Calcium and vitamin D play essential roles in oral and systemic health. Calcium is critical for bone and tooth growth and development, and maintaining mineralization of teeth. It is also important for muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and other bodily functions. Insufficient calcium intake can lead to conditions like rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults. Maintaining adequate calcium through diet and supplementation is important for overall health and preventing oral diseases like tooth decay.
The human body contains elements that can be classified as
abundant elements trace elements
What are the trace elements
Essential trace element
Biological Significance of Trace Elements
Diet and dental caries - Diet charts and Diet counsellingKarishma Sirimulla
This seminar includes a brief introduction to Diet and Dental caries along with Role of carbohydrates,Proteins and Fats with Dental caries along with diet charts, diet modifications, Diet counselling,Food log and sugar substitutes
This document provides definitions and information about diet, nutrition, and their importance for oral health. It discusses the major components of a balanced diet including macro-nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, as well as micro-nutrients like vitamins and minerals. Specific vitamins and minerals that are important for dental health such as vitamins A, D, and C are explained. The roles of important minerals like calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are also summarized. The document provides recommendations for nutritional assessment and counselling in children.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and histology of the dental pulp. It defines the pulp as the soft tissue contained within the pulp chamber and root canals of teeth. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, nerves, blood vessels, and an extracellular matrix. Age-related changes can cause decreases in the pulp size and vascularity as well as increases in fibrosis and calcification. Various dental materials and procedures can affect the pulp, with potential outcomes including inflammation, necrosis, and resorption. Recent advances include efforts to regenerate pulp tissue using stem cells and biomolecules.
This document discusses caries risk assessment tools and factors. It introduces several tools used to assess caries risk: the Caries Risk Assessment Tool (CAT), Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA), Cariogram, and the Traffic Light Matrix. It describes the various factors each tool considers like biological factors, protective factors, clinical findings, plaque, specific microbes, diet, eating patterns, and saliva. The goal of these tools is to improve oral health by introducing preventive measures before irreversible lesions develop based on a patient's caries risk level and factors.
Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in Malaysians
Kannan et al.
JOE — Volume 41, Number 3, March 2015
Pulp stones are discrete calcified bodies found in the dental pulp.
They have calcium phosphorous ratios similar to dentin and can be seen in healthy, diseased, or even unerupted teeth
Radiographically, pulp stones appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp space that frequently act as an impediment during endodontic treatment
This document describes and compares various obturation techniques that can be used for filling root canals in primary teeth. It begins by defining obturation and describing the goal of creating a fluid-tight seal to prevent reinfection. It then provides details on 12 different techniques: endodontic pressure syringe, Lentulo spiral, mechanical syringe, incremental filling technique, Jiffy tube, tuberculin syringe, reamer technique, insulin syringe technique, disposable injection technique, NaviTip, bi-directional spiral, and Pastinject. For each technique, it discusses advantages such as ease of use and ability to fully fill canals, as well as disadvantages like difficulty with placement and increased risk of voids
This document discusses fluorides in dentistry. It describes the sources of fluoride, mechanisms of how fluoride prevents tooth decay, and methods of fluoride delivery topically and systemically. It also addresses the indications for topical fluoride use, recommended dosages of fluoride tablets/drops, and potential toxicities like dental and skeletal fluorosis from inadequate or excessive fluoride intake. When used appropriately, fluoride is an effective cariostatic agent for improving dental health.
The human body contains elements that can be classified as
abundant elements trace elements
What are the trace elements
Essential trace element
Biological Significance of Trace Elements
Diet and dental caries - Diet charts and Diet counsellingKarishma Sirimulla
This seminar includes a brief introduction to Diet and Dental caries along with Role of carbohydrates,Proteins and Fats with Dental caries along with diet charts, diet modifications, Diet counselling,Food log and sugar substitutes
This document provides definitions and information about diet, nutrition, and their importance for oral health. It discusses the major components of a balanced diet including macro-nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, as well as micro-nutrients like vitamins and minerals. Specific vitamins and minerals that are important for dental health such as vitamins A, D, and C are explained. The roles of important minerals like calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are also summarized. The document provides recommendations for nutritional assessment and counselling in children.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and histology of the dental pulp. It defines the pulp as the soft tissue contained within the pulp chamber and root canals of teeth. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, nerves, blood vessels, and an extracellular matrix. Age-related changes can cause decreases in the pulp size and vascularity as well as increases in fibrosis and calcification. Various dental materials and procedures can affect the pulp, with potential outcomes including inflammation, necrosis, and resorption. Recent advances include efforts to regenerate pulp tissue using stem cells and biomolecules.
This document discusses caries risk assessment tools and factors. It introduces several tools used to assess caries risk: the Caries Risk Assessment Tool (CAT), Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA), Cariogram, and the Traffic Light Matrix. It describes the various factors each tool considers like biological factors, protective factors, clinical findings, plaque, specific microbes, diet, eating patterns, and saliva. The goal of these tools is to improve oral health by introducing preventive measures before irreversible lesions develop based on a patient's caries risk level and factors.
Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in Malaysians
Kannan et al.
JOE — Volume 41, Number 3, March 2015
Pulp stones are discrete calcified bodies found in the dental pulp.
