The document provides details about a case study on fire protection at Taylor's Lakeside Campus. It discusses the objectives, causes and effects of fires, as well as active and passive fire protection methods. For active fire protection, the campus utilizes fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems, fire alarms and smoke detectors. Passive methods include compartmentalization, fire doors and resistant building materials. The study aims to evaluate the campus' fire safety and provide recommendations to minimize fire risks.

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BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
BLD 60503 BUILDING SERVICES II
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
CASE STUDY OF FIRE PROTECTION IN TAYLOR’S LAKESIDE
CAMPUS
Lecturer : Mr. Tan Hee Chai
Name : Tan Jia Yi (0319476)
Yap Jia En (0319550)
Yeo Dor Een (0316224)
Lee Ren Jet (0319058)
NgahYea Zhe (0323204)
Elliot Pang Tiu Seng (0319438)
JacksonTing Shii Hang (0324326)

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Content Page No.
Introduction 3
Objectives 4
Fire Safety Measures 5~6
Causes Of Fire 7~10
Effects Of Fire 11~15
Active Fire Protection 16~21
Passive Fire Protection 22~30
Recommendations 31~32
Conclusion 33

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Introduction
Since our ancestors discovered the existence of fire, it had been widely used in
many purposes. For instance, human use it to cook their food, making them more tasty
and as well as being hygiene. The wide usage of fire had leaded us to a greater stage of
development in human history, as it had given us comfort for life needs such as warmth,
protection, health and more.
However, anything is a double-edged sword. Even though with those benefits, it
is also a disaster that human have been suffering since ancient. Without proper care for it,
it will be putting our life in danger as well. For instance, leaving stove open unsupervised
may cause a great explosion. Fire is catastrophic, as it had caused many people homeless.
Out of your expectation, you may even lose your nice and cozy house in one night due to
inferno.
Nowadays, even with those modern technologies, fire proofing is still a concern to
take care of. Nothing can be survived under the invasion of blaze. As a result, whole
nation is trying to develop a fire protection measure to diminish the attack on inferno.
Although the system developed currently is still not a 100 percent fireproof, it still results
in a great reduction in fire occurrence.
What is fire protection? It is a study that concentrates on lower the frequency of
destructive fire. It is inclusive of the study about the behavior, compartmentalization,
suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies.
There are 3 basic essentials of fire protection:
I. Study of fire: To learn why fire disaster occurs, fire extinguishing techniques,
detection and extinguishing equipment usage, and the rules and regulation of the
building.
II. Active fire protection: Includes manual or automatic detection of fire, the use of
fire and smoke alarms, firefighting and first aid.
III. Passive Fire Protection: Design of building and infrastructures, use of fire
resistance material in construction, provision of isolating fire, fire walls and doors,
smoke doors, training of firefighting, signage, markings and evacuation of
building in case of fire.

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Objectives
 To understand the design of fire protection system for various type of high rise
buildings.
 To identify the main causes and effects of fire breakout in high rise buildings.
 Engage in inquiry-based learning where students learn to acquire skills to research,
analyze and evaluate material which is relevant to a particular project;
 Evaluate all relevant aspects of management and other specialism taking account of
regulations, the needs of society and ethical correctness;
 Convey results of work effectively both orally and in writing;
 Encourage leadership, effective group dynamics and self-development;
 Understand the logical sequence of local construction practices on safety and health;
 Use of IT and communicate effectively;
 To distribute the roles given in assignment to group members appropriately.
 To be able to supervise the working process of group members.
 To promote concept of teamwork in the group.
 To enable students to enhance their knowledge about fire breakout and its protection
measures.

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Fire SafetyMeasures
According to UBBL 1984, Section 255:
1. Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire
and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit sign in signs in accordance
with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these by laws.
2. Under UBBL 1984, Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift.
 All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
 Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door.
 Reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo detectors unless
incorporated with a force close features which after thirty second of any unless
incorporated with a force close feature which a thirty seconds of any interruption
of the beam causes to door to close within a preset-time.

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3. According to UBBL 1984, Section 237:
 Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the tenth schedule to
these by laws.
 All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and
storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5m in height
shall be install fire alarms.
 Provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous
signal) shall be given immediately in the effected section of the premises
while an alert.
 (Intermittent signal) be given adjoining section
 Provison should be made for the general evacuation of the premises by
action of a master control.
4. Under to UBBL 1984,Section 228:
 Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the
exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
 All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station
to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

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Main Causes and Effects of Fire in High Rise Buildings
Causes Of Fire
a. Electrical & Lighting
Electrical fires can have a number of different origins. They can be caused by an
equipment malfunction, from an overloaded circuit or extension cord, or from an
overheated light bulb, space heater, washer, dryer or other appliance. Overloaded
extension cords, power strips and outlets are one of the leading causes of fires.
b. Flammable Liquids
Flammable liquids – those fuels, solvents, cleaning agents, thinners, adhesives, paints,
and other raw materials which can be ignited or cause explosion if stored improperly. The
vapours can easily ignite from even just high temperatures or weak ignition sources (one
spark of static electricity). Don’t store flammable liquids near a heating source but,
ideally, in a cool ventilated area with approved containers.

