The document provides details on the construction of a temporary bus shelter structure using a skeletal steel frame. It includes orthographic drawings showing the floor plan, elevations, and exploded axonometric view of the structure. The construction process is broken down step-by-step explaining how the steel framing, flooring, bench, columns, and roofing are assembled. Construction details are also shown highlighting dimensions and connections of the floor structure and steel framing.
The document provides details of a construction project to build a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It describes the design considerations for the shelter, which focused on stability, use of recycled materials, safety, and weather resistance. It then outlines the design development process and final design of an angled skeletal structure. The remainder of the document discusses the construction process for the shelter's foundation, steel frame, columns, roof, and completion of the final model.
This document provides an analysis report for a project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a maximum height of 600mm and base area of 400mm x 800mm. It includes sections on the design concept, massing, design development, drawings, material analysis, construction details, structural analysis, and conclusions. The goal was to demonstrate an understanding of skeletal construction and how structures react under loading. The design combined a triangular prism roof with a cuboid base to provide shelter for 5-6 users with an emphasis on practical construction and user needs.
The document provides details on the construction of a temporary bus shelter structure using a skeletal steel frame. It includes orthographic drawings showing the floor plan, elevations, and exploded axonometric view of the structure. The construction process is broken down step-by-step explaining how the steel framing, flooring, roof, and other components are assembled using various connection methods like welding and bolting. Dimensions and specifications are provided for the different steel beams, joists, and brackets used in constructing the skeletal frame of the temporary bus shelter.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2 - BUS SHELTER REPORTemily9199
The document provides details on the design and construction of a temporary bus shelter by a group of five students. It includes sections on the design process, considerations, drawings, construction process, details, analysis and testing. The shelter is designed to have a maximum length of 800mm, width of 400mm and height of 600mm. It utilizes a skeletal structure made of steel with a polycarbonate roof to resist loads and provide shelter.
This document summarizes the design of a steel frame structure for an indoor sports facility in Portugal according to Eurocode standards. It describes the architectural design of a dual-pitch roof and choice of structural steel components including planar truss rafters. It also outlines the modeling approach in SAP2000 including definition of loads such as self-weight, live, wind and thermal loads according to Eurocode standards. Load combinations are defined for the ultimate limit state structural/geometric verification of members.
This document discusses construction monitoring techniques used during the reinforcement of the Da Xi He No. 3 stone arch bridge in China. It describes the bridge's original design and the concrete-stone-concrete reinforcement method used. Construction monitoring of deformation and stress is discussed as an essential part of ensuring quality and safety during reconstruction. Deformation monitoring locations and measurement methods are presented, and deformation measurement data is compared to model data. Stress monitoring locations and measurement using vibrating wire sensors is also described, with stress measurement data presented and compared to model data.
This publication provides guidance on detailed design of single span steel portal frames according to Eurocode standards. It discusses the importance of considering second order effects in portal frame analysis and design. These effects can reduce the frame's stiffness below that calculated from first order analysis. The publication covers analysis and design approaches at the ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state, including imperfections, base stiffness, deflections, cross section resistance, member stability, bracing, connections, and worked examples. Emphasis is placed on using computer software for analysis and design to achieve the most efficient structural solutions.
Project 1: Structural Design Post MortemDavidJPCChai
The document discusses the structural design of a Visitor Interpretive Centre building. It analyzes each of the building's structural components, including the foundation system, post and beam structure, walls, roof, and staircase. For each component, it examines the existing structural system, and proposes modifications to improve safety, feasibility, economy, and optimization. Concrete is commonly used as the primary material. The modified designs aim to ensure the structural integrity and longevity of the building.
The document provides details of a construction project to build a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It describes the design considerations for the shelter, which focused on stability, use of recycled materials, safety, and weather resistance. It then outlines the design development process and final design of an angled skeletal structure. The remainder of the document discusses the construction process for the shelter's foundation, steel frame, columns, roof, and completion of the final model.
This document provides an analysis report for a project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a maximum height of 600mm and base area of 400mm x 800mm. It includes sections on the design concept, massing, design development, drawings, material analysis, construction details, structural analysis, and conclusions. The goal was to demonstrate an understanding of skeletal construction and how structures react under loading. The design combined a triangular prism roof with a cuboid base to provide shelter for 5-6 users with an emphasis on practical construction and user needs.
The document provides details on the construction of a temporary bus shelter structure using a skeletal steel frame. It includes orthographic drawings showing the floor plan, elevations, and exploded axonometric view of the structure. The construction process is broken down step-by-step explaining how the steel framing, flooring, roof, and other components are assembled using various connection methods like welding and bolting. Dimensions and specifications are provided for the different steel beams, joists, and brackets used in constructing the skeletal frame of the temporary bus shelter.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2 - BUS SHELTER REPORTemily9199
The document provides details on the design and construction of a temporary bus shelter by a group of five students. It includes sections on the design process, considerations, drawings, construction process, details, analysis and testing. The shelter is designed to have a maximum length of 800mm, width of 400mm and height of 600mm. It utilizes a skeletal structure made of steel with a polycarbonate roof to resist loads and provide shelter.