They have calcium phosphorous ratios similar to dentin and can be seen in healthy, diseased, or even unerupted teeth
Radiographically, pulp stones appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp space that frequently act as an impediment during endodontic treatment
This document describes and compares various obturation techniques that can be used for filling root canals in primary teeth. It begins by defining obturation and describing the goal of creating a fluid-tight seal to prevent reinfection. It then provides details on 12 different techniques: endodontic pressure syringe, Lentulo spiral, mechanical syringe, incremental filling technique, Jiffy tube, tuberculin syringe, reamer technique, insulin syringe technique, disposable injection technique, NaviTip, bi-directional spiral, and Pastinject. For each technique, it discusses advantages such as ease of use and ability to fully fill canals, as well as disadvantages like difficulty with placement and increased risk of voids
This document discusses fluorides in dentistry. It describes the sources of fluoride, mechanisms of how fluoride prevents tooth decay, and methods of fluoride delivery topically and systemically. It also addresses the indications for topical fluoride use, recommended dosages of fluoride tablets/drops, and potential toxicities like dental and skeletal fluorosis from inadequate or excessive fluoride intake. When used appropriately, fluoride is an effective cariostatic agent for improving dental health.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides information on band and loop space maintainers. It begins by introducing space maintainers and their objectives in maintaining arch integrity and guiding eruption of permanent teeth. It then discusses different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, functional and non-functional varieties. Specific appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe are explained. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of band and loop space maintainers. It provides details on the materials and instrumentation used in fabricating band and loop space maintainers. Overall, the document serves as an overview of band and loop space maintainers, their classification, objectives, considerations and fabrication.
Fluoride is a mineral that is naturally present in varying amounts in water sources. Studies from the early 20th century found correlations between fluoride levels in water and rates of dental caries as well as dental fluorosis. This led to further research demonstrating that optimal levels of fluoride in community water supplies could reduce rates of dental caries. Several large-scale studies in the 1940s-1960s provided strong evidence that water fluoridation at levels around 1 part per million can reduce dental caries by around 25% on average. Fluoride works both systemically during tooth development before eruption and topically on tooth surfaces after eruption to strengthen enamel and make it more resistant to decay.
Remineralization is defined as the process whereby calcium and phosphate ions are supplied from an external source to the tooth thereby, causing ion deposition into crystal voids in demineralized enamel, thus producing net mineral gain.
Remineralization Agents - Biomimetic approaches to stabilization of bioavailable calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions and the localization of these ions to non-cavitated caries lesions for controlled remineralization.
Fermentable carbohydrates provide plaque bacteria with substrate for acid production.
This causes a rapid drop in plaque pH and when pH becomes less than 5.5, hydroxyapatite in enamel breaks down and calcium and phosphate ions diffuse out from the enamel.
5.5 is the “critical pH”, the point where equilibrium exists. There is no mineral dissolution and no mineral precipitation.
The plaque remains acidic for about 30-60 minutes after which normal pH is restored gradually.
The calcium and phosphate ions re-enter enamel when normal pH is restored and thus remineralization occurs.
The document provides an overview of saliva, including its historical significance, composition, functions, and regulation. Some key points:
- Saliva has several functions including lubricating food, aiding taste and digestion, protecting teeth and mouth, and regulating pH.
- It is produced by major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) and minor oral glands.
- Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves regulate salivary secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation increasing watery flow and sympathetic decreasing thick, mucus-rich flow.
- Saliva has digestive, protective, excretory and other roles important for oral and overall health.
This document discusses regressive changes that occur in the pulp and dentin as part of the normal aging process. It begins by covering theories of aging and the roles of oxidative stress and telomeres. It then classifies different regressive changes that can occur in enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, and resorption of teeth. The document goes on to discuss specific regressive changes in detail, including changes to odontoblasts, the extracellular matrix, dentinogenesis, and degenerative changes in the pulp like reticulation, calcification, and changes to blood vessels and nerves. It concludes by discussing endodontic implications of these regressive changes.
THEORIES OF ERUPTION
ERUPTION SEQUENCE
PHYSIOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTION
CELLULAR BASIS
MOLECULAR BASIS
PRODUCTION OF OSTEOCLAST
ANOMOLIES OF TOOTH ERUPTION
This document discusses the effect of nutrition and diet on teeth and the periodontium. It defines key terms and outlines the roles that various nutrients like vitamins A, B, C, D, E, proteins, lipids, and micronutrients play in tooth and periodontal health. Certain diets are linked to conditions like early childhood caries. A balanced diet with nutrients like vitamins and minerals is important for bone formation, periodontal regeneration, and healing after periodontal surgery. Nutrient deficiencies can lead to oral manifestations and increased risk of dental caries and periodontal disease.
This document summarizes the process of tooth eruption. It discusses the pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases of tooth movement. During the pre-eruptive phase, tooth germs move within the jaw before eruption. The eruptive phase involves tooth movement from within the bone to the oral cavity. Post-eruptive movements maintain tooth position as the jaws grow. Theories on the mechanisms controlling eruption and resorption are also presented, along with cellular and molecular factors such as the dental follicle that regulate eruption.
This document provides an overview of cementum, including:
- Its physical characteristics, composition, classification, and formation process (cementogenesis).
