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LECTURE OF DETAILED ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS.pptx
- 3. Desired Learning Objectives “At the conclusion of this activity, participants will be able to…” Understand Writing Writing Steps Do’s and Don'ts in writing Practice Writing Process 3
- 4. Understanding Writing "Writing" is the process of Using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form. 4
- 5. Steps in Writing Process Pre- Writing Planning and Organizing Drafting Revising and Editing Final Draft! 5
- 6. Pre-Writing Prewriting is the first stage of the writing process and the point at which we discover and explore our initial ideas about a subject. Prewriting helps us to get our ideas on paper, though not usually in an organized form, and brainstorm thoughts that might eventually make their way into our writing. 6
- 7. Pre-Writing- Strategies Brainstorming Listing Clustering Outlining 7
- 8. Pre-Writing- Strategies Brainstorming - Listing - write down as many things as possible. How to be a Successful Language Learner •Practice speaking with others •Take classes •Guess at the meanings of words •Listen to radio or TV •Observe others •Set reasonable goals •Don’t be afraid to experiment •Study vocabulary in related topics •Ask others to correct you •Look for patterns in your errors •Organize your study time •Use special techniques to remember new words •Ask for help when you don’t understand •Review material regularly •Use a dictionary •Choose a good textbook 8
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- 11. Planning & Organizing Rough plan helps to make the process of writing much easier. Make an outline of all that you want to write and then Organize ideas Write a thesis statement Write an outline 11
- 12. Organizing Ideas Chronological order - a method of organization that arranges ideas according to time. Spatial order - a method of organization that arranges ideas according to physical characteristics or appearance. Order of importance - a method of organization that arranges ideas according to their significance. 12
- 13. Advice for Organizing Ideas Look at the question you answered when you were developing you working thesis. Look at your prewriting. Find the main ideas or categories of your thinking. Put less important items under more important items. Make an outline. Decide how you will set up you paper. How can you organize the paper to achieve your objective? 13
- 14. Drafting Turning Pre-Writing ideas into sentences Remember the following guidelines. Don’t worry about writing the ‘perfect’ Develop and support the ideas listed in the outline. Don’t focus on spelling and grammar as it can be checked later in the writing process. 14
- 15. Drafting - Strategies Begin writing with the part you know the most about. Write one paragraph at a time and then stop. Take short breaks to refresh your mind. Be reasonable with your goals. Keep your audience and purpose in mind as you write. 15
- 16. Drafting- Basic Elements Introduction Thesis statement Topic Sentence Supporting sentences Conclusion 16
- 17. Revising & Editing Revising is finding & correcting problems with content Changing the ideas in writing to make them clearer, stronger, and more convincing Revising looks at the “Big Picture” 17
- 18. Revising - Strategies Unity Referring to main point Supporting sentences-topic sentence- thesis statement Detail and Support Required examples with supporting details Coherence All points connecting to form a whole 18
- 19. Editing Editing is finding and correcting problems with grammar, style, word choice & usage, and punctuation. Editing focuses on the “Little Picture” – words. 19
- 20. Editing - Check List Are your capital letters correct? Have you used your punctuation correctly? Are you using verbs, pronouns, and modifiers correctly? Did you check every possible misspelling in a dictionary? 20
- 21. Final Draft The last step is turning in your written script to be graded. Look at the guidelines below for turning in the final draft of your essay. Follow the outline Be Careful of the mistakes Write according to the purpose of writing Make sure it should be complete in all respects 21
- 22. The “Dos” Write in a clear, “plain” style. Exception: when appropriate, use jargon common in your field. Use active voice. Put your verbs to work for you and use direct, clear sentences. Vary your sentence structure Use consistent tenses Exception: past tense is used in history papers and in reference to experiments done in the past. 22
- 23. The “Don’ts” Don’t use first person pronouns Exceptions: some academic writing requires the use of first-person pronouns: reflection papers, ethnographic studies, etc. Tip: Never use the word “you”! Do not use contractions Tip: “cannot” is one word and “a lot” is two words! Don’t use archaic terms Don’t use slang Don’t use clichés Don’t use qualifiers 23
- 24. Recap 24
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Editor's Notes
- Brainstorming - thinking of as many ideas as possible in a short amount of time. Listing - similar to “brainstorming” write down as many things as possible. Clustering- Like a web, start with topic in a circle in the middle of paper, draw lines to other circles with sub topics and ideas on main idea Free Writing - pouring all of your thoughts onto paper. Outlining- more organized form of pre- writing than the others we discussed, can be used after you have generated ideas through brainstorming, free writing, or other pre-writing techniques.
- Unity Does everything refer back to the main point? Does each topic sentence refer to the thesis? Does each sentence in the paragraph refer back to the topic sentence? Detail and Support Does each paragraph contain at least two examples? Is each example followed by at least one supporting detail? Coherence Are all points connecting to form a whole? Are transitions used to move from one idea to the next?
- Write in a clear, “plain” style. Avoid “flowery” language at all costs! If necessary, throw out your Thesaurus! Readers are more impressed by the quality of your ideas than your use of multi-syllabic terms. Exception: when appropriate, use jargon common in your field. 3 Vary your sentence structure Readers get tired when they read a series of lengthy sentences with multiple clauses. Similarly, they feel rushed by a series of short, terse sentences. As much as possible, vary the length and construction of your sentences. Use consistent tenses Put your verbs to work for you and use direct, clear sentences. Present tense is most common in academic papers, and should be used when referring to written texts. Future tense is almost never used. Exception: past tense is used in history papers and in reference to experiments done in the past. All writers get very involved in their own ideas and need an outside reader to provide feedback.
- Don’t use first person pronouns ("I", "we," "me," "us," "my," and "our"). Most readers know Do not use contractions. This rule is stylistic and the goal is a “cleaner” paper. There are many exceptions to this rule and the best thing to do is check with the professor. Don’t use archaic terms. “Thus” and “alas” are not terms utilized in common English and should not be used in your academic paper! Don’t use slang. Though academic writing should use common English terms, it is not casual writing. Don’t use clichés. Be careful – clichés are easy to use. For example, “too little, too late” seems full of meaning, but it is considered vague and cliché in an academic paper (“really,” “very,” “surely,” “often,” “hopefully,” “basically,” etc.). These terms make your paper sound unsure and tentative. Delete these words for a stronger, more direct paper.