Bulls eye transaction occurs when a stimulus from one person appeals to all the ego states (Parent, Adult and child) of the other person simultaneously.
Carom Transaction is three handed. One person speaks to another while hoping to influence the third one who can overhear it. For example, a man may be too fearful to speak directly to is boss, so says something to a co – worker, hoping the boss will get the message.
Working in the early 1970s, clinical psychologist Taibi Kahler made an intriguing discovery. He had followed up Berne’s idea that the script may be played out over very short periods.
Second by second, Kahler noted his subjects words, tones, gestures, postures and facial expressions. He found that there were certain distinctive sets of behaviors which people consistently showed just before they moved into any kind of scripty behavior or feelings.
Kahler and his coworkers listed five of these second by second behavior sequences. They called them drivers. Further study showed that driver behavior was part of a wider pattern which Kahler called the miniscript.
Life scripts - Transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
The theory of script was developed by Eric Berne and his Co-workers, notably Claude Steiner, in the mid 1960’s.
The concept of script has grown in importance as a part of TA theory, until now it ranks with the ego state model as a central idea of TA.
Breaking out of process script patterns - Transactional AnalysisManu Melwin Joy
If you are uncomfortable with your process script, you can step out of it. Of all the personal changes TA makes feasible, this is one of the easiest to accomplish. You need to begin by establishing what your own main process patterns are. Once you have this insight, you simply take Adult control and behave in ways that break the pattern.
Carom Transaction is three handed. One person speaks to another while hoping to influence the third one who can overhear it. For example, a man may be too fearful to speak directly to is boss, so says something to a co – worker, hoping the boss will get the message.
Working in the early 1970s, clinical psychologist Taibi Kahler made an intriguing discovery. He had followed up Berne’s idea that the script may be played out over very short periods.
Second by second, Kahler noted his subjects words, tones, gestures, postures and facial expressions. He found that there were certain distinctive sets of behaviors which people consistently showed just before they moved into any kind of scripty behavior or feelings.
Kahler and his coworkers listed five of these second by second behavior sequences. They called them drivers. Further study showed that driver behavior was part of a wider pattern which Kahler called the miniscript.
Life scripts - Transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
The theory of script was developed by Eric Berne and his Co-workers, notably Claude Steiner, in the mid 1960’s.
The concept of script has grown in importance as a part of TA theory, until now it ranks with the ego state model as a central idea of TA.
Breaking out of process script patterns - Transactional AnalysisManu Melwin Joy
If you are uncomfortable with your process script, you can step out of it. Of all the personal changes TA makes feasible, this is one of the easiest to accomplish. You need to begin by establishing what your own main process patterns are. Once you have this insight, you simply take Adult control and behave in ways that break the pattern.
If I live out my script according to the Until pattern, my motto in life is: “I can’t have fun until I have finished my work.” They believe that “something good can’t happen until something less good has been finished.”
Achieving autonomy is the ultimate goal in transactional analysis.Being autonomous means being self governing, determining one’s own destiny, taking responsibility for one’s own actions and feelings and throwing off patterns that are irrelevant and inappropriate to living in the here and now
Structural pathology - Transactional AnalysisManu Melwin Joy
Berne suggests that ego boundaries can be thought of as semi permeable membranes through which psychic energy can flow from one ego state to another. Some people continually act in unpredictable ways and others are so predictable they seem monotonous. These disorders are caused by ego state boundaries which are too lax or tight, have lesions or overlap. This is known as structural pathology.
Passive behaviors - Discounting (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrativ...Manu Melwin Joy
When I discount, I do so by making statement to myself in my own head. Thus a discount itself is not observable. Since you can’t thought read, you have no way of knowing I am discounting unless I speak or act in some way which indicates the presence of the discount. These behaviors are known as passive behaviors.
Berne's energy theory - Cathexis (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrati...Manu Melwin Joy
Eric Berne developed a theoretical explanation of what happens when we shift executive power and our sense of real self between one ego state and another. Berne followed Freud in hypothesizing the concept of psychic energy or cathexis.
Transactional Analysis Proper is the analysis of ego states or self sorters in communication between people.