- The cells involved in cementum formation and maintenance, including cementoblasts and cementocytes.
- Its locations and junctions with other tissues like enamel and dentin.
- The functions of cementum in anchoring teeth, adaptation, and repair.
- Some developmental anomalies and abnormalities that can affect cementum.
The document summarizes the histopathology of dental caries in enamel and dentine. It describes the four zones seen in enamel caries: the translucent zone, dark zone, body of the lesion, and surface zone. It then discusses the five zones of dentine caries: the zone of sclerosis, zone of demineralization, zone of bacterial invasion, zone of destruction, and reactionary dentine. The zones represent areas of increasing demineralization and bacterial involvement as the caries progresses from enamel to dentine.
Fluoride reduces dental caries through multiple mechanisms including:
1) Incorporation into tooth enamel and dentin during development and after eruption, making the tooth structure less soluble in acid.
2) Interacting with the bacterial enzymes and metabolic processes that produce acid in dental plaque, reducing acid production.
3) Promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin that have been demineralized by acid from plaque bacteria.
This document provides information on vitamin D, including its history, forms, sources, functions, deficiency, testing, and role in dental health. It discusses the key points that vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone mineralization, sources include exposure to sunlight and dietary intake of oily fish, eggs, and fortified foods. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to metabolic bone diseases like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, causing bone pain and deformities. Biomarkers and tests are used to diagnose and monitor vitamin D levels.
The document discusses the mechanism of action of fluorides in preventing dental caries. It begins by providing background on fluorine and the structure of hydroxyapatite in enamel. It then discusses how fluoride is incorporated into enamel through different "pools" in the oral environment. The main proposed mechanisms of fluoride include increasing enamel resistance through formation of fluorapatite, enhancing remineralization, and interfering with plaque bacteria. Understanding fluoride's various modes of action helps develop more effective prevention products and programs.
This document discusses various techniques and materials for minimal intervention dentistry and remineralization. It describes the Atraumatic Restorative Technique (ART) which removes decay using hand instruments and restores cavities with adhesive materials. Glass ionomer cements are effective restorative materials for ART due to their fluoride release and adhesion properties. Remineralization involves rebuilding demineralized tooth structure using agents like fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) which provide calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions to remineralize enamel. Newer remineralizing systems and delivery methods like dentifrices, sealants, and restorative materials are also discussed.
The document discusses the junctional epithelium (JE), which is a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that adheres to the tooth surface at the base of the gingival crevice. It outlines the history of terminology used to describe the JE from 1915 to 1971. It describes the boundaries, length, shape, and cell layers of the JE. Finally, it notes some key functions of the JE, including acting as a barrier, allowing gingival crevicular fluid flow, providing attachment to the tooth, and secreting antimicrobial peptides.
Digital technologies have enabled new methods for diagnosing dental caries beyond traditional visual and tactile exams. Fiber-optic transillumination uses light passed through the tooth to detect shadows from demineralized areas. Digital imaging fiber-optic transillumination captures and stores transillumination images. Intraoral cameras provide magnified views of the mouth to examine hard and soft tissues. Electrical conductance methods measure differences in conductivity between sound and demineralized tooth structure to identify caries. Recent advances have improved sensitivity and specificity for early caries detection compared to conventional techniques.
Biodentine is a new tricalcium silicate-based restorative cement that can be used as a dentin substitute with superior physical and biological properties compared to MTA. It sets faster than MTA due to the addition of calcium chloride as an accelerator. Upon setting, Biodentine releases calcium ions that stimulate reparative dentin formation and pulp healing. Studies show Biodentine forms a stronger bond to dentin and achieves higher mechanical strengths than MTA, making it suitable for various restorative, endodontic and pulp capping procedures.
This document discusses calcium, including its history, functions, absorption, metabolism, and sources. It provides the following key points:
- Calcium is essential for bone formation, muscle and nerve function, and plays a role in many biochemical reactions in the body.
- It is absorbed in the small intestine through both passive and active transport, and its levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin.
- Good dietary sources include dairy products like milk and cheese, as well as green leafy vegetables. Calcium supplements may be recommended for some groups.
- Disorders can include osteoporosis, rickets, and hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia if levels
Calcium is an essential mineral required for normal growth and maintenance of the body. 99% of calcium in the human body is found in bones. Calcium levels in blood are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia can result from disorders of these hormones or from other causes like cancer, medications, or kidney disease. Symptoms of hypocalcemia include tetany, seizures, and cardiac issues, while hypercalcemia symptoms include renal damage and gastrointestinal problems. Calcium plays important roles in bone formation, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides information on band and loop space maintainers. It begins by introducing space maintainers and their objectives in maintaining arch integrity and guiding eruption of permanent teeth. It then discusses different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, functional and non-functional varieties. Specific appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe are explained. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of band and loop space maintainers. It provides details on the materials and instrumentation used in fabricating band and loop space maintainers. Overall, the document serves as an overview of band and loop space maintainers, their classification, objectives, considerations and fabrication.