This document summarizes the design of a steel frame structure for an indoor sports facility in Portugal according to Eurocode standards. It describes the architectural design of a dual-pitch roof and choice of structural steel components including planar truss rafters. It also outlines the modeling approach in SAP2000 including definition of loads such as self-weight, live, wind and thermal loads according to Eurocode standards. Load combinations are defined for the ultimate limit state structural/geometric verification of members.
This document discusses construction monitoring techniques used during the reinforcement of the Da Xi He No. 3 stone arch bridge in China. It describes the bridge's original design and the concrete-stone-concrete reinforcement method used. Construction monitoring of deformation and stress is discussed as an essential part of ensuring quality and safety during reconstruction. Deformation monitoring locations and measurement methods are presented, and deformation measurement data is compared to model data. Stress monitoring locations and measurement using vibrating wire sensors is also described, with stress measurement data presented and compared to model data.
This publication provides guidance on detailed design of single span steel portal frames according to Eurocode standards. It discusses the importance of considering second order effects in portal frame analysis and design. These effects can reduce the frame's stiffness below that calculated from first order analysis. The publication covers analysis and design approaches at the ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state, including imperfections, base stiffness, deflections, cross section resistance, member stability, bracing, connections, and worked examples. Emphasis is placed on using computer software for analysis and design to achieve the most efficient structural solutions.
Project 1: Structural Design Post MortemDavidJPCChai
The document discusses the structural design of a Visitor Interpretive Centre building. It analyzes each of the building's structural components, including the foundation system, post and beam structure, walls, roof, and staircase. For each component, it examines the existing structural system, and proposes modifications to improve safety, feasibility, economy, and optimization. Concrete is commonly used as the primary material. The modified designs aim to ensure the structural integrity and longevity of the building.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2 ; PROJECT 1 REPORTDarshiini Vig
The document describes a student project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a skeletal structure using recycled materials. The team researched skeletal construction and designed a shelter combining steel and timber posts, beams, and joints. This provided structural integrity while allowing for aesthetic variations. Diagrams and photos show the design's development from initial sketches through various prototype scales to the final scaled model shelter.
The document provides details of a group project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter focusing on skeletal structures. It includes an introduction outlining the project objectives to understand skeletal structures and how they react under loading. Subsequent sections describe the design development process including massing studies, drawings, construction details, and structural analysis. The final model and rendering are presented, demonstrating the application of skeletal construction principles.
Lecture 7 s.s.iii Design of Steel Structures - Faculty of Civil Engineering IaşiUrsachi Răzvan
This document discusses portal frame structures used for industrial buildings. It describes the main structural elements including roof sheeting, columns, rafters, beams, and wall panels. Typical spans for portal frames range from 12 to 60 meters, though 20-30 meters is most efficient. Various structural systems and joint connections are examined, including different types of column-rafter joints, apex joints, and design considerations for analyzing and strengthening these critical connections to transfer forces between members. Equations are provided for analyzing stresses in the joints.
Here are a few key feasibility issues with the original structural design of the VIC and potential solutions:
- Irregular column layout does not provide uniform load distribution to the foundations. A grid layout of columns is needed.
- Glass and steel curtain walls on the ground floor are not structurally suitable to carry loads from above. Load-bearing walls or a structural frame is required.
- Cantilevered first floor slab has no lateral support, posing a risk of collapse without cantilever beams.
- Ramp between floors is an unreinforced concrete slab with no structural support, making it difficult and unsafe to construct. Reinforcing and supporting the ramp is needed.
- Roof slab bears directly on
The document summarizes a student project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes an introduction outlining the project requirements. The design considerations section discusses factors like weather resistance, stability, ergonomics and material suitability. Orthographic drawings and photos of the construction process are provided. Construction details show connections between structural elements. A design analysis section rationalizes design choices. Finally, the skeletal frame members of the bus shelter are listed.
The document summarizes the design and construction of a temporary bus shelter built by students. It includes:
1) An introduction describing the objective of designing and building the bus shelter using skeletal construction. Sections cover the design considerations, development, construction process, details, analysis, and materials used.
2) Details of the design development which saw improvements to structural support and stability.
3) Description of the construction process involving planning, material preparation, assembly, and finishing.
4) Explanations of the construction details for the foundation, structure, decking, seating, and roof along with relevant dimensions and connection methods.
Lecture 2 s.s. iii continuare Design of Steel Structures - Faculty of Civil E...Ursachi Răzvan
This document discusses steel industrial buildings and their structural design. It provides classifications and features of industrial buildings, including their regular rectangular shapes, mono-pitched or duo-pitched roofs with small slopes, and single-story construction. It describes the structural system of transverse frames with columns and girders/trusses. Bracing systems are discussed which provide stability and stiffness, including bracing of roof trusses, columns, and crane girders (if present). Different structural solutions for the transverse frame and various bracing layouts are shown. Tolerances between building blocks are also specified.
