This document discusses building acoustics and provides solutions for acoustic defects. It begins with definitions and characteristics of sound, including transmission, absorption, reflection, and reverberation. Common acoustic defects like echoes, reverberation, insufficient loudness, sound foci, and dead spots are described along with solutions. Various acoustic materials are presented with applications and coefficients. A case study of a hotel demonstrates acoustic design considerations for reception, doors, furniture, ceilings, floors, and glazing.
“a science that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound.”
it is the science of controlling sound within buildings.
The document discusses various acoustic panel materials and their properties that can be used to improve acoustics in auditoriums. It describes acoustic panels made of sound absorbing cotton and aluminum frames that provide wide frequency sound absorption. It also mentions decorative acoustic wall panels that have both acoustic and decorative functions. Acoustic tiles, drywall, carpet, foam and eco-friendly absorption materials are outlined with their acoustic properties and applications in rooms where optimal sound is desired such as recording studios, theaters and meeting halls. Seating for auditoriums is also covered, describing molded foam, finishes and numbered/identified seats for ease of use.
The behavior of sound in enclosed spaces is an important matter particularly in homes. It explains how the sound we listen gets colored causing distortion.
This document discusses architectural acoustics and provides information on sound classification, characteristics of musical sound, intensity, absorption coefficient, sound absorbing materials, reverberation, and factors affecting building acoustics such as reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echo, echelon effect, and resonance. It also covers noise control and discusses remedies for improving acoustics issues in buildings.
This document provides an overview of architectural acoustics. It defines acoustics as the science dealing with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound. It discusses how different materials reflect, transmit, or absorb sound waves. Hard surfaces like tile and wood tend to reflect sound waves and cause echoes, while soft surfaces like textiles and insulation absorb sound waves. It then discusses some pioneers in acoustics like Pythagoras and how the early Greek civilization was concerned with acoustic design of theaters. Finally, it briefly touches on topics like resonance, standing waves, interference, and provides some examples of acoustic panels.
This document discusses various acoustical defects that can occur in buildings, including reverberation, echoes, sound foci, dead spots, insufficient loudness, and exterior noises. It provides explanations of each defect and potential remedies. Reverberation time should be between 0.5 to 5 seconds depending on the quality of sound desired. The shape of the room and use of sound absorbing materials can help control reverberation time. Echoes can be reduced by using splayed walls and absorptive ceiling materials. Sound foci and dead spots arise from the geometric shape focusing or reducing sound in areas and can be addressed through diffusers, reflectors, and absorbent materials. External noise insulation and location away from noise sources also
The document discusses acoustics in buildings and outlines conditions for good acoustics such as producing sound that can be heard evenly throughout a space without distortions. It also covers types of noise from indoor and outdoor sources and how noise can be classified based on transmission path. The document proposes measures for noise control including suppressing noise at its source, layout planning, insulation design, and absorption design.
“a science that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound.”
it is the science of controlling sound within buildings.
The document discusses various acoustic panel materials and their properties that can be used to improve acoustics in auditoriums. It describes acoustic panels made of sound absorbing cotton and aluminum frames that provide wide frequency sound absorption. It also mentions decorative acoustic wall panels that have both acoustic and decorative functions. Acoustic tiles, drywall, carpet, foam and eco-friendly absorption materials are outlined with their acoustic properties and applications in rooms where optimal sound is desired such as recording studios, theaters and meeting halls. Seating for auditoriums is also covered, describing molded foam, finishes and numbered/identified seats for ease of use.
The behavior of sound in enclosed spaces is an important matter particularly in homes. It explains how the sound we listen gets colored causing distortion.
This document discusses architectural acoustics and provides information on sound classification, characteristics of musical sound, intensity, absorption coefficient, sound absorbing materials, reverberation, and factors affecting building acoustics such as reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echo, echelon effect, and resonance. It also covers noise control and discusses remedies for improving acoustics issues in buildings.
This document provides an overview of architectural acoustics. It defines acoustics as the science dealing with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound. It discusses how different materials reflect, transmit, or absorb sound waves. Hard surfaces like tile and wood tend to reflect sound waves and cause echoes, while soft surfaces like textiles and insulation absorb sound waves. It then discusses some pioneers in acoustics like Pythagoras and how the early Greek civilization was concerned with acoustic design of theaters. Finally, it briefly touches on topics like resonance, standing waves, interference, and provides some examples of acoustic panels.
This document discusses various acoustical defects that can occur in buildings, including reverberation, echoes, sound foci, dead spots, insufficient loudness, and exterior noises. It provides explanations of each defect and potential remedies. Reverberation time should be between 0.5 to 5 seconds depending on the quality of sound desired. The shape of the room and use of sound absorbing materials can help control reverberation time. Echoes can be reduced by using splayed walls and absorptive ceiling materials. Sound foci and dead spots arise from the geometric shape focusing or reducing sound in areas and can be addressed through diffusers, reflectors, and absorbent materials. External noise insulation and location away from noise sources also
The document discusses acoustics in buildings and outlines conditions for good acoustics such as producing sound that can be heard evenly throughout a space without distortions. It also covers types of noise from indoor and outdoor sources and how noise can be classified based on transmission path. The document proposes measures for noise control including suppressing noise at its source, layout planning, insulation design, and absorption design.
The property of surface by which sound energy (kinetic energy) is converted into other form of energy, generally heat energy (due to friction) and get absorbed.
