USED.

26. • MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS:
SEEDS ARE 2-3MM IN DIAMETER, GLOBULAR. OUTER SURFACE IS DARK REDDISH
BROWN, PITTED AND VERY HARD. IT IS ODOURLESS, BITTER AND ACRID IN
TASTE.
CROM IS SOLD IN TRANSVERSE SECTIONS, NOTCHED ON ONE SIDE, WHITE AND
STARCHY INTERNALLY. TASTE SWEETISH, THEN BITTER AND ACRID AND ODOUR
RADISH-LIKE IN FRESH ROOT, BUT LOST IN DRYING.

27. • CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:-
THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE IS SAID TO BE AN ALKALINE SUBSTANCE OF A VERY
POISONOUS NATURE CALLED COLCHICINE.
BESIDES COLCHICINE, DEMECOLCINE AND OTHER ALKALOIDS ARE PRESENT.
THEY ALSO CONTAIN RESIN, CALLED COLCHICORESIN, FIXED OIL, GLUCOSE AND
STARCH.
• USES:-
BOTH CORM AND SEED ARE ANALAGESIC, ANTIRHEUMATIC, CATHARTIC AND
EMETIC.
USED TO TREAT LEUKEMIA AND BECHET’S SYNDROME

28. • PRECAUTIONS OR SIDE EFFECTS:-
TOXIC PLANT, SHOULD NOT BE PRESCRIBES FOR PREGNANT WOMEN.
NOT SUITABLE FOR KIDNEY PATIENTS.
CAN CAUSE STOMACH UPSET AND DIARRHEA, SEVERE GASTRIC DISTRESS.
INHIBIT NORMAL CELL GROWTH.

29. COLCHICINE

30. MOA IN CANCER
• COLCHICINE INHIBITS MICROTUBULE POLYMERIZATION BY BINDING TO TUBULIN,
ONE OF THE MAIN CONSTITUENTS OF MICROTUBULES.
• AVAILABILITY OF TUBULIN IS ESSENTIAL TO MITOSIS, SO COLCHICINE
EFFECTIVELY FUNCTIONS AS A “MITOTIC POISON” OR “SPINDLE POISON”.
• THIS LEADS TO SUBSEQUENT DOWN REGULATION OF MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY
PATHWAYS AND MODULATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY.

31. PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM
• SYNONYMS: MAYAPPLE, MANDRAKE ROOT, DEVIL’S APPLE, RACCON BERRY,
VEGETABLE MERCURY.
• BOTANICAL SOURCE: PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM
• FAMILY: BERBERIDACEAE
• PARTS USED: RHIZOME OF PLANT IS USED.
• GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: IT IS WIDESPREAD ACROSS MOST OF THE EASTERN
UNITED STATES AND SOUTHEASTERN CANADA

32. • CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION:
 MAYAPPLES ARE WOODLAND PLANTS, TYPICALLY GROWING
IN COLONIES DERIVED FROM A SINGLE ROOT IN OPEN DECIDUOUS FORESTS
AND SHADY FIELDS, RIVERBANKS AND ROADSIDES, WHICH CAN BE COLLECTED,
DRIED AND USED FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES.
• MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS:-
THE PLANTS PRODUCE SEVERAL STEMS FROM A CREEPING UNDERGROUND
RIZOME.
UNDERGROUND RHIZOME, COMPOSED OF MANY THICK DARK OR REDDISH-
BROWN TUBERS CONNECTED BY FLESHY FIBERS AND DOWNWARD SPREADING
ROOTS AT THE NODES.
LEAVES: UMBRELLA-LIKE (PELTATE) LEAVES.

33. • CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
 ALL THE PARTS OF THE PLANT, EXCEPT THE FRUIT, CONTAIN PODOPHYLLOTOXIN WHICH IS
HIGHLY TOXIC IF CONSUMED.
 BESIDES THIS, IT CONTAIN Α-PELTATIN, AND Β-PELTATIN.
• USES:-
 MAYAPPLE HAS BEEN USED BY AMERICAN INDIANS AS AN EMETIC, CATHARTIC
AND ANTIHELMINTIC AGENT.
 THE RHIZOME OF THE MAYAPPLE HAS BEEN USED FOR A VARIETY OF MEDICINAL PURPOSES,
ORIGINALLY BY INDIGENOUS INHABITANTS (AMERICAN INDIANS) AND LATER BY
OTHER SETTLERS.
 MAYAPPLE CAN BE ALSO USED TOPICALLY AS AN ESCHAROTIC IN REMOVING WARTS
 TWO OF ITS DERIVATIVES, ETOPOSIDE AND TENIPOSIDE, HAVE SHOWN PROMISE IN TREATING
SOME CANCERS.
 ETOPOSIDE IS AMONG THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATIONS'S LIST OF ESSENTIAL
MEDICINES AND IT IS DERIVED FROM PODOPHYLLOTOXIN.

