This document provides information on various types of cancer treatments including immunotherapy, prodrug therapy, and targeted therapies. It discusses how immunotherapy works to boost the immune system's natural defenses to fight cancer. Examples of immunotherapy approaches include monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and non-specific immunotherapies like cytokines. Prodrugs are inactive compounds that are metabolized into active drugs inside the body. Targeted therapies work by interfering with specific proteins that help tumors grow and spread.
n overview of current immunotherapy therapies used to treat cancer. Also provides MOA of various medications, and updates on SITC guidelines for metastatice melanoma.
In this presentation, I discuss a new standard of treatment in cancers which is immunotherapy. I also discuss the few cancers for which it has been approved.
Therapeutic prospects in Cancer Immunotherapy.
Interleukins for Renal Cell Carcinoma.
BCG for Bladder Cancer.
Vaccination Strategies: Oncolytic virus for melanoma, Dendritic Cell therapy for CA Prostate.
Immune Checkpoint inhibitors. PD1 and PD L1 inhibitors.
Adoptive Cell Therpay. CAR T Cell Therapy
Clinical efficacy. Costs.
immuno therapy is the treatment modality used to treat, cure the cancer, and kill the cancer tumor by increasing the self defense system to fight against cancer cell
n overview of current immunotherapy therapies used to treat cancer. Also provides MOA of various medications, and updates on SITC guidelines for metastatice melanoma.
In this presentation, I discuss a new standard of treatment in cancers which is immunotherapy. I also discuss the few cancers for which it has been approved.
Therapeutic prospects in Cancer Immunotherapy.
Interleukins for Renal Cell Carcinoma.
BCG for Bladder Cancer.
Vaccination Strategies: Oncolytic virus for melanoma, Dendritic Cell therapy for CA Prostate.
Immune Checkpoint inhibitors. PD1 and PD L1 inhibitors.
Adoptive Cell Therpay. CAR T Cell Therapy
Clinical efficacy. Costs.
immuno therapy is the treatment modality used to treat, cure the cancer, and kill the cancer tumor by increasing the self defense system to fight against cancer cell
We know that mesothelioma patients would rather stay local when receiving treatment,rnso we will review options for private medical centers, surgical consultants, clinical trials,rnand match you up with friendly, local physicians wherever we can.
Immunotherapeutics (Types of immunotherapeutics, humanisation antibody therap...NikitaBankoti2
Immunotherapy
➢ Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune (defence) system to fight
against infection or disease.
➢ It is also sometimes called Biologic therapy or Biotherapy.
➢ Biological therapy is thus any form of treatment that uses the body’s natural abilities
that constitute the immune system to fight infection and disease or to protect the body
from some of the side effects of treatment e.g. – cancer.
Types of Immunotherapeutics
1. Monoclonal antibody
2. Cancer vaccines therapy
3. Immune checkpoint inhibitors
4. Non-specific Immunotherapies
5. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
Humanized Antibody- They are antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have
been modified to increase their similarity to antibody variants produced naturally in humans.
➢The process of humanization is usually applied to monoclonal antibodies developed for administration
to humans. (e.g- antibodies developed as anti-cancer drugs)
Cancer is one of the most challenging diseases and up until now. One of the most challenging things about cancer treatment is not the cure itself but the differentiation between the tumor cells and the normal cells. Most of the medical treatments of the cancer today cannot differentiate between the cancer cells and the normal one as well as it damages the hall tissue and it is still considered as a low-effect treatment to be applied in cancer. One of the most popular treatments of this kind is chemotherapy which is known for damaging the hall cells, cancer, and normal ones. Our research is focusing on generating a new therapy that can target the cancer cell itself so it will give us more efficiency ratio to stop cancer and will keep the other cells without any damage. We will use an antibody body for the protein antigen ErbB-2 which is located rabidly in the lung cancer cells' membrane surface. These antibodies will be produced by the immune system so it will target the tumor cells especially and stop the cell growth and damage it in some cases.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. CANCER
• Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation abnormal cells in the
body.