There is no royal road for making a particular room acoustically good. It mainly depends on the ideas of the engineer or the Architect. Each case is to be studied separately and after proper thinking and calculations, suitable materials may be specified.
Notes for Architecture 4th Year subject Services. The topic is about Acoustic, how does it work for different places, how we can treat spaces according to acoustic and for better acoustic
This document discusses various topics related to sound and noise, including:
1. It defines key terms like wavelength, transverse and longitudinal waves, simple harmonic motion, velocity of sound waves, wave characteristics and properties.
2. It describes the characteristics of sound including intensity, pitch, quality and scales of measurement.
3. It discusses behavior of sound in enclosures, reflection, echoes, dispersion, and sound shadows.
4. It also covers topics like common indoor and outdoor noise levels, permissible noise exposure, sonometers, absorption coefficients, resonance absorbers, and reverberation time.
Acoustics is the scientific study of sound, including how it behaves and is perceived. It deals with properties of sound waves like reflection, refraction, absorption, and interference. Acoustics is important for learning environments and other spaces where noise can be distracting or carry too much. Good acoustics involve distributing sound well, creating a sense of intimacy, and having proper reverberation times. Factors like reverberation time, loudness, echoes, and sound reflections off surfaces can impact architectural acoustics. A variety of materials like sound absorbers, reflectors, and diffusers are used to control sound.
Room acoustics and sound absorption materialsPankaj Kumar
1) The document discusses different methods for calculating reverberation time in rooms and auditoriums, including based on room dimensions, materials, and total sound absorption.
2) It provides formulas for calculating reverberation time based on room volume, total absorption, and other factors. The optimal reverberation time for an auditorium with 5000 cubic meters volume is given as 0.8 seconds.
3) Different types of sound absorbing materials are described, including porous materials like fiberboards and mineral wools, non-perforated panel absorbers, and cavity/Helmholtz resonators. Examples and properties of each type are outlined.
The document discusses factors that affect acoustics in buildings and acoustic design considerations for different types of buildings. It covers topics like reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echoes, resonance, and noise criteria. For different building types like lecture halls, classrooms, open offices, and concert halls, it provides recommendations for acoustic design including optimal reverberation times, sound absorption placement, limiting echoes and dead spots, and ensuring speech intelligibility. The document provides guidance on achieving good acoustics for various functions through room shape, materials used, and mechanical system design.
Auditorium: A Case Study on Acoustic Design Presentationjisunfoo
The Calvary Convention Centre (CCC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is a 5,000-seat, multi-purpose auditorium designed for both speeches and musical performances. Through the strategic use of materials and acoustic treatments, the CCC achieves a reverberation time of 0.9 seconds, making it suitable for its primary function as a speech-based venue. Absorptive materials like carpeting and upholstered seats help control reverberation, while the concave wall and ceiling shapes aid in concentrating sound toward the audience. The auditorium design and acoustic treatments demonstrate how spaces can be flexibly designed for different event needs through consideration of materials and room geometry.
This document discusses various acoustic materials used for sound absorption, diffusion, and noise control. It provides details on stackable foam panels, fabric wrapped panels, ceiling clouds, fiberglass blankets and rolls, pyramidal and quadratic diffusers, and acoustic barriers. The materials discussed are suitable for a variety of spaces including recording studios, theaters, offices, homes and more. They help reduce reverberation, echoes, and noise in an aesthetically pleasing way while also being durable and fire resistant.
acoustic and viewing angle analysis of an auditorium buildingSaleh Ahmed
The document discusses the design standards for an auditorium building. It provides details on the types of auditoriums, basic design considerations, acoustic standards, and typical auditorium components. It then analyzes the National Museum auditorium based on these standards. The analysis finds that the auditorium's shape, seating arrangement, stage design, and materials used are generally in line with standard auditorium design. However, some improvements could be made to the horizontal circulation and location of the sound control room.
1. The Solaris and Leisure Centre is a new performing arts complex in Tallinn, Estonia that includes a multifunctional auditorium.
2. Key aspects of the auditorium design include its acoustics, which were informed by an acoustical consultant. Materials with high sound absorption values were selected to regulate reverberation time.
3. The primary sound reinforcement system anchors twin arrays of line array loudspeakers to left and right of the stage, with an overhead array to provide clarity for both music and spoken performances.
The document discusses the acoustical design considerations for an auditorium. It outlines key factors such as maintaining a low ambient noise level, providing appropriate reverberation time without echoes, and how the shape, dimensions, and seating arrangements of an auditorium impact hearing conditions. Different types of materials are also described that can be used to absorb or diffuse sound such as acoustical panels, diffusers, and noise barriers to improve the auditorium's acoustics. Proper loudspeaker systems and ceiling/wall designs can further enhance the sound quality within the auditorium space.
This document discusses sound insulation in buildings. It defines noise and sound insulation, and explains that sound insulation materials work to reduce transmission of sound through walls, floors, and partitions, while sound absorbers reduce reflection. General considerations for sound insulation include locating buildings away from noise sources, planning room layouts, using resilient flooring, and installing expansion joints. Common sound insulating materials are rigid materials like masonry, porous materials, and flexible porous materials like felt and mineral wool. Vertical barriers like walls and partitions can be insulated using techniques like cavity wall construction, double walls, and porous partition walls. Noise control in residential buildings involves siting away from noise, using landscaping, limiting hard surfaces, false ceilings, isol
An auditorium is a large enclosed space for audiences to gather for performances or events. Key elements of auditorium design include seating arrangement and visibility, stage size and technical specifications, acoustic properties, and safety features. Proper design considers sight lines, seating capacity and rise, wall and floor treatments, and exit routes to ensure all attendees have a good experience regardless of location in the space. Auditoriums come in different formats depending on the intended use and performance type.