It includes both verbal and non verbal, physical and symbolical, genuine and counterfeit interactions.
Fanita English has described a specially virulent kind of script message which she calls episcript. Here, a parent conveys an injunction and adds to it the non verbal message: “ I hope this happens to you, so that it wont have to happen to me.”
People moving toward autonomy expand their personal capacities for awareness, spontaneity and intimacy. As this occurs, they develop integrated adult ego states.
Filtering more and more Parent and Child material through their Adult and learning new behavior patterns are parts of the integrating process.
Frame of reference and redefining - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
The frame of reference is defined by the Schiffs as the structure of associated responses which integrates the various ego states in response to specific stimuli.
In their work as therapist, Bob and Mary Goulding found that twelve themes emerged again and again as the basis for people’s negative early decisions. They developed the list of these twelve injunctions.
Structure and function (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approac...Manu Melwin Joy
To use the ego state model effectively, you need clear understanding of the differences between structure and function. The functional model classifies observed behavior. The structural model classifies stored memories and strategies.
Mini script - Transactional Analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Drivers reflect a position of conditional OKness. They are manifestations of counter script messages. As with any other counter injunctions, drivers may perform the script function of defending against heavier decisions formed during injunction.
Historical diagnosis (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approach ...Manu Melwin Joy
In historical Diagnosis, we ask questions about how the person was as a child. We ask about the person’s parents and parent figures. This lets us double check on our impressions of the person’s functional ego states. It also lets us know about ego state structure
Berne’s choice of the word stroke refer to infant need for touching. As grownups, we still crave physical contact. But we also learnt to substitute other forms of recognition in place of physical touching. A smile, a compliment or for that matter a frown or an insult – all show us that our existence has been recognized. Berne used the term recognition hunger to describe our need for this kind of acknowledgement from others.
The “stroking profile” concept was introduced for the first time by Jim McKenna in the Transactional Analysis Journal (October 1974). It analyzes stroking patterns by use of bar charts.
Internal transaction is a way of describing what a person may do inside his or her head.Each person can shift ego states and hold a conversation between parent, adult and child inside the self.
If I live out my script according to the Until pattern, my motto in life is: “I can’t have fun until I have finished my work.” They believe that “something good can’t happen until something less good has been finished.”
Achieving autonomy is the ultimate goal in transactional analysis.Being autonomous means being self governing, determining one’s own destiny, taking responsibility for one’s own actions and feelings and throwing off patterns that are irrelevant and inappropriate to living in the here and now
Structural pathology - Transactional AnalysisManu Melwin Joy
Berne suggests that ego boundaries can be thought of as semi permeable membranes through which psychic energy can flow from one ego state to another. Some people continually act in unpredictable ways and others are so predictable they seem monotonous. These disorders are caused by ego state boundaries which are too lax or tight, have lesions or overlap. This is known as structural pathology.
Passive behaviors - Discounting (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrativ...Manu Melwin Joy
When I discount, I do so by making statement to myself in my own head. Thus a discount itself is not observable. Since you can’t thought read, you have no way of knowing I am discounting unless I speak or act in some way which indicates the presence of the discount. These behaviors are known as passive behaviors.
Berne's energy theory - Cathexis (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrati...Manu Melwin Joy
Eric Berne developed a theoretical explanation of what happens when we shift executive power and our sense of real self between one ego state and another. Berne followed Freud in hypothesizing the concept of psychic energy or cathexis.
Transactional Analysis Proper is the analysis of ego states or self sorters in communication between people.
It includes both verbal and non verbal, physical and symbolical, genuine and counterfeit interactions.
Fanita English has described a specially virulent kind of script message which she calls episcript. Here, a parent conveys an injunction and adds to it the non verbal message: “ I hope this happens to you, so that it wont have to happen to me.”
People moving toward autonomy expand their personal capacities for awareness, spontaneity and intimacy. As this occurs, they develop integrated adult ego states.
Filtering more and more Parent and Child material through their Adult and learning new behavior patterns are parts of the integrating process.