Fluoride is a mineral that is naturally present in varying amounts in water sources. Studies from the early 20th century found correlations between fluoride levels in water and rates of dental caries as well as dental fluorosis. This led to further research demonstrating that optimal levels of fluoride in community water supplies could reduce rates of dental caries. Several large-scale studies in the 1940s-1960s provided strong evidence that water fluoridation at levels around 1 part per million can reduce dental caries by around 25% on average. Fluoride works both systemically during tooth development before eruption and topically on tooth surfaces after eruption to strengthen enamel and make it more resistant to decay.
Remineralization is defined as the process whereby calcium and phosphate ions are supplied from an external source to the tooth thereby, causing ion deposition into crystal voids in demineralized enamel, thus producing net mineral gain.
Remineralization Agents - Biomimetic approaches to stabilization of bioavailable calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions and the localization of these ions to non-cavitated caries lesions for controlled remineralization.
Fermentable carbohydrates provide plaque bacteria with substrate for acid production.
This causes a rapid drop in plaque pH and when pH becomes less than 5.5, hydroxyapatite in enamel breaks down and calcium and phosphate ions diffuse out from the enamel.
5.5 is the “critical pH”, the point where equilibrium exists. There is no mineral dissolution and no mineral precipitation.
The plaque remains acidic for about 30-60 minutes after which normal pH is restored gradually.
The calcium and phosphate ions re-enter enamel when normal pH is restored and thus remineralization occurs.
The document provides an overview of saliva, including its historical significance, composition, functions, and regulation. Some key points:
- Saliva has several functions including lubricating food, aiding taste and digestion, protecting teeth and mouth, and regulating pH.
- It is produced by major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) and minor oral glands.
- Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves regulate salivary secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation increasing watery flow and sympathetic decreasing thick, mucus-rich flow.
- Saliva has digestive, protective, excretory and other roles important for oral and overall health.
This document discusses regressive changes that occur in the pulp and dentin as part of the normal aging process. It begins by covering theories of aging and the roles of oxidative stress and telomeres. It then classifies different regressive changes that can occur in enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, and resorption of teeth. The document goes on to discuss specific regressive changes in detail, including changes to odontoblasts, the extracellular matrix, dentinogenesis, and degenerative changes in the pulp like reticulation, calcification, and changes to blood vessels and nerves. It concludes by discussing endodontic implications of these regressive changes.
THEORIES OF ERUPTION
ERUPTION SEQUENCE
PHYSIOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTION
CELLULAR BASIS
MOLECULAR BASIS
PRODUCTION OF OSTEOCLAST
ANOMOLIES OF TOOTH ERUPTION
This document discusses the effect of nutrition and diet on teeth and the periodontium. It defines key terms and outlines the roles that various nutrients like vitamins A, B, C, D, E, proteins, lipids, and micronutrients play in tooth and periodontal health. Certain diets are linked to conditions like early childhood caries. A balanced diet with nutrients like vitamins and minerals is important for bone formation, periodontal regeneration, and healing after periodontal surgery. Nutrient deficiencies can lead to oral manifestations and increased risk of dental caries and periodontal disease.
This document summarizes the process of tooth eruption. It discusses the pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases of tooth movement. During the pre-eruptive phase, tooth germs move within the jaw before eruption. The eruptive phase involves tooth movement from within the bone to the oral cavity. Post-eruptive movements maintain tooth position as the jaws grow. Theories on the mechanisms controlling eruption and resorption are also presented, along with cellular and molecular factors such as the dental follicle that regulate eruption.
This document provides an overview of cementum, including:
- Its physical characteristics, composition, classification, and formation process (cementogenesis).
- The cells involved in cementum formation and maintenance, including cementoblasts and cementocytes.
- Its locations and junctions with other tissues like enamel and dentin.
- The functions of cementum in anchoring teeth, adaptation, and repair.
- Some developmental anomalies and abnormalities that can affect cementum.
The document summarizes the histopathology of dental caries in enamel and dentine. It describes the four zones seen in enamel caries: the translucent zone, dark zone, body of the lesion, and surface zone. It then discusses the five zones of dentine caries: the zone of sclerosis, zone of demineralization, zone of bacterial invasion, zone of destruction, and reactionary dentine. The zones represent areas of increasing demineralization and bacterial involvement as the caries progresses from enamel to dentine.
Fluoride reduces dental caries through multiple mechanisms including:
1) Incorporation into tooth enamel and dentin during development and after eruption, making the tooth structure less soluble in acid.
2) Interacting with the bacterial enzymes and metabolic processes that produce acid in dental plaque, reducing acid production.
3) Promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin that have been demineralized by acid from plaque bacteria.
This document provides information on vitamin D, including its history, forms, sources, functions, deficiency, testing, and role in dental health. It discusses the key points that vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone mineralization, sources include exposure to sunlight and dietary intake of oily fish, eggs, and fortified foods. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to metabolic bone diseases like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, causing bone pain and deformities. Biomarkers and tests are used to diagnose and monitor vitamin D levels.
The document discusses the mechanism of action of fluorides in preventing dental caries. It begins by providing background on fluorine and the structure of hydroxyapatite in enamel. It then discusses how fluoride is incorporated into enamel through different "pools" in the oral environment. The main proposed mechanisms of fluoride include increasing enamel resistance through formation of fluorapatite, enhancing remineralization, and interfering with plaque bacteria. Understanding fluoride's various modes of action helps develop more effective prevention products and programs.