The document discusses the acoustics considerations for designing movie theatres. It outlines that acoustics involves the study of sound and how to achieve good acoustics in buildings. For theatres, important aspects include flooring, wall and ceiling finishes, and furniture layout. The document then provides details on acoustic flooring systems, wall fabrics and panels, ceiling tiles, and theatre seating options that help enhance sound quality. It also presents a case study of the acoustics design for a multiplex theatre in Gurgaon, India, covering its structure, plan, section details, and electrical, lighting and fire safety systems.
This document outlines the design of an amphitheater that can accommodate 600 to 1000 audience members. It discusses key design aspects like the acting arena, orchestra area, sound reflecting surfaces, and sloped seating arrangement. The specifications require less than 12 degree slope, noise levels below 40db, seating capacity of 600 to 1000, and angles of view greater than 20 degrees. An environmental impact assessment is also included to consider noise pollution and blending the design with the natural surroundings.
Auditorium: A Case Study on Acoustic Design Reportjisunfoo
The document discusses various acoustical phenomena relevant to auditorium design including:
1. Reverberation, which is the collection of reflected sounds in an enclosed space like an auditorium. Reverberation time is used to characterize it.
2. Attenuation, which is the loss of sound energy through scattering and absorption as sound waves interact with surfaces.
3. Echoes and flutter echoes, which are distinct reflected sounds that can degrade audio quality if not properly controlled through design.
4. Sound intensity and sound pressure, which are measures of sound energy levels important for human perception of sound.
The document examines these phenomena to understand how acoustic design of spaces like auditoriums can optimize
The document discusses the design considerations for auditoriums and recording studios. It addresses factors like room shape, size, absorption, diffusion, and reverberation time that impact acoustics. For auditoriums, a sloped floor and splayed walls can improve speech intelligibility. Absorption is placed in seating areas while keeping the stage reflective. Recording studios require low ambient noise and optimal reverberation. Room dimensions impact resonant modes so larger, irregularly-shaped rooms are preferred.
1) Acoustics refers to vibrations that are audible to humans, ranging from 20-20,000 Hertz. All sounds originate from object vibrations.
2) Key characteristics of sound include requiring a medium to propagate, having a finite velocity, and traveling at different speeds in different materials. Sounds can be classified by pitch, timbre, and intensity.
3) Important factors that affect building acoustics include optimizing reverberation time, avoiding uneven loudness or focusing due to interference or resonance, and reducing echoes and noise. Absorbing materials and proper ventilation help address these factors.
This document discusses architectural acoustics and provides information on sound classification, characteristics of musical sound, intensity, absorption coefficient, sound absorbing materials, reverberation, and factors affecting building acoustics such as reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echo, echelon effect, resonance, and noise. It explains how sound is classified into infrasound, audible sound, and ultrasound. Musical sound produces a pleasing effect while noise produces a jarring effect. Absorption coefficient measures the ratio of absorbed to incident sound energy. Various sound absorbing materials and methods to control reverberation time, noise, and other acoustic issues in buildings are also described.
The property of surface by which sound energy (kinetic energy) is converted into other form of energy, generally heat energy (due to friction) and get absorbed.
There is no royal road for making a particular room acoustically good. It mainly depends on the ideas of the engineer or the Architect. Each case is to be studied separately and after proper thinking and calculations, suitable materials may be specified.
Notes for Architecture 4th Year subject Services. The topic is about Acoustic, how does it work for different places, how we can treat spaces according to acoustic and for better acoustic
This document discusses various topics related to sound and noise, including:
1. It defines key terms like wavelength, transverse and longitudinal waves, simple harmonic motion, velocity of sound waves, wave characteristics and properties.
2. It describes the characteristics of sound including intensity, pitch, quality and scales of measurement.
3. It discusses behavior of sound in enclosures, reflection, echoes, dispersion, and sound shadows.
4. It also covers topics like common indoor and outdoor noise levels, permissible noise exposure, sonometers, absorption coefficients, resonance absorbers, and reverberation time.
Acoustics is the scientific study of sound, including how it behaves and is perceived. It deals with properties of sound waves like reflection, refraction, absorption, and interference. Acoustics is important for learning environments and other spaces where noise can be distracting or carry too much. Good acoustics involve distributing sound well, creating a sense of intimacy, and having proper reverberation times. Factors like reverberation time, loudness, echoes, and sound reflections off surfaces can impact architectural acoustics. A variety of materials like sound absorbers, reflectors, and diffusers are used to control sound.
Room acoustics and sound absorption materialsPankaj Kumar
1) The document discusses different methods for calculating reverberation time in rooms and auditoriums, including based on room dimensions, materials, and total sound absorption.
2) It provides formulas for calculating reverberation time based on room volume, total absorption, and other factors. The optimal reverberation time for an auditorium with 5000 cubic meters volume is given as 0.8 seconds.
3) Different types of sound absorbing materials are described, including porous materials like fiberboards and mineral wools, non-perforated panel absorbers, and cavity/Helmholtz resonators. Examples and properties of each type are outlined.
