Bullet trains

ORIGIN
Japan opened the world's first high-speed rail line, between Tokyo and Osaka, in
time for the 1964 Olympics.
Initially, it was built to connect distant Japanese regions with Tokyo, the capital, in
order to aid economic growth and development.
In 1964, world's first high speed rail system – Shinkansen or bullet train
started ops at speed of 210 kmph. In 1973, West Germany's TR04 Maglev touched
250 kmph.
High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that runs significantly faster than
traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and
dedicated tracks.

BY
WHOM
Hideo Shima (島秀雄, Shima Hideo, 20 May 1901 – 18 March 1998) was a
Japanese engineer and the driving force behind the building of the first bullet
train.
Shima was born in Osaka in 1901, and educated at the Tokyo Imperial
University, where he studied Mechanical Engineering. His father was part of a
group of officials that had built up Japan's emerging railroad industry.
Hideo Shima joined the Ministry of Railways (Japanese Government
Railways) in 1925, where, as a rolling-stock engineer, he designed steam
locomotives.
Shima also participated in the design and fabrication of a standard automobile
which was mass-produced when World War II broke out. This experience helped
in the rapid growth of the Japanese automobile industry after the war.
In 1969, Shima began a second career, becoming the head of the National
Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA), where he pushed the
development of hydrogen engines to power rockets. He retired in 1977.

THE EARLY DAYS OF THE SHINKANSEN
A high-speed intercity train network that currently consists of more than
2,600 kilometers of rail lines, the Shinkansen was first launched more than 50
years ago.
Its inaugural segment, the Tokaido Shinkansen, started operation on October 1,
1964, shortly before the opening of the Tokyo Olympics.
A trip between Tokyo and Osaka used to take six hours and 40 minutes via the
old Limited Express trains, but it was cut down to just three hours and 10
minutes with the Tokaido Shinkansen.
Because of this significant development, day trips to and from the two big
cities became more frequent since.

THE EARLY DAYS OF THE SHINKANSEN
The Shinkansen’s success continued as traffic demand increased through the
next couple of years.
By July 13, 1967, two months before its third anniversary, it had already
serviced 100 million passengers.
And, in 1976, it reached the one billion passenger mark. By 1992, it became
the busiest bullet train line in the world, averaging 23,000 passengers in an hour
per direction.

EXPANSION AND DEVELOPMENT
Due to the public’s affirmative response to the Shinkansen, an extensive rail
network that extended to the west, to Okayama, Fukuoka, and Hiroshima was
built and finished in 1975.
Shinkansen networks that link the islands of Kyushu and Honshu to a number
of large urban areas were also established
Over the years, more lines, including the Sanyo Shinkansen, Joetsu
Shinkansen, Chuo Shinkansen, and Tohoku Shinkansen, and train models, such as
the 100 Series, 300 Series, 500 Series, and 700 Series, have been introduced to
meet the constant increase in the volume of commuters in the country’s major
metropolises.

PRESENT DAY
In the past ten years, the Shinkansen has transported more than 10 billion
commuters, averaging about 150 million passengers per year. In Tokyo and
Osaka alone, as many as 26 16-car trains, with a capacity of 1,300 seats each,
operate in both directions every hour.
The fastest bullet train currently operating in Japan is the Nozomi, which
covers the Shin-Osaka to Hakata route and runs on the Tokaido/Sanyo
Shinkansen lines at speeds of up to 300 kilometers per hour.

AUTOMATIC TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEM
For Safety and navigation, an Automatic Train Control (ATC) system runs the
entire network.
 The system warns the train driver with speed indications and audible warnings
in case the train passes its prescribed speed.
 In Japan, the Shinkansen is not allowed to go above speeds of 320 Km/h - 350
Km/h.
The Automatic Train Control system will deploy the brakes of the train if the
driver does not pay heed to warnings generated by the system.