34. • SIDE EFFECTS:
PODOPHYLLOTOXIN IS TOXIC WHEN TAKEN ORALLY AND MAY CAUSE
HALLUCINATION, LOW BP, BONE MARROW DISORDERS, PARALYSIS, LIVER AND
KIDNEY ISSUES AND EVEN DEATH.
TOPICALLY IN ORDER TO TREAT GENITAL WARTS, IT SHOULD BE WIPE OFF AFTER
4-6 HOURS.

35. PODOPHYLLOTOXIN

36. MOA IN CANCER
• PODOPHYLLOTOXIN DESTABILIZES MICROTUBULES BY BINDING TUBULIN AND
THUS PREVENTING CELL DIVISION.
• IN CONTRAST, SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES DISPLAY BINDING ACTIVITY TO THE
ENZYME TOPOISOMERASE II (TOPO II) DURING THE LATE S AND EARLY G2 STAGE.
• FOR INSTANCE, ETOPOSIDE BINDS AND STABILIZES THE TEMPORARY DNA BREAK
CAUSED BY THE ENZYME, DISRUPTS THE REPARATION OF THE BREAK THROUGH
WHICH THE DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA PASSES, AND CONSEQUENTLY STOPS DNA
UNWINDING AND REPLICATION.

37. RIFAMYCIN ANTIBIOTICS
• INTRODUCTION: COMPLEX MACROCYCLIC, BACTERICIDAL DRUG PARTICULARY
EFFECTIVE AGAINS MYCOBACTERIA.
• NATURAL SOURCE: STREPTOMYCIS MEDITERRANEI (GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM)
• CLASSIFICATION:-
• BASED ON PRODUCTION:
• NATURAL RIFAMYCINS: E.G. RIFAMYCIN B, O, SV AND X.
• SEMI-SYNTHETIC RIFAMYCIN DERIVATIVES: E.G. RIFAMPICIN, RIFABUTIN,
RIFAXIMIN AND RIFAPENTINE.

38.  RIFAMYCIN B IS THE MOST ACTIVE AMONG ALL NATURAL RIFAMYCINS. IT IS
SPONTANEOUSLY TRANSFROMS INTO MORE ACTIVE PRODUCTS LIKE RIFAMYCIN O,S
AND SV.
 RIFAMPICIN IS USED TO TREAT TB, MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX, LEPROSY AND
LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE.
• MOA:-
 INHIBITS BACTERIAL DNA-DEPENDANT RNA SYNTHESIS BY INHIBITING BACTERIAL
DNA-DEPENDANT RNA POLYMERASE.
 HALTS INITIATION OF MRNA TRANSCRIPTION
 PREVENTION OF TRANSLATION OF POLYPEPTIDES.
 IT INHIBITS ONLY PROKARYOTIC DNA-DEPENDANT RNA POLYMERASE.
 THE GROWTH-INHIBITING EFFECTS OF RIFAMPICIN ON CANCER CELLS ARE LESS
MARKED, SUGGESTING THAT RIFAMPICIN HAS A MORE POTENT EFFECT THROUGH
ANTIANGIOGENESIS RATHER THAN A DIRECT CANCER

39. • ADVERSE EFFECTS:-
HEPATITS
NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, ABDOMINAL CRAMPS.
HEADACHE, DROWSINESS, ATAXIA, CONFUSION.
MYELOSUPPRESSION
FLUSHING, PRURITIS, RASH, REDNESS AND WATERY EYES.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS.
BREATHLESSNESS.