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c. Smoking
Fires caused by careless smoking result in more collegiate fatalities than any other
ignition source. Most smoking-related fires begin when someone abandons or improperly
disposes of smoking materials. Most fires caused by smoking materials start inside, so
it’s better and safer to smoke outside.

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d. Candles
Causes of candle fires include leaving them unattended in a room or someone playing
with the candles. Even something as simple as knocking a candle over when someone
bumps a table they're sitting on is enough to spark a fire. Report shows that 20 percent of
university housing fires in bedrooms are started by candles. More than half of all candle
fires occur when a combustible material is too close to the candle, with the most common
materials being bedding and curtains.
e. Cooking Equipment
When a pot or pan overheats or splatters greases, it can take seconds to cause a fire. Stay
in the kitchen when cooking, especially when using oil or high temperatures; most
kitchen fires occur because people get distracted and leave their cooking unattended.
Keep combustibles (e.g. oven mitts, dish towels, paper towels) away from heat sources.
One of the causes fire occurs in university is due to unattended cooking in university
restaurants or student’s learning kitchen.

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f. Inadequate Wiring
Many places can be found to have inadequate wiring – a fire and an electrical hazard.
There are some warning signs such as the moment you have to disconnect one appliance
to plug in another, when you have to use extension cords or “octopus” outlets extensively,
when fuses blow or circuit breakers trip frequently or when lights dim when you use
another appliance.

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Effects of Fire
a. Smoke (airborne products of combustion)
Fire will produce smoke which is a collection of tiny solid, liquid and gas particles.
Although smoke can contain hundreds of different chemicals and fumes, visible smoke is
mostly carbon (soot), tar, oils and ash. It occurs when there is incomplete combustion
(not enough oxygen to burn the fuel completely). In complete combustion, everything is
burned, producing just water and carbon dioxide. When incomplete combustion occurs,
not everything is burned. Smoke is a collection of these tiny unburned particles. Each
particle is too small to see with your eyes, but when they come together, you see them as
smoke.
It is very toxic (Primarily due to HCN- Hydrogen Cyanide and CO-Carbon Monoxide). A
hydrogen cyanide concentration of 300 mg/m3 in air will kill a human within about 10
minutes whereas its concentration of 3500ppm (about 3200 mg/m3) will kill a human in
about 1 minute ( gaseous hydrogen cyanide is approximately 5% lighter than air).
Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common type of fatal air poisoning in many
countries. It is colourless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic. It combines with
hemoglobin to produce carboxyhemoglobin, which is ineffective for delivering oxygen to
bodily tissues. Concentrations as low as 667ppm may cause up to 50% of the body's
hemoglobin to convert to carboxyhemoglobin. A level of 50% carboxyhemoglobin may
result in seizure, coma, and fatality (it is about 3% lighter than air).

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b. Vertical Transportation System
During fire, some elevator doors are unable to close properly because of air rushing into
the shaft from the lobby entrances. The doors will have to be forcefully closed.
Building guards and those manning lifts are often asked to switch off the power mains.
This is to prevent the fire from spreading along the electrical circuit and to the rest of the
building. People will get stuck indefinitely and die of suffocation in lifts because of the
smoke inside the lifts. In modern systems, lifts are designed in such a way that they stop
working automatically in case of fire alarms going off. There is every possibility of the
lift breaking down or stopping to work even if power mains are not switched off
deliberately.
Therefore, it is very dangerous to use lifts during fire. If people trapped in lifts, it will
increase worry and pressure and works for rescuers to rescue people and extinguish fire.

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c. Explosion
Fire also can cause explosion. An explosion is characterized by the sudden release of
energy, producing a shock wave, or blast wave, that may be capable of causing remote
damage. Normally, explosion is caused by the ignition of a flammable gas/air mixture
which is confined within an item of a plant or indeed within any confining structure or
enclosure.
d. Building Construction Materials
Wood is a common building material. It can be used to build commercial or residential
buildings. Wood also burns and in doing so gives away its mass. The more mass a section
of wood, the more material it must burn away before strength is lost. This is true of native
wood-that is. Engineered wood can react differently when exposed to heat from fire.
Engineered wood includes a host of products that take many pieces of native wood and
glue them together to make a sheet, longer beam.