The document discusses factors that affect acoustics in buildings and acoustic design considerations for different types of buildings. It covers topics like reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echoes, resonance, and noise criteria. For different building types like lecture halls, classrooms, open offices, and concert halls, it provides recommendations for acoustic design including optimal reverberation times, sound absorption placement, limiting echoes and dead spots, and ensuring speech intelligibility. The document provides guidance on achieving good acoustics for various functions through room shape, materials used, and mechanical system design.
Auditorium: A Case Study on Acoustic Design Presentationjisunfoo
The Calvary Convention Centre (CCC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is a 5,000-seat, multi-purpose auditorium designed for both speeches and musical performances. Through the strategic use of materials and acoustic treatments, the CCC achieves a reverberation time of 0.9 seconds, making it suitable for its primary function as a speech-based venue. Absorptive materials like carpeting and upholstered seats help control reverberation, while the concave wall and ceiling shapes aid in concentrating sound toward the audience. The auditorium design and acoustic treatments demonstrate how spaces can be flexibly designed for different event needs through consideration of materials and room geometry.
This document discusses various acoustic materials used for sound absorption, diffusion, and noise control. It provides details on stackable foam panels, fabric wrapped panels, ceiling clouds, fiberglass blankets and rolls, pyramidal and quadratic diffusers, and acoustic barriers. The materials discussed are suitable for a variety of spaces including recording studios, theaters, offices, homes and more. They help reduce reverberation, echoes, and noise in an aesthetically pleasing way while also being durable and fire resistant.
acoustic and viewing angle analysis of an auditorium buildingSaleh Ahmed
The document discusses the design standards for an auditorium building. It provides details on the types of auditoriums, basic design considerations, acoustic standards, and typical auditorium components. It then analyzes the National Museum auditorium based on these standards. The analysis finds that the auditorium's shape, seating arrangement, stage design, and materials used are generally in line with standard auditorium design. However, some improvements could be made to the horizontal circulation and location of the sound control room.
1. The Solaris and Leisure Centre is a new performing arts complex in Tallinn, Estonia that includes a multifunctional auditorium.
2. Key aspects of the auditorium design include its acoustics, which were informed by an acoustical consultant. Materials with high sound absorption values were selected to regulate reverberation time.
3. The primary sound reinforcement system anchors twin arrays of line array loudspeakers to left and right of the stage, with an overhead array to provide clarity for both music and spoken performances.
The document discusses the acoustical design considerations for an auditorium. It outlines key factors such as maintaining a low ambient noise level, providing appropriate reverberation time without echoes, and how the shape, dimensions, and seating arrangements of an auditorium impact hearing conditions. Different types of materials are also described that can be used to absorb or diffuse sound such as acoustical panels, diffusers, and noise barriers to improve the auditorium's acoustics. Proper loudspeaker systems and ceiling/wall designs can further enhance the sound quality within the auditorium space.
This document discusses sound insulation in buildings. It defines noise and sound insulation, and explains that sound insulation materials work to reduce transmission of sound through walls, floors, and partitions, while sound absorbers reduce reflection. General considerations for sound insulation include locating buildings away from noise sources, planning room layouts, using resilient flooring, and installing expansion joints. Common sound insulating materials are rigid materials like masonry, porous materials, and flexible porous materials like felt and mineral wool. Vertical barriers like walls and partitions can be insulated using techniques like cavity wall construction, double walls, and porous partition walls. Noise control in residential buildings involves siting away from noise, using landscaping, limiting hard surfaces, false ceilings, isol
An auditorium is a large enclosed space for audiences to gather for performances or events. Key elements of auditorium design include seating arrangement and visibility, stage size and technical specifications, acoustic properties, and safety features. Proper design considers sight lines, seating capacity and rise, wall and floor treatments, and exit routes to ensure all attendees have a good experience regardless of location in the space. Auditoriums come in different formats depending on the intended use and performance type.
The document discusses the acoustics considerations for designing movie theatres. It outlines that acoustics involves the study of sound and how to achieve good acoustics in buildings. For theatres, important aspects include flooring, wall and ceiling finishes, and furniture layout. The document then provides details on acoustic flooring systems, wall fabrics and panels, ceiling tiles, and theatre seating options that help enhance sound quality. It also presents a case study of the acoustics design for a multiplex theatre in Gurgaon, India, covering its structure, plan, section details, and electrical, lighting and fire safety systems.
This document outlines the design of an amphitheater that can accommodate 600 to 1000 audience members. It discusses key design aspects like the acting arena, orchestra area, sound reflecting surfaces, and sloped seating arrangement. The specifications require less than 12 degree slope, noise levels below 40db, seating capacity of 600 to 1000, and angles of view greater than 20 degrees. An environmental impact assessment is also included to consider noise pollution and blending the design with the natural surroundings.
Auditorium: A Case Study on Acoustic Design Reportjisunfoo
The document discusses various acoustical phenomena relevant to auditorium design including:
1. Reverberation, which is the collection of reflected sounds in an enclosed space like an auditorium. Reverberation time is used to characterize it.
2. Attenuation, which is the loss of sound energy through scattering and absorption as sound waves interact with surfaces.
3. Echoes and flutter echoes, which are distinct reflected sounds that can degrade audio quality if not properly controlled through design.
4. Sound intensity and sound pressure, which are measures of sound energy levels important for human perception of sound.
