investigatory project on fire alrm

1. NAME NAIR ADITYA SAJAYAN
CLASS 12 SCIENCE
ROLL NO
TOPIC fire alarm system
PHYSICS

2. CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT, THE ORIGINAL AND GENUINE INVESTIGATION WORK HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT TO
INVESTIGATE ABOUT THE SUBJECT MATTER AND THE RELATED DATA COLLECTION AND INVESTIGATION HAS BEEN
COMPLETED SOLELY , SINCERELY AND SATISFACTORY DONE BY NAIR ADITYA SAJAYAN
A STUDENT OF CLASS 12 SCIENCE UNDER THE ROLL NO
FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2022-23
REGARDING THE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ENTITLED “ FIRE ALARM SYSTEM“
FOR PHYSICS DEPARTMENTUNDER DIRECT SUPERVISION OF THE UNDERSIGNED
AS PER THE REQUIREMENT OF BOARD EXAMINATION
PHYSICS TEACHER PRINCIPAL EXTERNAL EXAMINER

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• PRIMARILY I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PHYSICS TEACHER MRS.LINIYA
ELSA JAMESON WHOSE VALUABLE GUIDANCE HAS HELPED ME
COMPLETE THIS PROJECT AND MAKE IT A FULL PROOF SUCCESS . HER
SUGGESTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS HAS SERVED AS THE MAJOR
CONTRIBUTOR TOWARDS THE COMPLETION OF PROJECT
THEN I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND FRIEND WHO HAVE HELPED
ME WITH THEIR VALUABLES SUGGESTIONS AND GUIDANCE WHICH HAS BEEN
HELPFUL IN VARIOUS PHASES OF THE COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT
LASTLY I WOULD ALSO THANK MY CLASSMATES WHO HAVE GIVEN THEIR
VALUABLE TIME FOR HELPING ME WITH THE PROJECT

4. INDEX
Sr.NO TITLE PG NO
1 ABSTRACT
2 OBJECTIVE
3 THEORY
4 MATERAL USED
5 CIRCUIT
6 PROCEDURE
7 PRECAUTIONS
8 WORKING
9 APPLICATIONS
10 CONCLUSION
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY

5. ABSTRACT
• An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted
presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with
combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is either classified as automatic,
manually activated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems can be used to
notify people to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, to
summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated
systems to control the spread of fire and smoke. Fire alarm systems have
become increasingly sophisticated and functionally more capable and
reliable in recent years. They are designed to fulfill two general
requirements: protection of property and assets and protection of life. As a
result of state and local codes, the life-safety aspect of fire protection has
become a major factor in the last two decades..

6. OBJECTIVE
• There are a number of reasons for the substantial increases in the life-safety form
of fire protection during recent years, foremost of which are 1. The proliferation
of high-rise construction and the concern for life safety within these buildings. 2.
A growing awareness of the life-safety hazard in residential, institutional, and
educational occupancies. 3. Increased hazards caused by new building materials
and furnishings that create large amounts of toxic combustion products (i.e.,
plastics, synthetic fabrics, etc.). 4. Vast improvements in smoke detection and
related technology made possible through quantum advances in electronic
technology. 5. The passing of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), signed
into law on July 26, 1990, providing comprehensive civil rights protection for
individuals with disabilities. With an effective date of January 26, 1992, these
requirements included detailed accessibility standards for both new construction
and Renovation towards the goal of equal usability of buildings for everyone,
regardless of limitations of sight, hearing, and mobility. This had a significant
impact on fire alarm system signaling devices, power requirements, and device
locations

7. THEORY
• A fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect
and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire,
carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be
activated automatically from smoke detectors and heat detectors or may
also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual
call points or pull stations. Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall
mountable sounders or horns. They can also be speaker strobes which
sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which warns
people inside the building not to use the elevators. Fire alarm sounders can
be set to certain frequencies and different tones including low, medium
and high, depending on the country and manufacturer of the device. WE
WILL BE STUDYING A THERMISTOR BASED FIRE ALARM

8. MATERIAL USED
• Battery
• PCB Board
• Resistance 330K
• Resistance 01K
• PNP Transistor 369
• NPN Transistor 548
• Capacitor 0.04µF
• Buzzer
• Connecting wires Solder

9. CIRCUIT

10. PROCEDURE
• All the components are soldered using soldering wire and are fixed on PCB
board. Resistors of 330k and 0.1k are used to bias transistors so that they
work according to our requirement in the circuit and control the flow of
current I the desired way. We have npn and pnp transistors to control the
flow of current. Capacitors store the energy and let the alarm sound for
some time after the fire switch turns off. We have a buzzer that will sound
as soon as a fire is detected by the fire switch. The main component of the
whole circuit is the fire switch that is responsible for its working. FIRE
SWITCH It’s a device that works on the stimulus of temperature. It consists
of a bimetallic strips that are initially separated when there is no fire that is
the temperature is normal room temperature. As soon as there is a fire the
temperature goes up and the strips comes closer to touch each other and
complete the circuit. This lead the current to flow in the circuit and the
buzzer sounds

11. PRECAUTIONS
• 1. Components of the circuit should be handled carefully.
• 2. Care should be taken while soldering as it may burn the skin.
• 3. Connecting wires should be insulated to prevent disturbance.
• 4. Connections should be tight as it may break easily.
• 5. Soldering must be done carefully as it may burn the PCB board

12. WORKING
• We have seen that initially there was no buzzer sound as none of the
fire was detected. When we bring a match stick near the fire switch
with a time lag of 5-10 seconds the buzzer starts giving sound as the
fire is detected and the circuit is completed by the action of bimetallic
strip. When we remove the burning match stick away from switch,
the buzzer continues to give the sound for some time due to action of
capacitor and time is required by switch to return to room
temperature.

13. APPLICATIONS
• A fire alarm system warns people when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or
other fire-related or general notification emergency|emergencies are
detected. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke
detectors and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire
alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. Alarms
can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They
can also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice
evacuation message which warns people inside the building not to use the
elevators. Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and
different tones including low, medium, and high, depending on the country
and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems in Europe sound
like a siren with alternating frequencies. Fire alarm electronic devices are
known as horns in the United States and Canada and can be either
continuous or set to different codes. Fire alarm warning devices can also be
set to different volume levels

14. CONCLUSIONS
• A fire alarm is a device that detects the presence of fire and
atmospheric changes relating to smoke. In some cases, a firm alarm is
a part of a complete security system, in addition to a burglary
protection system. The fire alarm operates to alert people to evacuate
a location in which a fire or smoke accumulation is present. When
functioning properly, a fire alarm will sound to notify people of an
immediate fire emergency. Fire alarms can be found in homes,
schools, churches and businesses, and function as the catalyst to
saving lives. For most fire alarms, when sounded, a beep, bell or horn
noise is made. This distinct sound exists to allow the notification to be
heard. The fire alarm constructed by this project work is reliable at
low cost.

15. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• 1) NCERT textbook class 12
• 2) NCERT physics lab Manual
• 3) INTERNET
• 4) www.yahoo.com
• 5) www.scribd.com
• 6) www.google.com