There are five main categories of cancer :
1. Carcinomas begin in the skin or tissues that line the internal organs.
2. Sarcomas develop in the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle or other
connective tissues.
3. Leukemia begins in the blood and bone marrow.
4. Lymphomas start in the immune system.
5. Central nervous system cancers develop in the brain and spinal cord.
3. TREATMENT FOR CANCER
● Treatment options depend on the type of cancer, its stage (if the cancer
has spread) and general health. The goal of treatment is to kill as many
cancerous cells while minimizing damage to normal cells nearby.
The four main treatments are :
1. SURGERY : directly removing the tumor
2. CHEMOTHERAPY : using chemicals to kill cancer cells
3. RADIATION : using X-rays to kill cancer cells
4. IMMUNOTHERAPY : Boosting immune system
4. IMMUNOTHERAPY
● Immunotherapy for cancer was first introduced by ROSENBERG &
et.al, National Institute of Health, USA.
● It is a type of cancer treatment designed to boost the body's natural
defenses to fight the cancer.
● BIOLOGIC THERAPY or BIOTHERAPY.
● Cancer immunotherapy harness & enhances the innate powers of the
immune system to fight cancer.
● It represents the most promising new cancer treatment approach since
the development of the first chemotherapies in the late 1940’s.
5. ● Cancer immunotherapy today is a highly active & exciting field, with
unprecedented potential to deliver on the decades-long promise of
discovering, developing, delivering safe & effective treatments that make a
meaningful difference in the lives of patients fighting the disease.
WHY IMMUNE SYSTEM ?
● Our immune system is a collection of organs, special cells, and
substances that help protect us from infections and some other diseases.
● Immune cells and the substances travel through out our body to
protect us from germs that cause infections.
● Germs like viruses, bacteria, and parasites are like hostile, foreign armies
that are not normally found in your body.
● They try to invade your body to use host resources and result in harmful
effects.
● Our immune system is our body’s defense force.
6. • Sometimes the immune system doesn’t see the cancer cells as foreign
because the cells are not different enough from normal cells.
• Sometimes the immune system recognizes the cancer cells, but the
response might not be strong enough to destroy the cancer.
• To overcome this, researchers have found ways to help the immune
system recognize cancer cells and strengthen its response, so that
immune system will destroy them.
• Immunotherapy use immune system components such as proteins
called antibodies that are made in the lab.
• They boost the immune system once they are in the body.
7. • The antibodies themselves target certain proteins that help
cancer cells grow.
• By binding to cancer-aiding proteins, the antibodies stop cancer
cells from growing or make them die.
• These types of antibodies are also known as TARGETED THERAPY.
8. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY
• MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES : These are INVITRO versions of
immune system proteins. Antibodies can be very useful in treating cancer
because they can be designed to attack a very specific part of a cancer cell.
• CANCER VACCINES : Vaccines are substances put into the body to start
an immune response against certain diseases. We usually think of them as
being given to healthy people to help prevent infections. But some vaccines
can help prevent or treat cancer.
• NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPIES : These treatments boost the
immune system in a general way, but this can still help the immune system
attack cancer cells.
9. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
• One way the immune system attacks foreign substances in the body is by
making large numbers of antibodies.
• An antibody is a protein that sticks to a specific protein called an
antigen
• Antibodies circulate in the body until they find and attach to the
antigen.
• Once attached, they can recruit other parts of the immune system to
destroy the cells containing the antigen.
• The copies of that antibody synthesised in the lab. These are known as
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs or moAbs).
10. • To make a monoclonal antibody, researchers first have to identify the
right antigen to attack. For cancer, this is not always easy.
• Over the past couple of decades, the US Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) has approved more than a dozen mAbs to treat certain cancers.
a. Naked Monoclonal Antibodies
Example : alemtuzumab (Campath®), which is used to treat some
patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
• Alemtuzumab binds to the CD52 antigen, which is found on cells called
lymphocytes (which include the leukemia cells).
• Once attached, the antibody attracts immune cells to destroy these cells.