The document examines these phenomena to understand how acoustic design of spaces like auditoriums can optimize
The document discusses the design considerations for auditoriums and recording studios. It addresses factors like room shape, size, absorption, diffusion, and reverberation time that impact acoustics. For auditoriums, a sloped floor and splayed walls can improve speech intelligibility. Absorption is placed in seating areas while keeping the stage reflective. Recording studios require low ambient noise and optimal reverberation. Room dimensions impact resonant modes so larger, irregularly-shaped rooms are preferred.
1) Acoustics refers to vibrations that are audible to humans, ranging from 20-20,000 Hertz. All sounds originate from object vibrations.
2) Key characteristics of sound include requiring a medium to propagate, having a finite velocity, and traveling at different speeds in different materials. Sounds can be classified by pitch, timbre, and intensity.
3) Important factors that affect building acoustics include optimizing reverberation time, avoiding uneven loudness or focusing due to interference or resonance, and reducing echoes and noise. Absorbing materials and proper ventilation help address these factors.
This document discusses architectural acoustics and provides information on sound classification, characteristics of musical sound, intensity, absorption coefficient, sound absorbing materials, reverberation, and factors affecting building acoustics such as reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echo, echelon effect, resonance, and noise. It explains how sound is classified into infrasound, audible sound, and ultrasound. Musical sound produces a pleasing effect while noise produces a jarring effect. Absorption coefficient measures the ratio of absorbed to incident sound energy. Various sound absorbing materials and methods to control reverberation time, noise, and other acoustic issues in buildings are also described.
The document discusses acoustics in buildings and sound insulation. It covers topics such as sound absorption, transmission, reflection, and insulation. Proper acoustical design includes considering site selection, volume, shape, interior surfaces, reverberation, seating, and absorption to achieve optimum sound quality. Sound insulation can be improved through rigid wall and floor constructions, double walls, resilient materials, and isolating noise sources. The acceptable noise levels for different building types are also provided.
This document discusses acoustics and noise control. It begins by defining acoustics and describing the basics of sound, including properties like amplitude, frequency, wavelength. It then explains sound propagation principles such as reflection, refraction, diffraction and absorption. Different materials and their effects on sound are described. Noise control techniques like site planning, architectural design and sound barriers are discussed. Specific examples of architectural designs that enhance sound are provided.
Acoustics is the study of sound waves and how they are generated, propagated, and received. When designing buildings, several acoustical factors must be considered, including reverberation, focusing of sound, echoes, unwanted resonance, interference, and extraneous noise. Reverberation is the persistence of sound after the sound source stops emitting sound, and the reverberation time depends on the size, surface materials, and absorption coefficients of the space. The Sabine formula relates reverberation time to the volume and absorption of a space. Proper acoustics in buildings ensures sound is uniformly distributed and factors like echoes, resonance, and interference are minimized.
WHAT IS ACOUSTICS? what is sound? AMPLITUDE AND VOLUME, FREQUENCY AND PITCH
LOUDNESS OR INTENSITY
LOUDNESS OR INTENSITY
LOUDNESS OR INTENSITY, TIMBRE
VELOCITY OF SOUND
AMPLITUDE
REFLECTION
Sound can propagate as longitudinal waves through air and solids, and as transverse waves through solids. The velocity of sound in air depends on temperature. Common units used to measure sound include decibels (loudness), hertz (frequency), and sone and phon (perceived loudness). Sound reflects off hard surfaces similarly to light, while diffraction causes bending around obstacles. The amount of sound absorbed versus reflected by a material is quantified by its absorption coefficient. Reverberation is the prolongation of sound after the source stops due to reflections, and reverberation time is used to characterize how long reflections are audible in a space.
B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-V Chapter 1-SOUNDAbhi Hirpara
1. The document discusses various topics related to sound including how sound is produced, the difference between musical and noise sounds, factors that affect loudness and absorption, and Sabine's formula for reverberation time.
2. It also covers topics like sound absorption coefficient, factors that influence the acoustics of buildings like reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echoes, and different types of noise.
3. Remedies to improve acoustics by controlling reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echoes and reducing noise are also presented.
Absorption of sound, various materials, Sabine’ s formula, optimum reverberation time, conditions for good acoustics
Sound insulation: Acceptable noise levels, noise prevention at its source, transmission of noise, Noise control-general
considerations
Architectural acoustics deals with controlling sound in buildings by managing how sound is transmitted, absorbed, diffracted or reflected. The goal is to reduce unwanted noise and improve listening conditions. Proper design of acoustical spaces like theaters and auditoriums is important for evenly distributing sound without defects like echoes or dead spots. The size, shape and orientation of rooms, as well as sound-absorbing and reflective materials used in construction, impact a building's acoustical qualities. Architectural acoustics provides guidance to designers on room acoustics and achieving the optimal reverberation time for different types of spaces.
This document discusses acoustics and the reflection of sound waves. It covers topics like reflection of sound waves from rigid and curved surfaces, reflection between different media, intensity of sound waves, reverberation time, echoes, and reducing noise in buildings. The key points are:
- Sound waves reflect in a similar manner as light waves, changing direction when reflecting off surfaces.
- Reflection depends on the properties of the reflecting surface and the media on either side.
- Intensity of sound depends on factors like amplitude, frequency, area of sound source, and distance from the source.
- Reverberation time is the time it takes for sound intensity to decrease by a million times after the source
Factors affecting acoustics of buildings and their remedies.Burhanuddin Kapadia
Acoustics plays an important role in the sound ergonomics
due to which sound can be distributed equally to entire hall.
the following slide gives an overview of the factors of acoustics and its remedies.