Frame of reference and redefining - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
The frame of reference is defined by the Schiffs as the structure of associated responses which integrates the various ego states in response to specific stimuli.
In their work as therapist, Bob and Mary Goulding found that twelve themes emerged again and again as the basis for people’s negative early decisions. They developed the list of these twelve injunctions.
Structure and function (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approac...Manu Melwin Joy
To use the ego state model effectively, you need clear understanding of the differences between structure and function. The functional model classifies observed behavior. The structural model classifies stored memories and strategies.
Mini script - Transactional Analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Drivers reflect a position of conditional OKness. They are manifestations of counter script messages. As with any other counter injunctions, drivers may perform the script function of defending against heavier decisions formed during injunction.
Historical diagnosis (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approach ...Manu Melwin Joy
In historical Diagnosis, we ask questions about how the person was as a child. We ask about the person’s parents and parent figures. This lets us double check on our impressions of the person’s functional ego states. It also lets us know about ego state structure
Berne’s choice of the word stroke refer to infant need for touching. As grownups, we still crave physical contact. But we also learnt to substitute other forms of recognition in place of physical touching. A smile, a compliment or for that matter a frown or an insult – all show us that our existence has been recognized. Berne used the term recognition hunger to describe our need for this kind of acknowledgement from others.
The “stroking profile” concept was introduced for the first time by Jim McKenna in the Transactional Analysis Journal (October 1974). It analyzes stroking patterns by use of bar charts.
Internal transaction is a way of describing what a person may do inside his or her head.Each person can shift ego states and hold a conversation between parent, adult and child inside the self.
People carrying this message may become panicky when they are asked to take on any kind of leadership role. They may “Dry up” when called upon to speak in public.
An angular transaction is described as one in which one person gives an open message accompanied by a hidden message, and the second person gives an open message which is a response to the hidden message.
In healthy relationships, people transact directly, straightforwardly and on occasion, intensely.
These transactions are complementary and free from ulterior motives.
If I exclude adult, I switch of my grown up power of reality testing. Instead, I hear only an internal parent child dialogue. Usually, people who are diagnosed as psychotic falls under the category of excluded adult.
Weak transactions are those that are superficial, perfunctory and lack feeling of intensity. Such is the case if a wife says to husband, “I wonder if we should go out for dinner tonight”, and he responds “ I don’t care dear. Whatever you say, dear.”
Origin of process script - Transactional AnalysisManu Melwin Joy
Why are there only six process themes? Why are they so uniform across cultures? Nobody knows. Finding the answers to these questions is a challenging task for TA research. We do have some idea about how process script is transmitted from parents to children. It seem to be part of the counterscript, passed on mainly by parental modeling.
Any smiling response to a person’s misfortune may serve as a gallows transaction. This inappropriate smile or laugh is described by Claude Steiner as the gallows transaction. The smile serves to tighten the noose and destructive behavior is reinforced.
Your process script pattern - Transactional AnalysisManu Melwin Joy
Look through the descriptions given below for the different process script types. Pick out the pattern or patterns that have been typical for you. Are you comfortable with this pattern or patterns as a way of behaving in the future?
People who have excluded parents will operate with no ready made rules about the world. Instead, they made their own rules afresh in every situation. Politicians, mafia bosses etc fall into this category of excluded parent.
Someone who excludes child will shut out the stored memories of his own childhood. When we express feelings as grownups, we are often in our child ego state. Therefore the person with excluded child will often be regarded as cold fish or all head.
Duplex Complementary ulterior transactions are those in which there is more than one level of communication.
There will be hidden messages as well as open messages.
Normally speaking, complex transactions which takes place at two levels will be complementary because if there is a crossed transaction, the communication will stop in one way or another.
Indigents go from agency to agency seeking welfare funds. Even though they are supposed to look for other jobs, they devote actually little time for it and tend to remain in their current position. Antithesis consists in withholding the benefits.
A person with constant parent will deal with the world solely by accessing set of parental rules.
They treat others, even business associates, as if they were children. One type of constant parent is hardworking and has a strong sense of duty.