This document discusses various techniques and materials for minimal intervention dentistry and remineralization. It describes the Atraumatic Restorative Technique (ART) which removes decay using hand instruments and restores cavities with adhesive materials. Glass ionomer cements are effective restorative materials for ART due to their fluoride release and adhesion properties. Remineralization involves rebuilding demineralized tooth structure using agents like fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) which provide calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions to remineralize enamel. Newer remineralizing systems and delivery methods like dentifrices, sealants, and restorative materials are also discussed.
The document discusses the junctional epithelium (JE), which is a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that adheres to the tooth surface at the base of the gingival crevice. It outlines the history of terminology used to describe the JE from 1915 to 1971. It describes the boundaries, length, shape, and cell layers of the JE. Finally, it notes some key functions of the JE, including acting as a barrier, allowing gingival crevicular fluid flow, providing attachment to the tooth, and secreting antimicrobial peptides.
Digital technologies have enabled new methods for diagnosing dental caries beyond traditional visual and tactile exams. Fiber-optic transillumination uses light passed through the tooth to detect shadows from demineralized areas. Digital imaging fiber-optic transillumination captures and stores transillumination images. Intraoral cameras provide magnified views of the mouth to examine hard and soft tissues. Electrical conductance methods measure differences in conductivity between sound and demineralized tooth structure to identify caries. Recent advances have improved sensitivity and specificity for early caries detection compared to conventional techniques.
Biodentine is a new tricalcium silicate-based restorative cement that can be used as a dentin substitute with superior physical and biological properties compared to MTA. It sets faster than MTA due to the addition of calcium chloride as an accelerator. Upon setting, Biodentine releases calcium ions that stimulate reparative dentin formation and pulp healing. Studies show Biodentine forms a stronger bond to dentin and achieves higher mechanical strengths than MTA, making it suitable for various restorative, endodontic and pulp capping procedures.
This document discusses calcium, including its history, functions, absorption, metabolism, and sources. It provides the following key points:
- Calcium is essential for bone formation, muscle and nerve function, and plays a role in many biochemical reactions in the body.
- It is absorbed in the small intestine through both passive and active transport, and its levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin.
- Good dietary sources include dairy products like milk and cheese, as well as green leafy vegetables. Calcium supplements may be recommended for some groups.
- Disorders can include osteoporosis, rickets, and hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia if levels
Calcium is an essential mineral required for normal growth and maintenance of the body. 99% of calcium in the human body is found in bones. Calcium levels in blood are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia can result from disorders of these hormones or from other causes like cancer, medications, or kidney disease. Symptoms of hypocalcemia include tetany, seizures, and cardiac issues, while hypercalcemia symptoms include renal damage and gastrointestinal problems. Calcium plays important roles in bone formation, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission.
This document provides an overview of calcium homeostasis and the regulation of blood calcium levels. It discusses the distribution, storage, and biochemical functions of calcium in the body. The key hormones and mechanisms involved in maintaining calcium levels are parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D), and calcitonin. PTH acts to increase blood calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and renal reabsorption of calcium. Calcitriol increases intestinal calcium absorption. Calcitonin acts to decrease blood calcium levels. Together these hormones tightly control calcium concentrations to ensure levels remain within their normal range.
Calcium metabolism and homeostasis is regulated by a complex interplay of hormones including vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the intestine and calcium resorption from bone. Parathyroid hormone increases calcium resorption from bone and its reabsorption in the kidneys to elevate blood calcium levels. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption and increasing urinary calcium excretion. Together these hormones tightly control blood calcium concentrations through effects on intestinal absorption, kidney reabsorption and bone remodeling.
This document discusses calcium metabolism. It begins by noting the importance of calcium and its distribution in the body, primarily in bones and teeth. It then discusses the daily calcium requirement, sources of calcium including dairy products, and how calcium is absorbed and excreted. The concept of calcium homeostasis maintained by hormones like vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin is also explained. The document provides an overview of calcium metabolism and its relevance for orthodontics in manipulating bone during treatment.
Calcium and Phosphorous metabolism 23-03-23.pptxmalti19
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism is tightly regulated by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. Calcium is crucial for bone development, nerve function, and other processes. The recommended daily intake is 800 mg for adults. Dietary sources include dairy products, leafy greens, and fish. Absorption occurs in the small intestine and is influenced by vitamin D, PTH, and other factors. Hormonal signals work to maintain calcium levels within a narrow range. Disorders like rickets and osteomalacia can result from vitamin D deficiency. Precise regulation is needed to prevent hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses minerals, focusing on calcium and phosphorus. It defines minerals and describes their functions and classifications. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfur. Calcium is necessary for bone and tooth structure, nerve function, blood clotting, and enzyme activation. Good dietary sources are dairy products, sardines, and leafy greens. Absorption involves both passive and active transport in the small intestine and is influenced by vitamin D, phosphorus, and other factors. Deficiencies can result in rickets, osteomalacia, or tetany. Phosphorus also has important functions and food sources, and absorption is influenced by calcium intake and other minerals.
The document discusses calcium metabolism. It states that 99% of calcium in the body is found in bones. Dietary sources of calcium include milk, cheese, fish and vegetables. The daily calcium requirement is 500mg for adults, 1200mg for children, and 1300mg for pregnant/lactating individuals. Calcium is absorbed in the duodenum and regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Disorders of calcium metabolism include hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.