40. RIFAMYCIN

41. MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS
• 1ST OBTAINED IN 1952 FROM STREPTOMYCES ERYTHREUS.
• PROTOTYPE DRUG ID ERYTHROMYCIN AND CLARITHROMYCIN AND AZITHROMYCIN ARE SEMISYNTHETIC
DERIVATIVES OF IT.
• THESE ARE BACTERIOSTATIC AGENTS.
• PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS.
 MOA:-
• REVERSIBLY BIND TO 50S RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT.
• INHIBIT POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN ELONGATION & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION.
• RESULTING INHIBITION OF GROWTH & MULTIPLICATION.
• CAUSE SELECTIVE TOXICITY BECAUSE IT DO NOT INHIBIT 60S/40S SUBUNITS OF MAMMALIAN CELLS.

43. NOMENCLATURE & CHEMSITRY
• THERE ARE THREE CHARACTERISTIC PARTS OF THE MOLECULE:
1. A HIGHLY SUBSTITUTED MACROCYCLIC LACOTNE: AGLYCONE.
2. A KETONE GROUP.
3. AN AMINO DEOXYSUGAR: GLYCON, IN SOME OF THE MACROLIDES A NEUTRAL
DEOXYSUGAR WHICH ARE GLYCOSIDICALLY ATTACHED TO AGLYONE RING.

44. Aglycone
glycone

46. IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
• IMMUNOSTIMULANTS ALSO KNOWN AS IMMUNOSTIMULATORS ARE SUBSTANCES
(DRUGS AND NUTRIENTS) THAT STIMULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY INDUCING
ACTIVATION OR INCREASING ACTIVITY OF ANY OF ITS COMPONENTS. E.G.
GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULANT FACTOR.

47. CLASSIFICATION
• SPECIFIC IMMUNOSTIMULANTS: PROVIDE ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY IN IMMUNE
RESPONSES SUCH AS VACCINE OR ANY ANITGEN.
• NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNOSTIMULANTS: THEY ACT IRRESPECTIVE OF ANTIGENIC
SPECIFICITY TO AUGMENT IMMUNE RESPONSE OF OTHER ANTIGEN OR
STIMULATE COMPONENTS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM WITHOUT ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY
SUCG AS ADJUVANT AND NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNOSTIMULANTS.

48. TYPES
• BACTERIAL VACCINE
• COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR
• INTERFERONS
• INTERLEUKINS
• THERAPEUTIC VACCINES
• VACCINE COMBINATIONS
• VIRAL VACCINES

49. BACTERIAL VACCINES
• CONTAIN KILLED OR ATTENUATED BACTERIA THAT ACTIVATE THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM. ANTIBODIES ARE BUILT AGAINST THAT PARTICULAR BACTERIA AND
PREVENTS FROM BACTERIAL INFECTIONS LATER. E.G. TB VACCINE.
• USE: BCG (TB) VACCINE USED IN MANY COUNTRIES WITH A HIGH PREVALENCE OF
TB TO PREVENT CHILDHOOB TUBERCULOUS MENIGITIS AND MILIARY DISEASE.
• SIDE EFFECTS OF BCG VACCINE: ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS (VERY RARE).

50. COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR
• THESE ARE GLYCOPROTEINS, PROMOTE PRODUCTION OF WBC’S (MAINLY
GRANULOCYTES SUCH AS NEUTROPHILS) IN RESPONSE TO INFECTION.
• ADMINISTRATION OF EXOGENOUS COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR STIMULATES
BONE MARROW STEM CELLS TO PRODUCE MORE OF PARTICULAR WBC’S . NEW
WBC’S MIGRATE TO BLOOD AND FIGHT INFECTION.
• USE: USED IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CANCER TREATMENT THAT CAUSES
NEUTROPENIA. THEY REDUCE THE TIME WHERE PATIENTS ARE NEUTROPENIC.

51. INTERFERONS
• THESE ARE CYTOKINES PRODUCED BY HOST CELLS IN RESPONSE TO VIRAL
INFECTIONS. THREE TYPES; Α,Β AND ϒ INTERFERONS IN HUMAN.
• ALSO HAVE IMMUNOMODULATING AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE PROPERTIES.
• INHIBIT MULTIPLICATION OF MANY DNA &RNA VIRUSES.
• ADVERSE EFFECTS: INCLUDE MYELOSUPPRESSION, HTN, ARRYTHMIAS, ALOPECIA,
HEADACHE, ARTHRALGIA, ALSO CAUSE NEUROTOXICITY RESULTING IN
CONFUSION, SEDATION AND RARELY SEIZURES.