Highway and rail transit tunnels can have various shapes, liner types, and construction methods depending on factors like the ground conditions. The most common shapes are circular, rectangular, horseshoe, and oval/egg for highways and circular, double box, single box, and horseshoe for rail. Liners include unlined rock, shotcrete, segmental linings for TBM tunnels, and placed concrete. Construction methods include cut and cover, tunnel boring machine, drill and blast, and jacked tunnels. Tunnel finishes aim to enhance safety, lighting, cleanability and include ceramic tiles, metal panels, and epoxy coatings. Ventilation systems can be natural, longitudinal, semi-transverse, full-transverse,
[ARC2513] Building construction2 project 2Baddy Peigun
The document is a project report on the Gare de Lyon-Saint Exupery railway station designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. It provides details on the architect, the conceptual design which drew inspiration from the human eye and body, and includes orthographic drawings of the site plan, elevations and sections. The report also analyzes the structural design through diagrams of loads including gravity, shear, moment and axial loads. It describes the materials used such as tempered glass, structural steel and reinforced concrete.
This document provides instructions for inserting activities into Primavera P6 to represent the construction schedule. It outlines the major work items for the foundation stage including pad footing and pedestal construction. Ten work items are listed to represent the pad footing and pedestal work. It then discusses the ground beam, slab, and steel column and beam work. Four work breakdown structure items are identified for these stages. The document instructs the user to add these work items and activities to the Primavera P6 project schedule.
The document discusses the key components and construction process of reinforced concrete framed buildings. It describes the main structural elements including frames, concrete, reinforcement, formwork and equipment. It then outlines the typical steps to build a reinforced concrete framed building, starting with setting out, piling if needed, then constructing the foundation elements like pad footing, stumps and ground beams before erecting the columns and slabs for each level up to the roof.
The document describes a student group project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design process, technical drawings, construction details, material selection, construction process, force analysis, and accessibility considerations. The group's final design uses a steel frame structure with a timber deck floor and polycarbonate roof. Key joints include a pad foundation, floor joist connections, and welded column-beam connections. The construction process is documented, highlighting the foundation pouring, floor assembly, and roof installation. Force analysis examines load distribution and concentrated loads. Weather resistance and sun orientation are also addressed.
Part 2 Self Supporting tower structures Fred Teichman
2 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
This document provides an overview of multi-storey steel structures. It discusses:
- The early history of steel structures beginning in the late 18th century with cast iron buildings and progressing to steel I-beam structures in the mid-19th century.
- Famous early skyscrapers from the late 19th century including the Home Insurance Building and Monadnock Building which helped popularize the technology.
- Structural systems for tall buildings including rigid frames, braced frames, rigid core structures, and tubular designs capable of supporting 70-120+ stories.
- Design considerations like building shape, foundation tolerance, wind loading, and seismic provisions like ductile connections and a rigid base.
The Turning Torso in Malmo, Sweden is a residential tower that twists 90 degrees from bottom to top. It has a central concrete core and cantilevered floor slabs that are supported by an exterior steel spine. The steel spine transfers wind and seismic loads to the core. The tower was constructed using an automatic climbing formwork that moved up with each completed floor. The complex twisting geometry required a double curved glass and aluminum facade with windows that lean up to 7 degrees to accommodate the building's twist.
This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
The document discusses horizontal structural systems used in two major building projects from the 1970s and 80s: the Lloyds Insurance Building in London designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership, and the Commerzbank headquarters building. It provides details on the long-span steel beams and trusses used to create the 15m by 6m floor grids in these buildings. It also shows diagrams of the tapered steel girders and studs that were used to create composite action between the steel framing and concrete slabs.
The document provides details of a group project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter focusing on skeletal structures. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives to understand skeletal structures and how they react under loading. Subsequent sections describe the design development process including massing studies and orthographic drawings. Construction details are shown for the foundations, frame, roof, and seating areas. Load analysis diagrams illustrate how dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and precipitation are transferred through the structure.
The document summarizes a student project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a skeletal structure. It includes sections on design considerations, material selection, construction details, load analysis, and conclusions. The final design was a hexagonal prism shape made of steel columns, beams, and channels along with a polycarbonate roof and teak wood floor that could shelter 5-6 people. Tests showed the structure could withstand the weight of six people and heavy rain. The project helped students understand skeletal construction and how structures react under loading.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2 ; PROJECT 1 REPORTDarshiini Vig
The document describes a student project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a skeletal structure using recycled materials. The team researched skeletal construction and designed a shelter combining steel and timber posts, beams, and joints. This provided structural integrity while allowing for aesthetic variations. Diagrams and photos show the design's development from initial sketches through various prototype scales to the final scaled model shelter.
The document provides details of a group project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter focusing on skeletal structures. It includes an introduction outlining the project objectives to understand skeletal structures and how they react under loading. Subsequent sections describe the design development process including massing studies, drawings, construction details, and structural analysis. The final model and rendering are presented, demonstrating the application of skeletal construction principles.