THE BULLET TRAIN TRACK
TYPE OF MAGNET USES-:
This Train uses superconducting electric magnets in the vehicle to levitate
and propel the train. These magnets are cooled by liquid helium or liquid
nitrogen. These means once electrified these magnets do not require
additional energy.

The magnetized coil running along the track,called a guideway,allowing
the train to levitate between 0.39 and 3.93 inches above the guideway.
Once the train is levitated ,power is supplied to the coils within the
guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and
push the train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to the coils
in the guideway walls is constantlyalternating to change the polarity of the
magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in
front of the train to pull the vehicle forward , while the magnetic field
behind the train adds more forward thrust.

SUPPORT SYSTEM
The electromagnets on the underside of
the train pull it up to the ferromagnetic
stators on the track and levitate the train.
The magnets on the side keep the train
from moving from side to side.
A computer changes the amount of
current to keep the train 1cm from the
track.

TWO TYPES OF BULLET TRAIN TECHNOLOGIES
ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSION (EMS)
In current electromagnetic suspension systems , the train levitates above a steel rail
while electromagnets , attached to the train , are oriented toward the rail from below .
The system is typically arranged on a series of c-shaped arms , with the upper portion of
the arm attached to the vehicle and the lower inside edge containing the magnets . The
rail is situated between the upper and lower edges.
ELECTRODYNAMIC SUSPENSION (EDS)
In electrodynamic suspension , both the rail and the train exert a magnetic field and the
train is levitated by the repulsive force between these magnetic fields. The magnetic
field in the train is produced by either superconducting magnets or by an array of
permanent magnets. The repulsive force in the track is created by an induced magnetic
field in wires or other conducting strips in the track.

PROPULSION SYSTEM
The system consists of aluminium
three-phase cable windings in the stator
packs that are on the guideway.
When a current is supplied to the
windings, it creates a travelling
alternating current that propels the train
forward by pushing and pulling.
When the alternating current is
reversed, the train brakes.
Different speeds are achieved by
varying the intensity of the current.
Only the section of track where the
train is travelling is electrified.

PROPULSION
An alternating currennt is ran through electromagnet coils on the guide walls of the
guide way. This creates a magnetic field that attracts and repels the superconducting
magnets on the train and propels the train forward.
Braking is accomplished by sending an alternating current in the reverse direction so
that it is slowed by attractive and repulsive forces.

SEATING CAPACITY AND CLASSES
The train has three separate classes namely business class, green class, ordinary class.
E 5 Series Shinkansen train configured with ten cars and has a capacity to carry 731
passengers.
658 seats of ordinary class, 55 seats are of green class and 18 seats are in business
class.

APPLICATION INFORMATION
SAFETY-:
 The trains are virtually impossible to derail because the train is wrapped around the
track.
Collisions between trains are unlikely because computers are controlling the trains
movements.
MAINTENANCE-:
There is very little maintenance because there is no contact between the parts.
COMFORT-:
The ride is smooth while not accelerating.
ECONOMIC EFFICENCY-:
The initial investment is similar to other high speed rail roads .
Operating expenses are half of that of other rail roads.
A train is composed of sections that each contain 100 seats and a train can have
between 2 and 10 sections.

MUMBAI –AHMEDABAD BULLET TRAIN PROJECT

BETTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Less energy consumption because no rail-track friction.
Requires no fossil fuel which can harm the environment.
Less noise pollution since the train never hits the track.
Maglev guideways and trains take up less space than
conventional trains.

COUNTRIES HAVING HIGH SPEED TRAINS
Austria
 Belgium
 China
 France
Germany
 Italy
Japan
 Poland
 Portugal
 Russia
 South Korea
Spain
Sweden
 Taiwan
Turkey
United Kingdom
 United States and Uzbekistan.

SUMMARY
Bullet trains use magnets to levitate and propel the trains
forward.
Since there is no friction these tarins can reach high speeds.
It is safe and efficient way to travel.

Bullet trains

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