The presentation discusses cancer, including its causes, classification of anticancer drugs, and recent developments. It covers milestones in cancer discovery such as imatinib mesylate in 2001 and recent FDA-approved drugs. Phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables that are being studied for cancer prevention are mentioned. Research is exploring the anticancer effects of compounds from pomegranates, bromelain from pineapples, and curcumin from turmeric. Targeted drug delivery approaches to tumor vasculature are also discussed.

1. PRESENTATION BY:
SARA USMANI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
FIRST SEMESTER
JAMIA HAMDARD

2.  INTRODUCTION
 CAUSE
 MILESTONES IN CANCER DISCOVERY
 CLASSIFICATION OF ANTICANCER
DRUGS
 RECENT LY APPROVED DRUGS BY FDA
 RECENT DRUGS
 RECENT DEVELOPMENT

3. 1. WHAT IS CANCER??
Uncontrolable divisions
Old or damaged cells survive when they should
die, and new cells form when they are not
needed.
TYPES:
1) Malignant tumour
2) Benign

4. CANCEROUS CELL NORMAL CELL
 Cancer cells are less
specialised
 Do not respond to
apoptosis and
programmed cell
death.
 Evade immune
system.
 Have a large nuclear-
cytoplasmic ratio
 Normal cells identifies
difference between
cells.
 Respond to every
normal signal.
 Non-injurious to
immune system.
 Nonmigratory
 Have a small nuclear-
cytoplasmic ratio

7.  2001: Imatinib Mesylate
 2003: NCI-Sponsored Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT)
 2006: NCI's Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR)
 2006: Gardasil
 2009: Cervarix
 2010: The First Human Cancer Treatment Vaccine
 2010: NCI-Sponsored Lung Cancer Screening Tiral (NLST)
 2011: Ipilimumab
 2012: NCI-Sponsored PLCO Cancer Screening Trial
 2013: Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1)
 2014: Analyzing DNA in Cancer
 2014: Pembrolizumab

12. 3

22. 7.

23. 8.

24.  Corticosteroids
 Estrogen
 Selective estrogen receptor modulator
 Selective estrogen receptor down modulator
 Aromatase inhibitor
 Antiandrogen

26. Phytochemicals derived from such fruits and
vegetables, referred to as chemopreventive agents include
genistein, resveratrol, diallyl
sulfide, S-allyl cysteine, allicin, lycopene, capsaicin,
curcumin, 6-gingerol, ellagic acid,
ursolic acid, silymarin, anethol, catechins and eugenol
suppress cancer cell proliferation, inhibit growth factor
signaling pathways,induce apoptosis, inhibit NF-κB, AP-1 and
JAK-STAT activation pathways, inhibit angiogenesis, suppress
the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, inhibit
cyclooxygenase-2,

27.  a sesquiterpene lactone derived from the
sweet wormwood plant Artemisia annua
 It has inhibitory effect in cancer cell growth.
 The cytotoxic effect of artemisinin is specific
to cancer cells
 The artemisinins’ endoperoxide moiety is
responsible for its anti-malarial and anti-
cancer effects.
 High oxidative stress is a common anti-
neoplastic property of anticancer drugs

31.  Curcumin in pancreatic tumour
 Lycopene supplements reduced tumor size
and PSA level in localized prostate cancer
 Green tea in breast cancer
 A soya rich diet inhibited pulmonary
metastasis of melanoma cells in C57Bl/6 mice

32.  In the present study, the potential anticancer effects of
pomegranate extracts and genistein on inhibition of
cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human
breast cancer cells was investigated.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16379557
 It is also used in prostate cancer and pancreatic
cancer; treatment induced cell cycle arrest and
inhibited cell proliferation in PANC-1 cells. PE
treatment increased the proportion of cells lacking
CD44 and CD24 expression, which are associated with
increased tumor-initiating ability, demonstrating that
PE altered cell phenotype. PE was more effective in
inhibiting the proliferation of PANC-1 cells than the
clinically used dose of paclitaxel.
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/51596733_

33.  Bromelain(a proteolytic enzyme) in Pineapples Kills
Cancer Cells: One such compound is bromelain, an
enzyme that can be extracted from pineapple stems.
Research published in the journal Planta Medica found
that bromelain was superior to the chemotherapy drug
5-fluorauracil in treating cancer in an animal study.i
 Other drugs includes: vitamin C - vitamin C was
selectively cytotoxic against cancer cells.
Eggplant extract - Eggplant extract cream appears to
be particularly useful in treating skin cancer.
 Turmeric (Curcumin Extract) - the primary polyphenol
in turmeric, saw a decrease in experimentally-induced
brain tumors in 9 out of 11 treated "suggesting that
curcumin selectively targets the transformed
[cancerous] cells.“
 http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles

34. Cancer Treatment by Targeted Drug Delivery to
Tumor Vasculature in a Mouse Model
Synthesis of thiophene-thiosemicarbazone
derivatives and evaluation of their in vitro and
in vivo antitumor activities.
•In vitro
•In vivo

35. EXAMPLE

37. 5.
www.google.com
6.
shareslides.net
7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26007283
8.
• http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/what-is-cancer
•http://www.sciencemag.org/content/279/5349/377.short
•http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
•KD Tripathi
•http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/what-is-cancer
•www.pubmed.com