Lecture 7 s.s.iii Design of Steel Structures - Faculty of Civil Engineering IaşiUrsachi Răzvan
This document discusses portal frame structures used for industrial buildings. It describes the main structural elements including roof sheeting, columns, rafters, beams, and wall panels. Typical spans for portal frames range from 12 to 60 meters, though 20-30 meters is most efficient. Various structural systems and joint connections are examined, including different types of column-rafter joints, apex joints, and design considerations for analyzing and strengthening these critical connections to transfer forces between members. Equations are provided for analyzing stresses in the joints.
Here are a few key feasibility issues with the original structural design of the VIC and potential solutions:
- Irregular column layout does not provide uniform load distribution to the foundations. A grid layout of columns is needed.
- Glass and steel curtain walls on the ground floor are not structurally suitable to carry loads from above. Load-bearing walls or a structural frame is required.
- Cantilevered first floor slab has no lateral support, posing a risk of collapse without cantilever beams.
- Ramp between floors is an unreinforced concrete slab with no structural support, making it difficult and unsafe to construct. Reinforcing and supporting the ramp is needed.
- Roof slab bears directly on
The document summarizes a student project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes an introduction outlining the project requirements. The design considerations section discusses factors like weather resistance, stability, ergonomics and material suitability. Orthographic drawings and photos of the construction process are provided. Construction details show connections between structural elements. A design analysis section rationalizes design choices. Finally, the skeletal frame members of the bus shelter are listed.
The document summarizes the design and construction of a temporary bus shelter built by students. It includes:
1) An introduction describing the objective of designing and building the bus shelter using skeletal construction. Sections cover the design considerations, development, construction process, details, analysis, and materials used.
2) Details of the design development which saw improvements to structural support and stability.
3) Description of the construction process involving planning, material preparation, assembly, and finishing.
4) Explanations of the construction details for the foundation, structure, decking, seating, and roof along with relevant dimensions and connection methods.
Lecture 2 s.s. iii continuare Design of Steel Structures - Faculty of Civil E...Ursachi Răzvan
This document discusses steel industrial buildings and their structural design. It provides classifications and features of industrial buildings, including their regular rectangular shapes, mono-pitched or duo-pitched roofs with small slopes, and single-story construction. It describes the structural system of transverse frames with columns and girders/trusses. Bracing systems are discussed which provide stability and stiffness, including bracing of roof trusses, columns, and crane girders (if present). Different structural solutions for the transverse frame and various bracing layouts are shown. Tolerances between building blocks are also specified.
Highway and rail transit tunnels can have various shapes, liner types, and construction methods depending on factors like the ground conditions. The most common shapes are circular, rectangular, horseshoe, and oval/egg for highways and circular, double box, single box, and horseshoe for rail. Liners include unlined rock, shotcrete, segmental linings for TBM tunnels, and placed concrete. Construction methods include cut and cover, tunnel boring machine, drill and blast, and jacked tunnels. Tunnel finishes aim to enhance safety, lighting, cleanability and include ceramic tiles, metal panels, and epoxy coatings. Ventilation systems can be natural, longitudinal, semi-transverse, full-transverse,
[ARC2513] Building construction2 project 2Baddy Peigun
The document is a project report on the Gare de Lyon-Saint Exupery railway station designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. It provides details on the architect, the conceptual design which drew inspiration from the human eye and body, and includes orthographic drawings of the site plan, elevations and sections. The report also analyzes the structural design through diagrams of loads including gravity, shear, moment and axial loads. It describes the materials used such as tempered glass, structural steel and reinforced concrete.
This document provides instructions for inserting activities into Primavera P6 to represent the construction schedule. It outlines the major work items for the foundation stage including pad footing and pedestal construction. Ten work items are listed to represent the pad footing and pedestal work. It then discusses the ground beam, slab, and steel column and beam work. Four work breakdown structure items are identified for these stages. The document instructs the user to add these work items and activities to the Primavera P6 project schedule.
The document discusses the key components and construction process of reinforced concrete framed buildings. It describes the main structural elements including frames, concrete, reinforcement, formwork and equipment. It then outlines the typical steps to build a reinforced concrete framed building, starting with setting out, piling if needed, then constructing the foundation elements like pad footing, stumps and ground beams before erecting the columns and slabs for each level up to the roof.
The document describes a student group project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design process, technical drawings, construction details, material selection, construction process, force analysis, and accessibility considerations. The group's final design uses a steel frame structure with a timber deck floor and polycarbonate roof. Key joints include a pad foundation, floor joist connections, and welded column-beam connections. The construction process is documented, highlighting the foundation pouring, floor assembly, and roof installation. Force analysis examines load distribution and concentrated loads. Weather resistance and sun orientation are also addressed.
Part 2 Self Supporting tower structures Fred Teichman
2 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
This document provides an overview of multi-storey steel structures. It discusses:
- The early history of steel structures beginning in the late 18th century with cast iron buildings and progressing to steel I-beam structures in the mid-19th century.