11. b. Radiolabeled Antibodies
Have small radioactive particles attached to them.
Eg: Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin®) is an example of a radiolabeled mAb.
This is an antibody against the CD20 antigen, which is found on
lymphocytes called B cells. The antibody delivers radioactivity directly to
cancerous B cells and can be used to treat some types of non-hodgkin
lymphoma.
c. Chemo Labeled Antibodies
These mAbs have powerful chemotherapy (or other) drugs attached
to them. They are also known as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). (The
drug is often too powerful to be used on its own – it would cause too
many side effects if not attached to an antibody.)
12. CANCER VACCINES
● Vaccines use weakened or killed germs like viruses or bacteria to start an
immune response in the body. Getting the immune system ready to
defend against these germs helps keep people from getting infections.
● Some cancer treatment vaccines are made up of cancer cells, parts of
cells, or pure antigens.
● Sometimes a patient’s own immune cells are removed and exposed to
these substances in the lab to create the vaccine. Once the vaccine is
ready, it’s injected into the body to increase the immune response against
cancer cells.
13. ● Cancer vaccines cause the immune system to attack cells with one or more
specific antigens. Because the immune system has special cells for
memory, it’s hoped that the vaccine might continue to work long after it’s
given.
● Sipuleucel-T (Provenge®) is the only vaccine approved so far by the
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat cancer. It is used to
treat advanced prostate cancer that is no longer being helped by
hormone therapy.
14. NON-SPECIFIC CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPIES & ADJUVANTS
Non-specific immunotherapies don’t target cancer cells specifically.
1. CYTOKINES
● Cytokines are chemicals made by some immune system cells.
● They are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other
immune system cells and blood cells in the body.
● Cytokines are injected, either under the skin, into a muscle, or into a
vein. The most common ones are discussed here.
15. 2. INTERLEUKINS
● (IL-2) helps immune system cells grow and divide more quickly.
● A man-made version of IL-2 is approved to treat advanced kidney cancer
and metastatic melanoma.
3. INTERFERONS
● Interferons, first discovered in the late 1950s, help the body resist virus
infections and cancers.
● The types of interferon (IFN) are named after the first 3 letters of the
Greek alphabet: IFN-alfa, IFN-beta, and IFN- gamma.
● Only IFN-alfa is used to treat cancer. It boosts the ability of certain
immune cells to attack cancer cells.
● It may also slow the growth of cancer cells directly, as well as the blood
vessels that tumors need to grow.
16. The FDA has approved IFN-alfa for use against these cancers :
➔ Hairy cell leukemia
➔ Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
➔ Follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma
➔ Cutaneous (skin) T-cell lymphoma
➔ Kidney cancer
➔ Melanoma
➔ Kaposi sarcoma
17. PRODRUG
A prodrug is a medication or compound that, after administration,
is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically
active drug. Inactive prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive medications
that are metabolized into an active form within the body.
For example, sulfasalazine is a prodrug.
It is not active in its ingested form.
It has to be broken down by bacteria in the colon into two
products. 5-aminosalicylic acid (5ASA) and sulfapyridine.
Before becoming active as a drug.
18. WHY PRODRUGS ARE USED ?
Prodrugs can be used to improve drug delivery or pharmacokinetics,
to decrease toxicity, or to target the drug to specific cells or tissues.
Ester and phosphate hydrolysis are widely used in prodrug design
because of their simplicity, but such approaches are relatively ineffective
for targeting drugs to specific sites.
19. TARGETED THERAPIES
Targeted therapy is the foundation of precision medicine.
It is a type of cancer treatment that targets the changes in cancer cells
that help them grow, divide, and spread.
As researchers learn more about the cell changes that drive cancer, they
are better able to design promising therapies that target these changes or block
their effects.
TYPES OF TARGETED THERAPIES
Most targeted therapies are either small-molecule drugs or monoclonal
Abs
20. Small-molecule drugs : Small enough to enter cells easily, so they are used
for targets that are inside cells.