The document discusses various acoustics principles and concepts related to indoor and outdoor sound recording. It covers how sound travels, different room types used for recording like live rooms and dead rooms, surface types that impact sound reflection and absorption, and challenges of outdoor recording like dealing with wind noise and ambient noise. It provides examples of techniques used to reduce unwanted noise, like using directional microphones, windshields, isolation panels, and positioning microphones away from noise sources.
The document discusses various topics related to architectural acoustics including:
- The definition of architectural acoustics as the study of sound generation, propagation, and transmission in buildings.
- The importance of applying acoustic principles to improve quality of life through work and leisure environments.
- The need to both enhance desirable sounds like music, while reducing undesirable noise.
The document discusses the physics of sound. It defines sound as a pressure wave that travels faster through solids than liquids or gases. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that create compressions and rarefactions. The key characteristics of a sound wave are its frequency, amplitude, wavelength, and speed. Frequency is measured in Hertz and determines the pitch of a sound. Amplitude determines loudness. Wavelength is the distance between compressions or rarefactions. Sound waves can be reflected, transmitted, absorbed, or cause diffraction or reverberation when interacting with surfaces. The range of normal human hearing is between 20-20,000 Hz. Different materials are used to absorb sound like porous absorbers, panel absorbers, and resonators
Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
Lift slab construction is a method of building concrete structures by casting floor or roof slabs on top of previous slabs and then lifting them into place with hydraulic jacks, making it cheaper and faster than traditional cast-in-place construction. Powerful jacks lift the cured slabs into position while ensuring even lifting at all points. This method is most effective for buildings with uniform, repetitive floor plans up to around 16 stories tall.
This document provides details about the Crown Interior shopping mall project, including specifications, features, and floor plans. The shopping mall covers an area of 7,50,000 square feet across 3 floors, with 2,50,000 square feet dedicated to parking in a double basement. Facilities include retail shops, a food court, cinema, kids play area, and restaurants. Floor plans and finishes are described for each area. The project aims to provide a world-class shopping and entertainment destination.
The document discusses six basic principles of landscape design: unity, variety, balance, sequence, simplicity, and proportions. It provides descriptions and examples for each principle. Variety is achieved through lines, forms, textures and colors to prevent monotony. Balance can be symmetrical, with matching elements on both sides, or asymmetrical without exact matches. Simplicity involves reducing nonessential features to avoid chaos. Proportions refer to the size of elements relative to each other. The document also discusses key elements of landscape design like color, form, line of sight, scale, texture, and the roles of water and rock in landscapes.
The document provides details about the design requirements for a residential welfare association office and club house in Faridabad, India. It includes a list of facilities needed for the club house like a reception area, restaurant, library, gym, swimming pool, and more. Floor plans are proposed for the ground and first floors with zones for different activities like a gym, multipurpose hall, lounge area, and more. The document also provides information about an existing gymkhana club in sector 15A of Faridabad, including the facilities it provides and membership details.
This document provides a case study summary of the Indian Habitat Centre in New Delhi. It is a 97,000 square meter multi-purpose building spread over 9 acres that provides office, conference, and exhibition space for environment and habitat organizations. The design aims to create a healthy and pleasant environment for visitors and employees. It is an energy efficient building that uses various passive design strategies like courtyards, water bodies, reflective shading devices, and vegetation to reduce energy usage and create a comfortable microclimate. The building layout and use of spaces like the amphitheater, lawns, and courtyards encourage social interactions.
Site organization and networking techniquestivar rose
The document discusses site organization for a construction project. It provides typical roles and responsibilities within a site organization, including executive engineers who oversee the entire site, assistant managers who oversee specific works, junior engineers who supervise works, and various roles of skilled workers, masons, and laborers. It also discusses important considerations for site organization like traffic management, materials storage, and safety documentation.
1. Public spaces are social spaces that are generally open and accessible to people without economic or social restrictions. They range from central plazas and squares to small neighborhood parks.
2. There are two main categories of public spaces - central public spaces that are the heart of the city, and local public spaces that create a friendly environment for local communities.
3. Semi-public spaces include government buildings, cafes, and shops that are open to the public but have some access restrictions. They create a transition between fully public and private spaces.
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3. Contents
Introduction About the Acoustics
Characterstics
Acoustic defects
Acoustic solution
Material
Case study of a hotel
3
4. ACOUSTIC
related to the sound or the sense of hearing
Introduction :- Acoustic is the science of sound as
applied to buildings it deals with the origin
propagation and auditory sensation of the sound.
Knowledge of the science is used for the design and
construction of theaters, cinemas, concert halls,
auditorium etc.
Proper acoustical conditions also include the sound
absorption or dissipation of the exterior noise.
4
5. Acoustics means to work on these three parameters and improve
sound experience.
5
6. Transmission loss (TM) of sound
•When sound is transmitted from source or origin to the
adjoining room/ area, reduction in sound intensity takes place.
•This is known as transmission loss (TM)
•Measured in decibels (dB)
60 decibels 40 decibels
TM=60-40=20 DECIBELS.
6
7. Flanking path: Path between adjacent spaces other than through common partition through which
sound or vibration is transferred 7
8. Sound and vibrations
Sound is a vibration in an elastic medium such as air, water, most building
materials, and the earth.
(Noise can be defined as unwanted sound, that is, annoying sound made by
others or very loud sound which may cause hearing loss).
Frequency of sound
Frequency is the rate of repetition of a periodic event.