Calcium is an essential mineral that makes up 2% of body weight. Over 99% is stored in bones, with the rest in tissues and plasma. Calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol (active vitamin D). PTH increases calcium levels by promoting bone resorption, while calcitonin and calcitriol decrease calcium levels by reducing resorption. Bisphosphonates are used to treat osteoporosis and Paget's disease by inhibiting bone resorption. They decrease osteoclast activity and survival. Calcium supplements are used to treat deficiencies and osteoporosis, while bisphosphonates and calcim
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism / dental implant courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document summarizes key information about calcium and phosphorus metabolism. It discusses their daily requirements, distribution in the body, dietary sources, functions, factors controlling absorption such as vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. It also outlines hormonal control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and clinical importance of hypo- and hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. The objectives are to understand the role of calcium and phosphorus in the body and factors influencing their metabolism.
Calcium is essential for bone development, muscle contraction, blood clotting and nerve transmission. 99% of calcium is stored in bones while the remaining 1% circulates in blood. Dietary sources like milk aid absorption while factors like phytates inhibit it. Calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and calcitonin. Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia and disorders like rickets impact bone mineralization. Oral manifestations include dry mouth and enamel defects while radiographs show hypoplasia and resorption.
This presentation focuses on calcium intake and calcium deficiencies. Calcium is essential for building strong bones and teeth and maintaining bone density. It is also important for nerve and muscle function. The recommended daily intake varies depending on age and physiological state. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, fish, and fortified foods. Calcium balance is regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Deficiencies can increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
This presentation focuses on calcium intake and calcium deficiencies. Calcium is essential for building strong bones and teeth and maintaining bone density. It is also important for nerve and muscle function. The recommended daily intake varies depending on age and physiological state. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, fish, and fortified foods. Calcium balance is regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Deficiencies can increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
This document discusses calcium metabolism and disorders. It defines calcium and its daily requirements. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Disorders include hypercalcemia caused by overactive parathyroids, and hypocalcemia caused by deficiencies. Hyperparathyroidism has primary, secondary, and tertiary forms caused by changes in calcium levels. The case discusses an older patient with hypercalcemia, high PTH, and symptoms of fatigue from possible primary hyperparathyroidism.
Calcium is essential for many bodily functions like bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve signaling etc. 99% of calcium is stored in bones and remaining 1% is present in extracellular fluids. Calcium level is tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol (active form of vitamin D), and calcitonin. These hormones work to maintain calcium between 9-11 mg/dL by mobilizing calcium from bones and kidneys and absorbing it from intestines. An imbalance in these regulatory hormones can lead to conditions like osteoporosis and rickets.
Drug acting on Calcium Presentation .pptxDrSeemaBansal
Calcium is an essential mineral that is important for bone health and many other bodily functions. It is regulated in the body by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D. Calcium levels can be affected by drugs that interfere with absorption or excretion. Calcium is supplemented orally or intravenously to treat deficiencies. PTH and calcitriol work to increase calcium levels while calcitonin works to decrease them. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium levels by facilitating absorption in the intestine.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. ROLE OF CALCIUM & VITAMIN IN
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH,
BONE, JAWS, ORAL MUCOSA AND IN
PERIODONTAL HEALTH
DR SHWETA DEOLEKAR
1ST YEAR PG
DEPT. OF PEDODONTICS AND PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY
2
3. INTRODUCTION
Nutrition is critical to the oral health of the individual. From gestation through the
end of life, nutrition influences the integrity and function of the dentition and
supporting oral structures and has a direct effect on health in general.
A well-balanced diet is key to ensuring that individuals receive the nutrients they
need. If the diet does not supply enough of the vitamins, minerals, and other
nutrients needed to support healthy tissues, malnutrition develops.
Dentists who are knowledgeable about nutrition are equipped to ask patients
relevant questions about dietary habits that may affect oral and systemic health
and to provide guidance that promotes healthy lifestyles.
3
4. The mineral (inorganic) elements constitute only a small proportion of the body weight.
There is a wide variation in their body content.
Minerals perform several vital functions which are absolutely essential for the very
existence of the organism.
These include calcification of bone, blood coagulation, neuromuscular irritability, acid-base
equilibrium, fluid balance and osmotic regulation.
Certain minerals are integral components of biologically important compounds such as
hemoglobin (Fe), thyroxine (I), insulin (Zn) and vitamin B12 (Co).
4
6. TRACE ELEMENTS ( MICRO-MINERALS)
Essential trace elements :
• Iron, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, fluorine, selenium
and chromium.
Possibly essential trace elements :
• Nickel, vanadium, cadmium and barium.
Non-essential trace elements :
• Aluminium, lead, mercury, boron, silver, bismuth etc.
6
7. CALCIUM HISTORY
Latin- calx or calcis meaning ”lime”
Known as early as first century when ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium
oxide.
Isolated in 1808 by Englishman Sir Humphrey Davy through the electrolysis of a
mixture of lime (CaO) and mercuric oxide (HgO).
In 1883 Sir Sydney Ringer demonstrated the biological significance of calcium.