Monoclonal antibodies, also known as therapeutic antibodies, are proteins
produced in the lab. These proteins are designed to attach to specific targets
found on cancer cells. Some monoclonal antibodies mark cancer cells so that
they will be better seen and destroyed by the immune system. Other monoclonal
antibodies directly stop cancer cells from growing or cause them to self-
destruct. Still others carry toxins to cancer cells.are drugs that are not able to
enter cells easily. Instead, they attach to specific targets on the outer surface of
cancer cells.
21. HOW DOES TARGETED THERAPY WORKS ?
Most types of targeted therapy help treat cancer by interfering with specific
proteins that help tumors grow and spread throughout the body. They
treat cancer in many different ways. They can
1. Help the immune system destroy cancer cells :
One reason that cancer cells thrive is because they are able to hide
from your immune system. Certain targeted therapies can mark cancer cells
so it is easier for the immune system to find and destroy them. Other targeted
therapies help boost your immune system to work better against cancer.
22. 2. Stop cancer cells from growing :
Healthy cells in your body usually divide to make new cells only when
they receive strong signals to do so. These signals bind to proteins on the cell
surface, telling the cells to divide. This process helps new cells form only as
your body needs them. But, some cancer cells have changes in the proteins on
their surface that tell them to divide whether or not signals are present. Some
targeted therapies interfere with these proteins, preventing them from telling
the cells to divide. This process helps slow cancer’s uncontrolled growth.
23. 3. Stop signals that help form blood vessels :
Tumors need to form new blood vessels to grow beyond a certain size. In a
process called angiogenesis, these new blood vessels form in response to
signals from the tumor. Some targeted therapies called angiogenesis
inhibitors are designed to interfere with these signals to prevent a blood
supply from forming. Without a blood supply, tumors stay small. Or, if a tumor
already has a blood supply, these treatments can cause blood vessels to die,
which causes the tumor to shrink.
24. 4. Deliver cell-killing substances to cancer cells :
Some monoclonal antibodies are combined with toxins, chemotherapy
drugs, and radiation. Once these monoclonal antibodies attach to targets on
the surface of cancer cells, the cells take up the cell-killing substances, causing
them to die. Cells that don’t have the target will not be harmed.
5. Cause cancer cell death :
Healthy cells die in an orderly manner when they become damaged or
are no longer needed. But, cancer cells have ways of avoiding this dying
process. Some targeted therapies can cause cancer cells to go through this
process of cell death.
25. 6. Starve cancer of the hormones it needs to grow :
Some breast and prostate cancers require certain hormones to grow.
Hormone therapies are a type of targeted therapy that can work in two ways.
Some hormone therapies prevent your body from making specific hormones.
Others prevent the hormones from acting on your cells, including cancer cells.
26. DRAWBACKS :
Targeted therapy does have some drawbacks. These include:
● Cancer cells can become resistant to targeted therapy. For this reason, they
may work best when used with other types of targeted therapy or with other
cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation.
● Drugs for some targets are hard to develop. Reasons include the target’s
structure, the target’s function in the cell, or both.
27. SIDE EFFECTS OF TARGETED THERAPY :
Targeted therapy can cause side effects.
The side effects you may have depend on the type of targeted therapy
you receive and how your body reacts to the therapy.
There are medicines for many of these side effects.
These medicines may prevent the side effects from happening or treat
them once they occur.
Most side effects of targeted therapy go away after treatment ends.
28. The most common side effects of targeted therapy include
1. Diarrhea and liver problems.
2. Problems with blood clotting and wound healing.
3. High blood pressure fatigue, mouth sores, nail changes, the loss of hair
color, and skin problems.
4. Skin problems might include rash or dry skin.
5. Very rarely, a hole might form through the wall of the esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large bowel, rectum, or gallbladder.
29. How will I know whether targeted therapy is
working?
While you are receiving targeted therapy, you will see your doctor
often. He or she will give you physical exams and ask you how you feel. You
will have medical tests, such as blood tests, x-rays, and different types of scans.
These regular visits and tests will help the doctor know whether the treatment
is working.