This document discusses the writing process for business writing. It begins by defining business writing and noting that business writers aim to communicate information to get work done. It then contrasts business writing with academic writing, noting differences in purpose, audience, formats, and styles. The document outlines principles for clear writing including clarity, simplicity, brevity, and a human tone. It also discusses various pre-writing techniques like questioning, free writing, mapping and keeping a journal. Additional sections cover modes of persuasion, structuring information, and the pyramid principle for organizing ideas. The writing process stages of invention, composition, and revision are also explained.

1. Business Writing And The Writing Process
Prepared by:
Bishwo DC
Sharvan
Chaudhary
Anish Shrestha

2. Sharvan Anish Bishwo
Introduction
Modes Of
Persuasion
Methods And
Principles For
Structuring
Information
Principles of clear
writing
Spider Diagram and
Mind Maps
The Pyramid
Principle
Invention Composition Revision

3. Introduction
• The term business writing refers to memorandums, reports, proposals,
emails, and other forms of writing used in organizations to communicate
with internal or external audiences.
• Business writers write to get work done.
Two Primary Questions To Ask Every Time We Begin A
Business Document:
• Who is my reader?
• What do I want my reader to know or do?

5. Differences
Academic Writing
• Students write because their
instructors require them to write.
Instructors design the assignments.
• They write to learn and to
demonstrate what they know.
• They often write for one reader,
their instructor.
Business Writing
• Business Writers write either at their
own initiative or because someone
in the organization expects them to
write.
• They write to make things happen.
• They often write for large and
complex groups of people.

6. Cont’d………..
Academic Writing
• They write exams, essays,
journals, term papers, oral
reports, etc.
• They use MLA and APA style of
documentation.
• Design: 1" margins all around,
double-spaced, 12 font size, with
page numbers and a title.
Business Writing
• They write memos, letters, reports,
performance evaluations, business
plans ,etc.
• They commonly paraphrase, quote,
and boilerplate text from others
within their same organizations
without any documentation.
• Design: much white space, headings
and subheadings, information on
bullet, visual information as graphs,
logos, charts and pictures.

7. • Anthropology - use Chicago
• Art History - use Chicago or
Turabian
• Arts Management - use Chicago
• Biology - use CSE
• Business - use APA, Chicago or
Harvard
• Chemistry - use ACS
• Communications - use MLA
• Computing Science - use Chicago
• Education - use APA
• History - use Chicago or Turabian
• Journalism - use AP or APA
• Religion - use MLA or Chicago
• Law & Legal Studies - use
Bluebook, Maroonbook or ALWD
• Linguistics - use APA, MLA or
LSA
• Literature - use MLA
• Mathematics - use AMS
• Medicine - use AMA or NLM
• Music - use Turabian or Chicago
• Philosophy - use MLA or Chicago
• Physics - use AIP
• Political Science – APSA
• Psychology - use APA
• Sociology - use ASA
• Theater - use MLA or Chicago

8. Principles Of Clear Writing
• Clarity:
Put the main idea or message first.
• Simplicity:
Keep jargon and other specialized or technical language out of your
content. It should be written in a lucid (easy) language so that it is
clear to the receiver.
• Brevity:
Keep words, sentences and paragraphs brief but complete in the
content.

10. Cont’d……….
• Humanity:
“write like you talk” means to write conversationally, connect
with your reader, appeal to their emotions – basically be
human!
• Logic:
Something has to come first, something has to go last, and
several things usually end up in the middle, one after
another, in a logical sequence.

11. Invention
• Starting point of the writing process.
• It is the process of coming up with game plan and ideas for the
writing assignment.
• For generating ideas, “Do not think about the assignment globally:
Think locally.”
Strategies used to generate ideas:
I. Questions
II. Free writing and Brainstorming
III. Mapping and Clustering
IV. Keeping a writer’s journal

12. Modes Of Persuasion
( Ethos, Pathos, and Logos are modes of persuasion used to
convince audiences. )
• Ethos:
Ethos or the ethical appeal, means to convince an audience of the
author’s credibility or character.
• Pathos:
Pathos or the emotional appeal, means to persuade an audience
by appealing to their emotions.
• Logos:
Logos or the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by
use of logic or reason.

13. Spider Diagram and Mind Maps
Spider Diagram:
• It is widely used for planning or creating ideas in neat and clearly
structured layouts.
• It starts with a central idea and branches out like the legs of a spider.
• It has a hierarchical structure and a lot of phrases and sentences.
• It rarely uses color and images.
Mind maps:
• It is a graphical representation of ideas or topics in a radial, non-
linear manner.
• Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept and other
ideas branch out from them.
• It uses color, single keywords and the hierarchy of the ideas.

14. Spider Diagram

15. Mind Mapping

16. Composition
It is the second stage of the writing process during which a
writer organizes information and ideas into sentences and
paragraphs.
Steps of composing:
• Conducting research
• Narrowing the topic
• Developing the thesis
• Organizing ideas to support the thesis
• Writing the first draft

17. Methods and principles for structuring information
• Chunking:
( Breaking of text into smaller chunks of information. )
Techniques Of Chunking:-
I. Headings
II. White space
III.Rules
IV.Section

18. Cont’d……….
• Ordering:
Arranging information in a way that makes sense.
• Sign-posting:
Offering clues and signals the way the information is structured.
Angle or focus of the discussion or argument about topic.

19. The Pyramid Principle
• By Barbara Minto, an MBA graduate from the Harvard Business
School.
• Concept: It says that your thinking will be easy for a reader to
grasp if you present the ideas organized as a pyramid under a
single point.
Rules:
• Ideas must be summaries of ideas group
• Ideas must be of same kind in each group
• Logically ordered and first step to put the problem and second to
build a case to solve it.

20. Revision
• Revision is the final component of the writing process.
• We review, modify, and reorganize the work by rearranging, adding,
or deleting content, and by making the tone, style, and content
appropriate for the intended audience.
Steps of Revision
Reviewing Proofreading

21. Cont’d……
Reviewing:
• It is revising the paper on the idea-level. Literally, it is re-seeing
the argument of the paper.
Reviewing strategies:
• Refocusing
• Reordering
• Adding and
• Cutting ideas, sentences, and , sometimes paragraphs

22. Cont’d…..
Proofreading:
• Proofreading involves checking for grammatical, spelling, and
mechanical errors.
• Often typos, spelling errors, and sentences structure problems can be
caught this way.
• Proofreading is often made easier by the use of colored ink, bracketed
or parenthetical notations, or proofreading symbols for identification
and correction.

23. Thank You
for listening!!!
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