7
Cline J. Calcium and vitamin d metabolism, deficiency, and excess. Topics in companion animal medicine.
2012 Nov 30;27(4):159-64.
8. CALCIUM
Calcium is the most abundant among the minerals in the body.
The total content of calcium in an adult man is about 1 to 1.5 kg. As much as 99%
of it is present in the bones and teeth.
A small fraction (1%) of the calcium, found outside the skeletal tissue, performs a
wide variety of functions.
Calcium is essential for bone growth as it is required for impregnation of the bone
matrix with minerals. In addition, calcium plays a regulatory role in a number of
specialised functions in the body.
Calcium plays an important role in muscle contraction, blood coagulation,
neurotransmitter secretion and digestion.
8
9. NORMAL VALUE
In a normal young healthy adult, there is about 1,100 g of calcium in the body.
It forms about 1.5% of total body weight.
99% of calcium is present in the bones and teeth and the rest is present in the
plasma.
Normal blood calcium level ranges between 9 and 11 mg/dL.
9
10. SOURCE OF CALCIUM
DIETARY SOURCE :
Whole milk = 10%
Low fat milk = 18%
Cheese = 27%
Other dairy products = 17%
Vegetables = 7%
Other substances such as meat, egg, grains, sugar, coffee, tea, chocolate, etc. = 21%
FROM BONES :
Besides dietary calcium, blood also gets calcium from bone by resorption.
10
11. DAILY REQUIRMENTS OF CALCIUM
1 to 3 years = 500 mg
4 to 8 years = 800 mg
9 to 18 years = 1,300 mg
19 to 50 years = 1,000 mg
51 years and above = 1,200 mg
Pregnant ladies and lactating mothers = 1,300 mg
11
Bueno, A. L., & Czepielewski, M. A. (2008). The importance for
growth of dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D. Jornal de
Pediatria, 84(5), 386–394
12. TYPES OF CALCIUM
CALCIUM IN PLASMA
12
Ionized or diffusible
calcium :
Found freely in plasma
and forms about 50%
of plasma calcium
Non-ionized
or non-
diffusible
calcium :
It is about
8% to 10%
of plasma
calcium
Calcium bound
to albumin :
Forms about
40% to 42%
of plasma
calcium.
13. CALCIUM IN BONES :
Calcium is constantly removed from bone and deposited in bone. Bone
is present in two forms:
1. Rapidly exchangeable calcium or exchangeable calcium: Available in small
quantity in bone and helps to maintain the plasma calcium level.
2. Slowly exchangeable calcium or stable calcium: Available in large quantity in
bones and helps in bone remodeling.
13
14. 14
Reid IR, Bristow SM, Bolland MJ. Calcium supplements: benefits and risks. Journal of internal
medicine. 2015 Oct 1;278(4):354-68.
15. ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM
Calcium is taken through dietary sources as calcium phosphate,
carbonate, tartrate and oxalate.
It is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in to blood and distributed
to various parts of the body.
Two mechanisms have been proposed for the absorption of calcium by
gut mucosa:
1. Simple Diffusion.
2. An active transport process, involving energy and calcium pump.
15
16. EXCRECTION OF CALCIUM
While passing through the kidney, large quantity of calcium is filtered in the
glomerulus.
From the filtrate, 98 to 99% of calcium is reabsorbed in the renal tubules in to
blood and only small quantity is excreted through urine.
Only a small quantity is excreted through urine.
Most of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubules and
proximal part of collecting duct.
Calcium leaves the body mainly in urine and feces, but also in other body tissues
and fluids, such as sweat.
16
17. REGULATION OF BLOOD CALCIUM
LEVEL
Blood calcium level is regulated mainly by three hormones :
1. Parathormone
2. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
3. Calcitonin.
Parathormone
Parathormone is a protein hormone secreted by parathyroid gland and its
main function is to increase the blood calcium level by mobilizing calcium from
bone (resorption).
17
18. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol – Calcitriol
Calcitriol is a steroid hormone synthesized in kidney. It is the activated
form of vitamin D. Its main action is to increase the blood calcium level by
increasing the calcium absorption from the small intestine.
Calcitonin
Calcitonin secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland. Thyroid gland
is a calcium-lowering hormone. It reduces the blood calcium level mainly by
decreasing bone resorption.
18
21. DISEASE STATES
The blood Ca level is maintained within a narrow range by the homeostatic control,
most predominantly by PTH. Hence abnormalities in Ca metabolism are mainly
associated with alterations in PTH.
21
22. HYPERCALCEMIA
Elevated serum calcium level up to 12- 15 mg/dl.
Hypercalcemia is associated with hyperparathyroidism caused by increased
activity of parathyroid glands.
Elevation in the urinary excretion of Ca and P
, often resulting in the formation of
urinary calculi, is also observed in these patients.
The symptoms of hypercalcemia include lethargy, muscle weakness, loss of
appetite, constipation, nausea, increased myocardial contractility and
susceptibility to fractures.
22
23. HYPOCALCEMIA
Hypocalcemia is a more serious and life threatening condition. It is characterized
by a fall in the serum Ca to below 8.5 mg/dl.
Hypocalcemia is mostly due to hypoparathyroidism. This may happen after an
accidental surgical removal of parathyroid glands or due to an autoimmune
disease.