- Famous early skyscrapers from the late 19th century including the Home Insurance Building and Monadnock Building which helped popularize the technology.
- Structural systems for tall buildings including rigid frames, braced frames, rigid core structures, and tubular designs capable of supporting 70-120+ stories.
- Design considerations like building shape, foundation tolerance, wind loading, and seismic provisions like ductile connections and a rigid base.
The Turning Torso in Malmo, Sweden is a residential tower that twists 90 degrees from bottom to top. It has a central concrete core and cantilevered floor slabs that are supported by an exterior steel spine. The steel spine transfers wind and seismic loads to the core. The tower was constructed using an automatic climbing formwork that moved up with each completed floor. The complex twisting geometry required a double curved glass and aluminum facade with windows that lean up to 7 degrees to accommodate the building's twist.
This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
The document discusses horizontal structural systems used in two major building projects from the 1970s and 80s: the Lloyds Insurance Building in London designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership, and the Commerzbank headquarters building. It provides details on the long-span steel beams and trusses used to create the 15m by 6m floor grids in these buildings. It also shows diagrams of the tapered steel girders and studs that were used to create composite action between the steel framing and concrete slabs.
The document provides details of a group project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter focusing on skeletal structures. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives to understand skeletal structures and how they react under loading. Subsequent sections describe the design development process including massing studies and orthographic drawings. Construction details are shown for the foundations, frame, roof, and seating areas. Load analysis diagrams illustrate how dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and precipitation are transferred through the structure.
The document summarizes a student project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a skeletal structure. It includes sections on design considerations, material selection, construction details, load analysis, and conclusions. The final design was a hexagonal prism shape made of steel columns, beams, and channels along with a polycarbonate roof and teak wood floor that could shelter 5-6 people. Tests showed the structure could withstand the weight of six people and heavy rain. The project helped students understand skeletal construction and how structures react under loading.
Undergraduate major project_-_design_ofVijay Singh
This document describes the design of a T-beam rail-over-bridge submitted by 9 students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It includes an introduction to bridge types and T-beam bridges. It then outlines the contents which will cover the design of the deck slab, cantilever slab, longitudinal and cross girders, and bearings. Design calculations and reinforcement details will be provided for each component.
The document provides details of a construction project to build a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It describes the design considerations for the shelter, including stability, materials, safety, and weather resistance. It then outlines the design development process and final design of an angled skeletal structure. The construction process sections provide details on building the concrete foundation, steel frame, columns, bench, flooring, and angled roof structure. Dimensioned drawings and photos illustrate each component and how they connect together to complete the scaled bus shelter model.
This document summarizes a student project to design and construct a scaled model bus shelter. It covers the design process and considerations for stability, materials selection, and load transfer. Diagrams show the construction details and connections of the timber skeletal frame. Analysis explains how the design resists various loads. Renderings and conclusions complete the documentation of
The document describes a student group project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design process, technical drawings, construction details, material selection, construction process, force analysis, and accessibility considerations. The group's final design uses a steel frame structure with a timber deck floor and polycarbonate roof. Key joints include a pad foundation, floor joist connections, and welded column-beam connections. The construction process is documented, highlighting the foundation pouring, floor assembly, and roof installation. Force analysis examines load distribution and concentrated loads. Weather resistance and sun orientation are also addressed.
The document provides details on the use of industrialized building systems for a building project. It includes an introduction to IBS and precedent studies. It then describes the various IBS components to be used, including precast concrete columns, beams, slabs, and stairs. Prefabricated steel will be used for toilet pods and the roof structure. Fabrication and installation processes are outlined for the different components.
Analysis of Multi-Storey Steel Structure with Different Infills and Steel Bra...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 9-story steel structure with different bracing and infill systems through modeling and analysis. Four structural models are considered: a bare frame, bare frame with precast panel infill, bare frame with X-bracing, and bare frame with X-bracing and precast panel infill. The models are analyzed using software to determine base shear, story drift, and displacement under seismic loads. Results show that use of bracing and infills helps reduce displacement and story drift, with the model containing both X-bracing and precast infill performing best by minimizing drift. Infill and bracing systems thus improve the structure's lateral stiffness and strength during earthquakes.
This document provides details of a student project to design and build a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design inspiration and concept, precedent studies, structural analysis, accessibility, components, materials, joints and connections, construction process, and final design. The design was inspired by the posture of a flying bird and consists of interconnected tetrahedrons and a cuboid structure. Structural analysis was conducted to ensure the design can withstand wind and rain loads. Construction involved building the floor, seat, and roof structures and connecting the components.
This document provides details of a student project to design and build a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design inspiration and concept, precedent studies, load distribution, weather resistance, accessibility, load testing, components, materials, joints and connections, construction process, final design, and conclusions. The design of the shelter was inspired by the posture of a flying bird and consists of interconnecting tetrahedrons and a cuboid structure.