The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz)
Wavelength
As sound passes through air, the to-and-fromotion of the particles alternately pushes
together and draws apart adjacent air particles, forming regions of rarefaction and
compression.
Wavelength is the distance a sound wave travels during one cycle of vibration.
Example-Sound waves in air also are analogous to the ripples (or waves) caused
by a stone dropped into still water. The concentric ripples vividly show
patterns of molecules transferring energy to adjacent molecules
along the surface of the water. In air, however, sound spreads in
all directions.
8
9. Velocity of sound
Sound travels at a velocity that depends primarily on the elasticity
and density of the medium.
In air, at normal temperature and atmospheric pressure, the velocity of sound is
approximately 1,130 feet per second (ft/s), or almost 800 mi./h. This is extremely slow
when compared to the velocity of light, which is about 186,000 mi./s, but much faster
than even hurricane winds.
Frequency ranges of audible sounds
Hearing ranges for both young and older persons (> 20 years old)
A healthy young person is capable of hearing sound energy from
about 20 to 20,000 Hz. Hearing sensitivity, especially the upper
frequency limit, diminishes with increasing age Even without
adverse effects from diseases and noise—a condition
called “presbycusis.”
Human speech contains energy from about 125 to 8000 Hz. Women’s
vocal cords are generally thinner and shorter than men’s, so the
wavelengths
9
11. CHARACTERSTICS
Sound consist of a series of alternate compression and rarefaction that
are set by a vibrating body.
The sound in the form of wave travel in the direction through any
medium.
The average velocity of sound in air can be taken as 343 m/s.
Flow of sound energy per unit time through unit area is termed as
intensity of loudness of sound.
Frequency or pitch of audible sound is defined as the no of cycles or
vibrations per second that strikes the ears.
Good acoustical buildings promote comfortable living, efficiency of
work, auditory or public buildings etc.
Hence, modern design of buildings and construction should give
importance to the improvisional of acoustical conditions and sound
insulation so as to exclude of diminish the noise.
11
13. ACOUSTIC DEFFECT
When the average sound intensity rises in to a suitable level in every
part of the room or auditorium with no echoes or disturbances or
distortions. This is called acoustic of building. To achieve this, one has
to minimize the defects. Following are the main defects of sound-
Formation of Echoes
Reverberation of Sound
Insufficient loudness
Sound focl
Dead spots
Outside or External disturbance
13
14. FORMATION OF ECHOES-
Echoes mainly produced due to the reflection of sound wave(mainly
from the surface of walls, roofs, ceilings etc.)
Echo is founded when the reflected sound reaches the ear at the same
time when a direct sound reaches. Echo causes disturbance and
unpleasant hearing.
When Not all sound is absorbed, Some of it is reflected, That means sound bounces off the
solid matter example- a tennis ball bounces off a wall. Sound reflected back to its source is
an echo. 14
15. This defect can be removed by selecting proper shape of the hall .
And by providing rough and porous interior surfaces to disperse the
energy of echoes.
And by providing rough and porous interior surfaces to disperse the
energy of echoes.
This defect can be removed by selecting proper shape of the hall .
•Echoes are the reflection of sound from relatively flat object that is far enough away that
you can discern the time difference. Echoes are used to measure distance, velocity, and
the shape of objects. Echoes off gratings result in an unusual pinging sound.
•repetition of sound
•The sensation of sound persists for 1/15th
of a second after the source has ceased. Thus
an echo must reach after 1/10th
second of the direct sound .
15
16. Reverberation
Is the time interval with in which , the intensity of sound produced
or
reverberation is the multiple reflection in an enclosed space .
The sound persists even when the source of sound has ceased or
stopped.
This phenomena of sound is called reverberation.
16
17. 1..Depends on the size of room as if room is small reflections will taken
place quickly as waves have to travel less distance, so time will be less.
2.Reverberant sound is the reflected sound , as a result of improper
absorption.
3.Reverberation may results in confusion with the sound created next.
The time during which the sound persists is called the reverberation
time of sound in the hall.
reverberation time ‘t’ is given by formula :-
t= 0.16V /A where V=volume of room in cubic meters
A= total absorbing power of all the
surfaces of room/ hall.
Reverberation time: Amount of time at a specific frequency that a sound in an enclosed space takes
to decrease 60 decibels in level after the source sound has stopped.
17
18. Reverberation time & quality of sound
Reverberation time should remain within limits as
per Indian Standard Code: 2526-1963.
Sr.
No.
RECOMMENDED TIME IN
SECONDS
ACOUSTICS
1 0.50 to 1.50 Excellent
2 1.50 to 2.00 Good
3 2.00 to 3.00 Fairly good
4 3.00 to 5.00 Bad
5 Above 5.0 seconds Very bad
18
19. INSUFFICIENT LOUDNESS :-
In case of theater or large auditoriums the speakers voice or music
from the stage should be easily audible in all parts of the hall at the
uniform of intensity of loudness. To achieve this,
the sound waves should be properly reflected and uniformally spread
all over the interior part of the auditorium.
But due to the lake of sound reflecting flat surfaces near the sound
source or stage and excessive absorption of sound in the hall resulting
the defect of insufficient loudness.
This defect can be minimized by providing hard surface near the stage
absorbent material should be provided as per the requirements.
Also the location of loudspeakers should be adjusted.
So that there is no dead spots and sound focl.
19
20. Sound focl
Reflecting concave surfaces cause concentration of the reflected
sound wave at certain spot, creating a sound of large intensity. These
spots are called sound focl.