52. • USES:
CHRONIC HEPATITS B & C
KAPOSI’S SARCOMA IN AIDS PATIENTS
GENETIC WARTS CAUSED BY PAPILLOMA VIRUS-INTERFERONS ARE INJECTED
INTO LESIONS.
HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA.
RHINOVIRUS COLD-INTERFERON Α IS GIVEN INTRANASALLY FOR PROPHYLAXIS.

53. INTERLEUKINS
• THESE ARE GROUP OF CYTOKINES, SYNTHESIZED BY LYMPHOCYTES,
MONOCYTES, MACROPHAGES AND CERTAIN OTHER CELLS. THEY FUNCTION
ESPECIALLY IN REGULATION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM E.G. ALDESLEUKIN, OPRELVEKIN
ETC.
• USE: MAINLY USED IN TREATMENT OF CANCER THERAPY.

54. THERAPEUTIC VACCINES
• THERAPEUTIC VACCINES ARE VACCINES WHICH ARE INTENDED TO TREAT OR
CURE A DISORDER OR DX BY STIMULATING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.
• USE: THEY MAY BE USED TO TREAT CETAIN TYPES OF CANCER, BY STIMULATING
BODY’ IMMUNE SYSTEM TO HELP IT RESPOND AGAINST CANCER CELL.
• THEY MAY ALSO BE USED IN THE PREVENTION OF TB WHO ARE AT HIGH RISK OF
EXPOSURE.

55. VACCINE COMBINATION
• VACCINE COMBINATION MERGE ANTIGENS THAT PREVENT DIFFERENT DISEASE
OR THAT PROTECT AGAINST MULTIPLE STRAINS OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
CAUSING THE SAME DX. INTO A SINGLE PRODUCT , THIS REDUCES THE NUMBER
OF INJECTIONS REQUIRED TO PREVENT DX.
• USE: COMBINED PROTECTION AGAINST TWO OR MORE DX. INTO ONE SHOT. THE
MEASLES, MUMPS & RUBELLA VACCINE (MMR) & DIPTHERIA, TETANUS & PERTUSIS
VACCINE (DTAP) EACH PROTECT CHILDREN AGAINST THREE DX & THUS FEWER
DELAYS IN DX PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN.

56. • VACCINE COMBINATION MERGE ANTIGENS THAT PREVENT DIFFERENT DISEASE
OR THAT PROTECT AGAINST MULTIPLE STRAINS OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
CAUSING THE SAME DX. INTO A SINGLE PRODUCT , THIS REDUCES THE NUMBER
OF INJECTIONS REQUIRED TO PREVENT DX.
• USE: COMBINED PROTECTION AGAINST TWO OR MORE DX. INTO ONE SHOT. THE
MEASLES, MUMPS & RUBELLA VACCINE (MMR) & DIPTHERIA, TETANUS & PERTUSIS
VACCINE (DTAP) EACH PROTECT CHILDREN AGAINST THREE DX & THUS FEWER
DELAYS IN DX PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN.

57. VIRAL VACCINE
• VIRAL VACCINES CONTAIN EITHER INACTIVATED VIRUS OR ATTENUATED (ALIVE BUT
NOT CAPABLE OF CAUSING DX) VIRUSES.
• INACTIVATED OR KILLED VIRAL VACCINES CONTAIN VIRUSES WHICH HAVE LOST
THEIR ABILITY TO REPLICATE AND IN ORDER FOR IT TO BRING ABOUT A RESPONSE IT
CONTAINS MORE ANTIGEN THAN LIVE VACCINES. ATTENUATED OR LIVE VACCINES
CONTAIN LIVE FROM OF VIRUS WHICH ARE NOT PATHOGENIC BUT ARE ABLE TO
INDUCE IMMUNE RESPONSE.
• SIDE EFFECTS: BLOOD IN URINE OR STOOL
• PNEUMONIA
• INFLAMMATION OF STOMACH OR INTESTINES.

58. ANTI-AIDS AGENTS
• IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDER: FAILURE OR DEFICIENCY OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
WICH MANIFESTS BY OCCURRENCE OF REPEATED INFECTIONS IN INDIVIDUALS
WITH IMMUNE DEFICIENCY DX.
• TYPES:-
• PRIMARY: GENETIC OR DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
E.G. RETICULAR DYSGENESIS.
• SECONDARY: ACQUIRED SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM. E.G. AIDS,
INFECTIONS.