Clinical features include short stature, Short metacarpal or metatarsal bones.
23
24. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
Enamel hypoplasia
Dryness of the mucous membranes
Angular cheilitis
Disturbances in tooth eruption
Root defects
Hypodontia and impacted teeth
Large pulp chambers were observed in the deciduous teeth and the permanent
teeth
24
25. TREATMENT
Supplementation of oral calcium with vitamin D is commonly employed.
In severe cases of hypocalcemia, calcium gluconate is intravenously
administered.
25
26. RICKETS
Rickets is a disorder of defective calcification of bones. This may be due to a low
levels of vitamin D in the body or due to a dietary deficiency of Ca and P — or
both.
An increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase is a characteristic feature of
rickets.
Occurs in children between 6 months to 2 years of age.
Affects long bones.
Lack of calcium causes failure of mineralization resulting into formation of
cartilagenous form of bone.
Most critical area that gets affected is the center endochondral ossification at
the epiphyseal plates.
26
29. TREATMENT
Oral therapy:
Vitamin D- 0.5-1g/24 hr for children 2-4 yrs
1-4g/24 hr for children > 4 yrs.
For patients requiring parenteral administration of phosphate, an initial
phosphate dose of 0.08 mol per kg body weight may be given over six hours.
The dose may be increased to 0.16 mmol per kg if a patient has serious clinical
manifestations.
With early diagnosis and compliance limb deformity Can be minimized.
Corrective osteotomy for deformed limbs should be delayed till serum alkaline
phosphatase levels are normal.
29
Emkey RD, Emkey GR. Calcium metabolism and correcting calcium deficiencies. Endocrinology
and metabolism clinics of North America. 2012 Sep 30;41(3):527-56
31. MINERALISED TOOTH STRUCTURE
Calcium helps to maintain the mineral composition of teeth, which are subject to
both demineralisation and remineralisation dependent on a number of dietary
factors and the pH of the oral environment.
Enamel demineralisation takes place below a pH of about 5.5 (the critical pH).
The critical pH is inversely related to both the calcium and phosphate
concentration of plaque and saliva, which are influenced.
The concentration of calcium in plaque influences demineralisation of tooth
enamel and thus, risk of caries.
The greater the concentration of calcium, the lower is the rate of
demineralization and risk of dental decay.
31
32. Role of Calcium deficiency in the
progress of periodontal diseases
A reduction of bone mineralization aggravates pathological periodontal changes
resulting in less support for the teeth.
Decline in dietary intake of calcium and calcium phosphorus ratio may enhance the
appearance of these conditions by increasing bone resorption.
This type of bone loss affects the bones in descending order- jaw bones (mainly
alveolar bones), cranial bones, ribs, vertebrae and long bones.
Alveolar bone has the highest rate of renewal and is affected first and consequently
is the most severely affected in the long term.
Studies have shown that increased calcium intake improves the suffering of
inflammatory processes and tooth mobility in patients having gingivitis. Insufficient
dietary intake of calcium results in more severe gingival and periodontal diseases.
32
33. EFFECT OF CALCIUM DEFICIENCY ON
BONE AND TEETH
The mineralization of the protein matrix is completed with the deposition of
hydroxyapatite, giving bones and teeth their compressive strength. Composed
of calcium and phosphorus minerals, hydroxyapatite is also a critical component
of both enamel and dentin.
Inadequate intake of calcium during pregnancy may result in bone deformities,
incomplete tooth calcification, tooth malformation, and increased susceptibility
to caries after tooth eruption, especially since enamel will not regenerate once
the maturation process has ended.
33
34. Bone growth continues through childhood and into adolescence. Inadequate
intake of calcium will lead to osteopenia, or decreased bone density and mass.
If this deficiency remains unaddressed, it will lead to osteoporosis, a disorder
wherein the bones become porous, brittle, and subject to fracture.
Tooth mobility and premature tooth loss may result. Although not the most
common site of fractures, the jaw and oral alveoli will exhibit reduced strength
due to the paucity of these minerals.
34
35. CONCLUSION
Pediatricians should actively support the goal of achieving calcium intakes in children and
adolescents comparable to those in recently recommended guidelines.
To emphasize the importance of calcium nutriture, pediatricians should consider including
the following questions about dietary calcium intake.
• What do you drink, either white or chocolate milk, with your meals?
• Do you drink milk with meals, snacks, or cereal or any other time during the day?
• Do you eat cheese, yogurt, or other dairy products such as cottage cheese?
• Do you drink calcium-fortified juices or eat any calcium-fortified foods?
• Do you eat any of the following: broccoli, tofu, oranges, or legumes (dried beans and
peas)?
• Do you take any mineral or vitamin supplements?
35
36. For children and adolescents whose calcium intake seems deficient, specific
information about the sources of dietary calcium should be provided.
Adolescents may need to be reminded that low-fat dairy products, including skim
milk and low-fat yogurts, are good sources of calcium that are not high in fat.
36
Ionized or diffusible calcium: It is essential for vital functions such as neuronal activity, muscle contraction, cardiac activity, secretions in the glands, blood coagulation, etc. Non-ionized or non-diffusible calcium: Present in non-ionic form such as calcium bicarbonate.