Building Construction II - Skeletal Constructionchiwunloi
This document provides details about the construction of a temporary bus shelter by a group of 5 students. It includes:
1) An introduction to skeletal construction and the project requirements to build a bus shelter scaled at 1:5 that can accommodate 5-6 people.
2) Considerations for the design including climate, user needs, material selection, and maintenance. Concrete, timber, metal, and polycarbonate materials will be used.
3) Drawings including roof plans, floor plans, elevations, and construction details. The shelter will use a timber skeletal frame, concrete foundation, metal roof, and polycarbonate panels.
4) A description of the construction process from pre-construction planning to
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF INNOVATIVE FABRICATED COUPLED COMPOSITE COLUMN IN M...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the structural performance of an innovative fabricated coupled composite column system for multi-story buildings. The system uses closely spaced double small-section concrete filled steel tubes connected by steel connector beams. Buckling load analysis was performed by varying the number of connectors, column cross-section size, and concrete grade. Seismic analysis was then conducted by replacing conventional columns in a 10-story building model with the coupled composite columns under different parametric conditions. Results for base shear, story displacement, and drift were compared to the conventional building model. The coupled composite column system was found to improve seismic performance parameters compared to conventional steel columns.
The document provides information on the construction and erection of bridge elements such as prestressed concrete girders and deck slabs. It discusses casting of bridge girders using steel molds, various launching methods for erecting girders including using launching girders, and the balanced cantilever method of construction where bridge segments are constructed in a balanced manner from each pier until the two halves are joined. It also covers different types of bridge decks and systems used for structural steel girder bridges.
This document provides an analysis report for a project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a maximum height of 600mm and base area of 400mm x 800mm. It includes sections on the design concept, massing, design development, drawings, material analysis, construction details, structural analysis, and conclusions. The goal was to demonstrate an understanding of skeletal construction and how structures react under loading. The design combined a triangular prism roof with a cuboid base to provide shelter for 5-6 users with an emphasis on practical construction and user needs.
This document provides an analysis report for a project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a maximum height of 600mm and base area of 400mm x 800mm. It includes sections on the design concept, massing, design development, drawings, material analysis, construction details, structural analysis, and conclusions. The goal was to demonstrate an understanding of skeletal construction and how structures react under loading. The design combined a triangular prism roof with a cuboid base to provide shelter for 5-6 users with an emphasis on practical construction and user needs.
This document discusses steel portal frames, which are low-rise structures used for industrial and warehouse buildings. They consist of columns connected by horizontal or pitched beams via moment-resisting connections. This allows the frame to act as a single structural unit and reduces bending moments in the beams. Pin joints are introduced to overcome rotational stresses from the beams to the columns. The document then discusses loads on portal frames, proper joint and foundation design, and bracing requirements. It provides specifications for typical steel sections used in portal frames and dimensions. Finally, it summarizes the steel portal frame roof design of the Turbhe Railway Station in India, which features an 84-meter long semi-circular ribbed arch roof.
CAE Conference - Luca Romano - 21 october 2013Franco Bontempi
This document summarizes the design and construction of the Fiera Milano Building in Milan, Italy. It describes the international design competition that was won with a proposal for a golden horizontal tower. The winning design consisted of a mixed steel-concrete structure comprising two connected buildings, Building A with 12 floors and Building B with 13 floors. Foundation design considered the underground railway, using steel sheet piles and concrete to transmit forces without pressure on the existing walls. Analysis of the structure was performed using finite element modeling to simulate structural stiffness and resistance to vertical, shear and bending loads.
This document summarizes the design and construction of the Fiera Milano Building in Milan, Italy. It describes the international design competition that was won with a proposal for a golden horizontal tower. The winning design consisted of a mixed steel-concrete structure comprising two connected buildings, Building A with 12 floors and Building B with 13 floors. Foundation challenges included installing sheet piles and casting concrete under the existing Underground of Milan to prevent earth pressures. Analysis of the building was performed using finite element modeling software.
This document provides a comparative analysis of two streets - Jalan Besar in Klang, Malaysia and Queen's Road Central in Hong Kong. It introduces the two streets and outlines their histories and morphologies. Five contact points are identified for each street, including walkways, alleys, and junctions. The contact intensity and typical activities at each point are described. Similarities between the streets include covered walkways that attract pedestrians seeking shade, and stairs being used as informal seating areas. Both streets attract users through their functionality, with food stalls drawing people in Klang and busy shops sparking curiosity in Hong Kong.