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Steel is a mixture of carbon and iron ore heated and rolled into structural shapes to form
elements for a building. It has excellent tensile, shear, and compressive strength. For this
reason, steel is a popular choice for girders, lintels, cantilevered beams and columns.
Besides, it is easily to change shape, increase its strength, and otherwise manipulate it
during production in factory. As it relates to fires, steel loses strength as temperatures
increase. The specific range of temperatures depends on how the steel was manufactured.
Cold drawn steel, like cables, bolts, rebar and lightweight fasteners, loses 55 percent of
its strength at 800F ̊.
Extruded structural steel used for beams and columns loses 50 percent of its strength at
1,100F ̊. Structural steel will also elongate or expand as temperatures rise. At 1,000 F ̊, a
100-foot-long beam will elongate 10 inches. Imagine what that could do to a building. If
a beam is fixed at two ends, it will try to expand-and likely deform, buckle and collapse.
If the beam sits in a pocket of a masonry wall, it will stretch outward and place a shear
force on the wall-which was designed only for a compressive force. This could knock
down the whole wall! Because steel is an excellent conductor of heat, it will carry heat of
a fire to other combustibles. This can cause additional fire spread, sometimes a
considerable distance from the original fire.

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Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water. It has excellent compressive
strength when cured. The curing process creates a chemical reaction that bonds the
mixture to achieve strength. The final strength of concrete depends on the ratio of these
materials, especially the ratio of water to cement. Because concrete has poor tensile and
shear strength, steel is added as reinforcement. All concrete contains some moisture and
continues to absorb moisture as it ages. When heated, this moisture content will expand,
causing the concrete to crack or spall. Spalling refers to a large pocket of concrete that
has basically crumbled into fine particles, taking away the mass of the concrete.
Reinforcing steel that has been exposed to a fire can transmit heat within the concrete,
causing catastrophic spalling and failure of the structure. Unlike steel, concrete is a heat
sink and tends to absorb and retain heat rather than conduct it. This heat is not easily
reduced. Concrete can stay hot long after the fire is out, causing additional thermal stress
to firefighters performing overhaul.

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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
The fire protection system plays a big role that particularly prevents the fire from
spreading around the building. It also reduces the impact of uncontrolled fire and protects
people and property from getting burned. Fire protection system consists of 2 methods,
which are active fire protection method and passive fire protection method.
1. Active fire protection methods
Active fire protection is the process of protecting a building or structure from fire with
methods that use the action of moving parts. These systems can be automatic, or operated
manual. These systems play an important role of protecting property and the lives of the
people within.
An important factor that active fire protection systems share is that they involve action of
some kind. Active fire protection entails systems or items that require some degree of
response and motion. The active fire protection will start to detect the fire first, which is
done by locating heat, smoke or flames. In such instances the fire alarm will be activated
and the emergency services will also alert the people to escape the building immediately.

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a. Fire Extinguishers
A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small
fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire.
Fire extinguishers usually located around emergency areas. It also consists of a hand-held
cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish
a fire.
In our case study, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, fire extinguishers that are used
are mostly (ABC) dry powder extinguishers. The fire extinguishers are red in colour with
small blue stripes and it is located most of the floor at each block of Taylor’s University
Lakeside Campus. These extinguishers put out fires by coating the fuel with a thin layer
of the retardant powder, separating the fuel of oxygen. It is also generally used for class
A, B and C fires.

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b. Sprinkler system
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply
system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system,
onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Fire sprinkler systems react so quickly, that they
can dramatically reduce the heat, flames, and smoke produced in a fire. Fire sprinklers
have been around for more than a century, protecting commercial and industrial
properties, public buildings and reducing injuries from fire.
Sprinkler system that Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus uses is wet pipe fire sprinkler
system. There are many sprinkler heads around the campus. It is most commonly used
and the water is also constantly maintained within the sprinkler piping. The bulb of the
sprinkler will block the flow of the water. During the fire, a sprinkle bulb will expand and
shatter which also activates the water onto the fire immediately.

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c. Fire Alarm Bell
Fire Alarm Bell is one of the most important components in fire protection system. It
alerts the building's occupants and fire emergency organizations for evacuations. A fire
alarm system is number of devices working together to detect and warn people through
visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are
present. These alarms may be activated from smoke detectors, and heat detectors. Alarms
can be either motorised bells or wall mountable sounders or horns.
In Taylor’s Lakeside University Campus, fire alarm bells are installed throughout the
building along with other active fire protections like sprinkler system and fire
extinguishers.