59. • AIDS: ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AN EPIDEMIC,
TRANSMISSIBLE RETROVIRAL DISEASE CAUSED BY INFECTION WITH HIV WHICH
LEADS TO PROFOUND DEPRESSION OF CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY.
• ETIOLOGICAL AGENT: HIV; HUMAN IMMUNO DEFICIENCY VIRUS.
• 2 FORMS:
HIV 1
HIV 2 (AN RNA RETROVIRUS)

60. NATURAL DRUGS FOR AIDS
• BITTER MELON
• LICORICE
• ECHINACEA
• CAT’S CLAW

61. BITTER MELON
• SCIENTIFIC NAME: MOMORDICA CHARANITA
• FAMILY: CUCURBITACEAE
• PARTS USED: FRUIT EXRACT
• MECHANISM:-
PROTEINS: MRK29 MAY INHIBIT THE ACTIVITY OF HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE,
AN ENZYME INVOLVED IN THE REPLICATION OF HIV VIRUS.
MAP30 WHICH MAY HAVE ANTI-HIV EFFECTS AND THAT MAY ALSO IMPROVE THE
EFFICASY OF OTHER ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS.

62. PRECAUTIONS
• SHORT TERM USE OF BITTER MELON IS LIKELY SAFE, BUT USING IT FOR MORE
THAN THREE MONTHS MAY BE UNSAFE.
• AVOID IN BLEEDING DISORDERS.
• PREGNANT OF BREAST FEEDING WOMEN.
• GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY PEOPLE.

63. LICORICE
• SCIENTIFIC NAME: GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA
• FAMILY: LEGUMINOSAE
• PARTS USED: DRIED ROOTS
• MECHANISM: GLYCYRRHIZIN- ACTIVE CONSTITUENT, INHIBITS HIV REPLICATION
BY;
INHIBITING A CELLULAR ENZYME (CASEIN KINASE)
INHIBITING VIRAL ADSORPTION I.E. BINDING TO THE HOST CELL TO BE INFECTED.

64. PRECAUTIONS
• PSEUDOALDOSTERONISM
• PREGNANT OR BREAST FEEDING WOMEN SHOULD NOT TAKE LICORICE.
• USE OF ANY LICORICE PRODUCT IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR LONGER THAN 4-6
WEEKS.

65. ECHINACEA
• SCIENTIFIC NAME: ECHINACEA PURPUREA
• FAMILY: ASTRACEAE
• PARTS USED: FLOWERS
• MECHANISM: FAT SOLUBLE ALKYL AMIDES OF THE FLOWER PROVIDE
IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS WHICH ACT BY BINDING TO CANNABINOID
RECEPTORS AND THUS INHIBITS TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ΑLPHA.

66. PRECAUTIONS
• ONE DOSE TREATMENT IS NOT EFFECTIVE.
• ALLERGIC REACTIONS LIKE ASTHMA ATTACK AND LEUCOPENIA ARE SEEN.
• USE ALONG WIT HEPATOTOXIC DRUGS IS AVOIDED.
• AVOIDED IN PATIENTS WITH AUTO IMMUNE DISORDERS.

67. CAT’S CLAW
• SCIENTIFIC NAME: UNCARIA TOMENTOSA
• FAMILY: RUBIACEAE
• PARTS USED: CLIMBING STEM
• MECHANISM: QUINOVIC ACID (ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT) HAS PROPERTY
OF
PRONOUNCED ENHANCEMENT EFFECT ON PHAGOCYTOSIS.
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF T-LYMPHOCYTES.

68. PRECAUTIONS
• BECAUSE OF ABORTIVE EFFECT, IT IS AVOIDED IN PREGNANT WOMEN.
• MAY CAUSE DIZZINESS AND VOMITING

69. IMMUNE BOOSTERS
• ALOE VERA
• ASTRAGALUS
• GINKGO
• GINGER
• GARLIC
• OLIVE LEAF EXTRACT
• CALENDULA
• GREEN TEA

70. REFRENCES
• CLINICAL PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS BY ROGER WALKER
• WIKIPEDIA THE FREE ENCYCLOPDIA
• LIPPINCOTTS ILLUSTRATED REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY 6TH EDITION.
• TEXTBOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY BY BIREN SHAH
• ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY
• PHARMACOGNOSY BY MUHAMMAD ALI
• PHARMACOGNOSY BY TREASE AND EVANS 16TH EDITION
• REVIEW OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY BY WARREN LEVINSON
13TH EDITION