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Building construction ii (1)
1. Skeletal Construction(TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER)
cHEE JIA XIN (0327392)
cHIN mAN CHONG (0324509)
kAlvin bONG jIA yING (0327822)
kANG zI sHAN (0327605)
kENNETT lIM rOONG xIANG (0325031)
(TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER)
Skeletal Construction
cHEE JIA XIN (0327392)
cHIN mAN CHOoNG (0324509)
kAlvin bONG jIA yING (0327822)
kANG zI sHAN (0327605)
kENNETT lIM rOONG xIANG (0325031)
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2
BLD60703
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2
BLD60703
3. 01INTRODUCTION
In this project, we are tasked to design and construct a temporary
bus shelter that focuses on principle of skeleton frames and their
joints. The bus shelter required is to have a maximum height of
600mm and a maximum base of 400mm x 800mm, reflecting a
practical usage based on portability and comfort as well as
functioning to provide optimal shading from rain and sun.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
In order to assemble a strong and stable structure, we are to
understand the fundamentals of skeletal system as well as the
structural support and joint connection with one another. In
addition, to understand how structure bears different loads without
compromising structural integrity of the bus shelter as well as safety
purpose of the users. Law of static, force, stress and materiality are
essential considerations, contributing to building’s strength, stabilityessential considerations, contributing to building’s strength, stability
and stiffness.
idea sketch - initial
4. 02DESIGN
iNTENTION
We intend to design an appropriate shelter with I-beams by
connecting them to form as a whole that meets common needs
whilst providing understanding and function of a designated bus
shelter as wel as meeting brief of structural and skeletal support to
uphold the weight acting on the bus shelter.
Derived from the shape of cube and cuboid, the bus shelter
reveals its simplicity by showing connection of beam to beamsreveals its simplicity by showing connection of beam to beams
and columns of the structure by using mainly I-beams. The
I-beams’ integrity is aimed to withstand high load
pressure, both dead and live
load as well as wind load
forces applied.
+
cube cuboid
04
idea sketch - massing
5. 03design
considerations
05
capacity accessibility
weather resistance stability openness
circulation flow
SUNLIGHT LOAD TRANSFER air flow
RAIN
Able to accomodate 5-6
persons whilst providing
resting comfort
Wide entrance exposure allows
free movement in where pedestrians
access the area from surrounding
openings of the bus shelter
Able to resist local climate,
allowing direct sunlight and
rainfall acted on the bus
shelter to provide protection
to pedestrians
Uniform arrangement order of
structural components to resist
horizontal and vertical loads
to prevent lifting or collapsing
Provides visibility towards traffic
conditions and oncoming
vehicles as well as maximizes
optimal air flow in and out of
the structure
Selection of choice of materials
to have high strength and
durability, readily available,
and less harmful to environment
materiality
6. 04DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
01. initial idea
06
02. initial structure 03. development
04. final design
Two elements, folding plane and
upright vertical plane conjoint
together to form a covered space
below as well as massing of the
entire bus shelter
Horizontal roof joists are added
along with the vertical columns
to distribute evenly the weight
and loads applied on it, connecting
to the single standing column.
Horizontal joists are added onto
roof joists and vertical columns
to add protection and appearance
to the bus shelter
Proper detailed columns
and beams arrangement
for efficient loads transfer
and stability of the
skeleton frames structure
11. foundation / concrete pad footing
floor structure / steel framing
01
Wooden blocks are used as
pad footing foundations to
represent concrete footings
in actual scale model.
01
Long mild steel pieces are
welded together to a way
it forms an I-beam form.
02
Wooden beam is
dimensioned accordingly
and cut into desired blocks.
02
The mild steel I-beam is cut
down to shorter size using steel
cutter chop saw to fit them as
posts, ground beams and
girders for framing to be
connected.connected.
03
All wooden blocks are later
sprayed with colored adhesive
to represent the materiality of
concrete in actual scale model,
and then prepared to be used
as foundation footings.as foundation footings.
03
All components of steel base
framing are assembled and
welded to connect them but
cleated in actual scale model.
12. floor structure / floor joists
column / i-beam column
01
Two long rectangular hollow
section (RHS) steels are
attached together by
welding.
01
Long mild steel pieces are
welded together following
the desired size to form
I-beam columns.
02
Double RHS steels are then
cut into intended lengths
seperately and are
later used for floor joists.
02
The mild steel I-beam columns
are joined together with the
steel skeletal framing of the
floor structure by welding to
form overall connection of
columns and beams.columns and beams.
03
All the floor joists are
connected to the skeletal
framing of the floor structure
to allow timber decking and
seating to be placed on.
03
Columns and posts of the
structure are then connected
to the steel plates by welding
and steel plates are screwed
to the pad footings.
13. flooring & bench / PLYWOOD decking & seating (merbau wood)
01
Plywood plank is measured
and prepared to be saw into
single plank flooring and
three timber pieces for the
bench by using hacksaw.
01
All the cut I-beam steel pieces
are organized neatly before
assembling by welding them
to represent it being cleated
in actual scale bus shelter.
02
Single plywood plank is
laser-cut to reflect each
individual timber plank on
the flooring that is represented
in actual scale bus shelter.
02
A steel roof beam is
connected in between two
of the columns while the rest
are joined together to form
a framing.
03
Flooring is then decked to the
skeletal framing of the floor
structure secured in using
cordless drill. Bench is also
assembled and secured on
top of the floor.top of the floor.
03
The roof framing is then
attached to the single
vertical column by welding
together.
roof structure / STEEL framing & beam
14. roof structure / roof joists
01
Double RHS steels are rest on
the roof steel frame and are
welded to it.