This defect can be remove by :-
1. Geometrical designed shapes of the interior faces, including ceilings.
2. Providing highly absorption materials on focusing areas.
20
21. Dead spots
1. This defect is an outcome of the formation of
sound focl.
2. Because of high concentration of the of
reflected sound at spot focl, there is
deficiency of reflected sound at some other
points.
These points are known as dead spots, where
sound intensity is so low that is insufficient
for hearing.
This defect can be remove by
Installation of suitable diffuser and
reflectors so that there is even distribution
of the sound in the hall.
21
22. Outside or External disturbance
External noise from vehicles, traffic engines, factories, cooling plants
etc. may enter the hall either through the openings such as doors
windows, ventilators etc. or through the walls and other structural
elemens having improper sound insulation .
Sources of outdoor noises
Road traffic.
Railways.
Climatic conditions.
Aero planes.
Moving machines.
Machines in nearby factories or buildings etc.
Sources of in door noises
Indoor noises are those which are caused
either in the same room or adjacent rooms.
And these are due to:-
Conversation of peoples.
Moving of peoples .
Moving of furniture.
Crying of babies.
Playing of radios/ other musical
instruments.
Operations of water closets and
cisterns.
Noise of type writer
Banging of doors etc.
This defect may be removed by-
By using sound insulation material on the walls with respect to the surroundings. 22
23. Absorptive surfaces are primarily used for the following
applications:
- Reverberation Control: reduction of reverberant sound energy to improve speech
intelligibility and source localization.
- Sound Level Control: reduction of sound or noise buildup in a room to maintain
appropriate listening levels and improve sound
isolation to nearby spaces.
- Echo and Reflection Control: elimination of perceived single echoes, multiple flutter
echoes, or unwanted sound reflections from room surfaces.
- Diffusion Enhancement: mixing of sound in a room by alternating sound absorptive and
sound reflective materials.
Acoustics solutions
23
24. Sr. no. Name of
acoustics
material
Characteristic Image
1. Carpet Carpet absorbs airborne noise as
efficiently as many specialized
acoustical materials.
2. Quiet
barrier
HD
Reducing airborne noise transmission
through walls, ceilings and floors.
3. Quiet
barrier
MD
To reduce noise transmission
between two spaces.
4. Quiet Batt A premium high-performance
acoustical/thermal insulation
manufactured from 80% recycled
cotton fibers.
5. Tough
core
Ceiling
Tiles
Especially well-suited to minimize
sound transmission between adjacent
spaces sharing a common attic
space.
6. Isotrax Blocks and isolates sound, reduces
noise from traveling through building 24
27. Absorptive surfaces be any of three basic types of materials:
- Porous materials include fibrous materials, foam, carpet, acoustic
ceiling tile, and draperies that convert sound energy into heat by
friction. Example: fabric-covered 1 in. (2.5 cm) thick fiberglass
insulation panels mounted on a wall or ceiling.
- Vibrating panels thin sound-reflective materials rigidly or resiliently
mounted over an airspace that dissipate sound energy by
converting it first to vibrational energy.
Example: a 1/4 in. (6 mm) plywood sheet over an airspace (with or without fibrous materials
in the airspace).
- Volume resonators - materials containing openings leading to a hollow cavity in which
sound energy is dissipated. Example: slotted concrete blocks (with or without fibrous
materials in the cores).
27
28. Sound insulating techniques/Solutions
There are some construction techniques also which are adopted
for sound insulation.
Double wall construction.
Cavity wall construction.
False ceiling.
Hollow block construction.
Sound insulation in floors.
Double pane windows.
Baffle blocks, honey combs etc.
28
34. Sr. no. material name Application co-efficients
1. Brick wall painted 0.023
2. 6mm thick carpet or felt on solid concrete floor 0.65
3. Curtains light, 3kg/sq. m 0.30
4. Curtains medium 0.40
5. Curtains heavy 5.5 kg/sq.m. 0.82
6. Chairs metals or wooden 0.019
7. Chair with leather cushion 0.07
8. Compressed paper board 0.11
9. Floor concrete 0.02
10. Floor timber 0.03
11. Fibre board 12mm thk 0.3
12. Foamed concrete 0.20
13. Glass wool or slag wool 50mm thk fixed on
battens secured to solid wall
0.95
14. Plaster, gypsm or line smooth finish or brick 0.04 34
35. Sr. no. Material name Application co-efficient
15. Plaster, gypsum or lime on lath over solid backing 0.04
16. Perforated fibre board tiles 18mm thk bedded
solidly
0.8
17. Plywood panelling fixed on battens keeping about
2mm thk, air gap between the panelling and the
solid wall
0.1
18. Brick wall unpainted 0.023
19. Linoleum or asphalt laid on concrete floor 0.03
35
37. Reception of the K. Hotel
Wooden use on the
wall and on the
columns as an
decoration purpose
which is control the
acoustics in the
reception area.
Co-efficient of
wooden .25-.5
1. only one side
on the wall
method is to be
used.
Section of the
wooden
panelling on
wall
37
39. Doors of the hotel
All doors in k hotel are wooden either washrooms or service areas 39
40. Wooden as an decorative material but the
purpose is same more absorption of sound
Wooden panel are
also used on the walls
for the sound
absorption or as an
decoration purpose
And
On the columns also
wooden used. Air
spaces are to be left
in the panelling
40
41. This was also
wooden as an
decorative
material. It was
an hollow an
inner part.
41