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d. Fire Break Glass Alarm
Fire Break Glass Alarm is part of the active fire protection system. It allows occupants to
activate the fire alarm and alert the fire brigade easily. The glass is easy to break with a
fist and button inside the red panel can contact the fire brigade if it is pressed.
In Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, fire break alarms are installed throughout the
building along with other active fire protections to allow occupants to evacuate safely.

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e. Hose Reel
Hose Reel is part of the wet riser systems which are installed in building for fire fighting
purposes and it is permanently charged with water from the pump. It is an equipment for
a first aid measure by the occupants. A hose reel is usually provided with up to 45m of
reinforced rubber hose. The water are supplied directly from the mains so that occupants
can start extinguish the fire without calling the brigade.
Hose Reel tends to appear a lot in Taylor’s Lakeside Campus. It is usually fixed along the
corridor on each floor. The hose reel is able to extend and used for fire extinguishing.

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2. Passive Fire Protection
As its name suggests, passive fire protection (PFP) is a form of fire safety provision that
remains dormant, or inert, during normal conditions but becomes active in a fire situation.
It is an integral component of structural fire protection in a building, which is designed to
contain fires or slow their spread. The purpose of PFP is to contain the spread of fire for
sufficient time to permit the safe evacuation of all occupants of the premises and the
arrival of the fire brigade.
The person responsible for fire safety also has a duty of care towards any members of the
emergency services, e.g. fire fighters, who may have to enter the premises during the
course of a fire; in slowing the spread of flames, smoke and hot gases, PFP also serves to
ensure the building remains as safe as possible for entry in this situation.
There are 2 types of passive fire protection systems which can be found in Taylor’s
University Lakeside Campus:
i) Compartmentation
ii) Means of escape
a. Compartmentation
It is a concept that reduces the likelihood of smoke inhalation-deaths. These products of
combustion must be contained in the area of origin. A large building is subdivided so that
a fire starting anywhere is caged within its cell of origin. Compartmentation is referred to
in many different ways: fire walls (and floors); fire separation; protected corridors / stairs
etc. For example, fire door and fire damper. Fire compartmentation in a building can
helps to
 Prevents the rapid spread of fire which could trap the occupants of a building.
 Reduces the chance of fires growing and creating a danger to occupants, fire and
rescue services, and people in the vicinity of the building.
 Limits the damage caused to a building and its contents.

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Fire door
Fire door is used as part of a passive fire protection system in Taylor’s University,
help to compartmentalize a building. It can reduce the spread of fire or smoke
between compartments and to enable safe egress from a building or structure or ship.
Doors of the classroom in Taylor’s
University are fire door, which is a
door with a fire-resistance rating.

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b. Means of escape
Means of escape is a continuous, unobstructed path for evacuees from any point in a
building to a public way. The effectiveness of all the exits can be ensured by
equipping with proper opening and locking hardware, clear exits discharge to a public
way, use proper type of door and opens in the direction of travels, provides clear and
unobstructed access to all exits. The principle on which means of escape provisions
are based is that the time available for escape (an assessment of the length of time
between the fire starting and it making the means of escape from the workplace
unsafe) is greater than the time needed for escape (the length of time it will take
everyone to evacuate once a fire has been discovered and warning given). There are a
few types of exit, which are corridors, exit passageway, exit doors, interior stairs and
exterior stairs.
Fireman telephone
It provides two-way communication in Fire Alarm System. Fireman Telephone
Communicator panel operates and controls the fireman telephone system through
inserting the Fireman Telephone Handset to the telephone jack to connect with the
system lines. Indicators and controllers can be located inside the communication
panel. When the handset is inserted to the fireman line telephone jack during an
emergency it will automatically call or ring the Fireman Telephone Communicator
Panel.
Fireman telephone is mounted on wall
near the fire exit staircase at every
floor in Taylor’s University.

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Fire Escape Plan
`
A fire escape plan is for use by the public and occupants in case of a fire as well as
for the fire fighters. A good fire escape plan should therefore be clearly visible, with
legible lettering and the fire escape route made clear to the readers. It should clearly
show the layout of the floor in the correct building orientation and highlight the
escape routes (in relation to viewer’s location), escape corridors and exit staircases
using appropriate colors, directional signs and words. Other information required on
the plan is for firefighting purposes and these include the following:
(1) Firemen’s lift
(2) Hose reels
(3) Extinguishers
(4) Dry and wet risers
(5) Manual alarm call points
Fire Escape Plan can be found on wall
beside elevator at every floor in
Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus.