Another type of constant parent is the perpetual nurturer or rescuer who may play the role of benevolent dictator or may come on as saintly person who is devoted to helping others.
Philemon and baucis open ended script - Transactional AnalysisManu Melwin Joy
The motto of the Open ended script is: Once I get to a certain point in time, I wont know what to do with myself afterwards”. It recalls the myth of philemon and Baucis. This elderly couple welcomed the gods in the form of travel worn strangers when others would not. As a reward for their kindness, the gods extended their lives by turning them into trees planted besides each other with their branches entwined.
The person who operates primarily as Constant Child is the one who is the perpetual little boy or girl who, like Peter Pan, doesn’t want to grow up.
People who act from their Constant Child don’t think for themselves, make their own decisions or take responsibility for their own behavior. People with this ego boundary problem are often successful as performers on the stage or on the playing field
He is unable to join in the fun. Instead the functions almost solely as a planner, information collector and data processor. They may seek jobs that are object oriented rather than people oriented. Constant Adult often experiences trouble on a job if supervising others is required. With little caring parent or fun loving child, this person’s relationship are likely to be sterile.
Nowadays is a punitive parental pastime (Ex : Juvenile delinquency). Broken Skin is an adult variation with the slogan “what a pity”. Water cooler is the child pastime with the slogan “ Look what they are doing to us now”.
These are often half hostile, half affectionate.
The message is buried in some form of kidding.
For example, one student may say to another, “Hey genius, when you are going to finish that book? I want to read it.”. The other may toss the book, saying “ Here you are, butterfingers. Catch it if you can.”
Racket analysis - Transactional Analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Any time your experience a racket feeling, you are in script.
As children, we use racket feeling to get our needs met in families.
We attempt to manipulate the environment so as to gain the parental support we gained in childhood by experiencing and showing these racket feelings.
Contracts for change - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Berne defined a contract as an explicit bilateral commitment to a well defined course of action.
James and Jongeward defined contract as an adult commitment to one’s self and/or someone else to make a change.
Symbiosis and script - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Thus in ideal parenting, the child’s caretaker will be employing Parent and Adult resources appropriately, while still not discounting her own Child. As the child grows, the parent will provide him with what is needed to complete each stage of development.
Healthy symbiosis - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
For example, I have just come out from under anesthetic after an operation. Nurse is holding my hands and telling : “ You will be alright. Just hang one to my hand”. At that point, my Adult and Parent are out of commission.
Role of parent in frame of reference - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin...Manu Melwin Joy
The parent ego state plays a particularly important part in the formulation of the frame of reference. This is because our frame of reference consists of definitions of the world, self and others.
Frame of reference and ego states - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
As an further aid to understanding the frame of reference, the Schiffs suggest that it can be thought of as a “skin that surrounds the ego states binding them together.
Frame of reference - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
The frame of reference is defined by the Schiffs as the structure of associated responses which integrates the various ego states in response to specific stimuli.
Your miniscript patterns - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Think of some recent situations in which you responded to stress by feeling bad. In your imagination, re-play each situation up to the point where you just began experiencing the bad feeling.
Four myths underling drivers and rackets - transactional analysis - Manu Me...Manu Melwin Joy
Taibi Kahler suggests there are four myths which underlie drivers and rackets. They consists of two pairs. One of each pair comes from the parent. The other is a child response.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Prepared By
Manu Melwin Joy
Research Scholar
School of Management Studies
CUSAT, Kerala, India.
Phone – 9744551114
Mail – manu_melwinjoy@yahoo.com
Kindly restrict the use of slides for personal purpose.
Please seek permission to reproduce the same in public
forms and presentations.
3. Bulls Eye Transaction
• Bulls eye transaction
occurs when a stimulus
from one person appeals
to all the ego states
(Parent, Adult and child)
of the other person
simultaneously.
4. • Think about a situation where
you have felt locked into a
familiar uncomfortable groove
of parallel transaction with
someone. Using the functional
model, locate the ego states
you and the other person have
been coming from.
• Now work out at least four
ways you could use you ego
state options to cross this flow
of transaction.
• From this list. Select on which is
safe.
Activity