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Fire exit doors
A fire exit door is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire: the combined use of
regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides an
alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire, etc. All doors on escape
routes leading towards a final exit should be quick and easy to open without the need
for a key. It is always indicated with an exit (“keluar”) sign above the door and also
the corridor along the routes of escape. This is to make sure people may evacuate the
place using the right path during fire.
Fire exit doors are located at
corridors of every floor in
Taylor’s University Lakeside
Campus.
Exit, “keluar” sign can be found at
corridor along the routes of escape
to.

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Fireman’s elevator
Fireman’s elevator is a type of elevator which enables firefighters to use in order to
rescue people who may be trapped on upper floors during an event of fire in the building.
Fireman’s elevators are typically a normal passenger or service elevators, and they have
the fireman’s service mode activated by a switch.
Fire Emergency Return Operation (FER)
In the event of a fire, car is automatically moved to Evacuation Floor. Fire Emergency
Return Switch shown in flowchart below is provided either around the Hall Call Buttons
or on the Supervisory Panel. Please note that details of the Fire Emergency Return
Operation and the type of labeling of the Fire Emergency Return Switch may vary
depending on the applicable codes and regulations.
*1 Evacuation Floor is defined as a predetermined floor in the building where passengers
can evacuate safely.
Fireman’s elevator can be found
at every floor in Taylor’s
University Lakeside Campus.

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Most common operation flow is shown below.

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Fireman’s Emergency Operation (FE)
Elevator operated by a firefighter for firefighting purposes. Location and function of
Fireman’s Emergency Operation Switch may vary depending on applicable codes and
regulations. Common operation flow is shown below. Operation may vary depending on
applicable codes and regulations.

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Fire Exit Staircase
Fire exit staircase usually mounted to the outside of a building or occasionally inside but
separate from the main areas of the building. It provides a method of escape in the event
of a fire or other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building inaccessible.
Fire Exit staircase can be found behind
fire exit door at every floor in Taylor’s
University Lakeside Campus.

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Recommendations offire protectionsystems in a high-rise building
(i) Extra Water Supply: This can be done by obtaining from underground tank of the
capacity of one lakh liters and two lakh liters for the buildings situated inside and outside
the local authority respectively be invariably provided in all the high rise buildings.
Water in the normal use tank should come only through the overflow of fire tank so
provided.
(ii) Within a high rise building, the internal fire hydrants can be installed as provided in
the building. The owner of the building should prepare a detailed plan showing the
arrangement of pipe lines, booster pumps and water-tanks at various levels shall be
submitted for approval of the concerned authority along with the plans and sections of the
buildings.
(iii) In case of high rise buildings, an external fire hydrant shall be provided within the
confines of the site of the building and shall be connected with Municipal Water mains
not less than 4″ in diameter. In addition, fire hydrant shall be connected with Booster
Pump from the static supply maintained on site.
(iv) In case of high rise buildings separation of electric circuits for lift installation,
lighting of passages, corridors and stairs and for internal fire hydrant system shall be
provided.
(v) Every building having a height of more than 25 meters shall be provided with diesel
generators which can be utilized in case of failure of the electricity.
(vi) There should be Provision of dry-powder fire extinguisher to the extent of two on
each floor with a capacity of 5 kg, in all the high rise buildings.

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(vii) In high rise buildings, the internal fire hydrants shall be installed as provided in the
National Building Code or as prescribed in the Indian Standard Code of practice for
installation of internal fire hydrants in high rise buildings. The detailed plan showing the
arrangement of pipe lines, booster pumps and water-tanks at various levels shall be
submitted for approval of the concerned authority along with the plans and sections of the
buildings.
(viii) In case of high rise buildings, an external fire hydrant shall be provided within the
confines of the site of the building and shall be connected with Municipal Water mains
not less than 4″ in diameter. In addition, fire hydrant shall be connected with Booster
Pump from the static supply maintained on site.
(ix) Every building having a height of more than 25 meters shall be provided with diesel
generators or any backup electric generator which can be utilized in case of failure of the
electricity

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Conclusion
Through this assignment, we have learned that fire protection in a building is
essential for the sake of safety. Even though fire protection system really helps us in
reducing the frequency of fire disasters in our country, we should not be too relying on
the system and ignore the education that should be implanted in our mind.
Together with those protecting systems, we should also enhance ourselves with
the knowledge of self-protection when the fire occurs. However, people in this country
seem like they are lack of the concept about the power of fire protection system. They are
unaware of their situation and laid themselves in a cozy environment. Under this situation,
they will for sure be completely terrified and unable to perform any reaction.
In a nutshell, although fire protection provides a great warranty, we are still
having the responsibilities to improve our ability as well. Training or exercise should be
done so that we will know how to resist against the inferno.