01
The acrylic sheet is cut into
given dimension that fits and
covers the whole structure
from above.
02
Placement of the RHS steels on
the steel frame are spanned
equally among each other.
02
The sheet is placed on top of
the roof joists and is secured
on by screwing.
03
The steel plates are screwed
into the wooden block
footings, marking the model’s
completion.
roofing / Acrylic Sheet (polycarbonate sheet)
15. 08construction
details
15
floor structure : steel framing
& joists
The steel base framing with joists makes up the
main floor structure of the bus shelter which
functions to bear loads vertically to the ground.
It is connected with the steel posts and concrete
pad footings, allowing timber decking andpad footings, allowing timber decking and
bench to sit on it to form a unified skeleton
frames structure.
steel i-beam type A
Function:
As primary ground
beam, joining the steel
posts and concrete pad
footings in a single row.
Dimensions:Dimensions:
Length: 3625MM
steel i-beam type b/c/d
Function:
As girders to join the
front and back row of
columns, steel posts
and foundations.
Dimensions:Dimensions:
Length for Type B: 1250MM
Length for Type C: 1499MM
Length for Type D: 746MM
e : RECTANGULAR HOLLOW
SECTION (RHS)
Function:
As floor beams/joists to
allow the timber decking
to connect to it.
Dimensions:Dimensions:
Length: 1650MM
38MM
1.6MM
75MM
71.8MM
BACK
FRONT
A
A
B
E
E
EEEE E
C
D
D
150MM
150MM
130MM
7MM
10MM
150MM
150MM
130MM
7MM
10MM
17. floor steel framing & Joists Connections
ANGLE BRACKET (a-i)
DOUBLE CLEATS WITH 4 BOLTS & NUTS
Function:
As joint to connect columns
and ground beam as well as
ground beams and girders
Dimensions:Dimensions:
Height & Width: 50MM
Length: 70MM
Thickness: 5MM
ANGLE BRACKET
SINGLE CLEAT WITH 2 BOLTS & NUTS
Function:
As joint to connect RHS
steels to ground beams
Dimensions:
Height & Width: 60MMHeight & Width: 60MM
Length: 40MM
Thickness: 5MM
HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
Dimensions:
F: 16MM
D: 11MM
Length: 20MM
Head: 6.58MM
BACK
FRONT
17
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
18. floor steel framing & Joists Connection details
BACK
FRONT
18
One surface of
steel single cleat
is rigidly welded
onto the RHS steel
CONNECTION BETWEEN FLOOR
JOIST AND Girder
connection between girder and ground beam
Another surface of steel
single cleat is bolted onto
the ground beam
Girder Girder
Top flange of the beam is coped to allow top
of the beam to be flush with the top of the girder
Ground Beam
Steel angle cleats are bolted to web of girder and beam
Coped Beam
Flange
Girder
Girder
Beam
19. BACK
FRONT
SIDE ELEVATION SECTION
19
PAD FOOTING TYPE A
Dimensions:
Width & Length:
500MM
Height: 400MM
PAD FOOTING TYPE B
Dimensions:
Width & Length:
400MM
Height: 400MM
ANCHOR BOLT WASHER
Dimensions:
WD: 30MM
ND: 28.5MM
Steel post
Anchor Bolt
Steel base plate
CONNECTION BETWEEN STEEL PLATE AND PAD FOOTING
WH: 6MM
NH: 2.2MM
D: 19.05MM
steel plate TYPE b
Dimensions:
Width & Length:
300MM
Thickness: 5MM
A
A
B
B BB
B
B
B
A
A
Height
LengthWidth
FOUNDATION : CONCRETE PAD FOOTINGS
Height
LengthWidth
steel plate TYPE A
Dimensions:
Width & Length:
400MM
Thickness: 5MM
Concrete
pad footing
20. 20
FLOORING & BENCH : MERBAU WOOD DECKING & SEATING
Merbau wood planks
Dimensions:
Width: 250MM
Length: 3500MM
Thickness: 25MM
CONNECTION BETWEEN TIMBER PLANK AND FLOOR JOIST
CONNECTION BETWEEN TIMBER seating and timber PLANK
self TAPPING SCREW
Dimensions:
D1: 11MM
D2: 15MM
L: 40MM
H: 7MM
Self Tapping
Screw
Timber Plank
Floor Joist
Timber planks are laid above the
floor joists to create a finished look
for the timber decking. Each timber
plank is secured to the floor joists
underneath using self-tapping
screw, providing a flat and safe
surface for pedestrian’s use as wellsurface for pedestrian’s use as well
as stabilizing the floor system.
ANGLE BRACKET
DOUBLE CLEATS WITH 4 BOLTS & NUTS
Dimensions:
Height & Width: 50MM
Length: 70MM
Thickness: 5MM
Floor Joist
Merbau wood planks TYPE B
Dimensions:
Width: 450MM Length: 2350MM
Thickness: 30MM
Merbau wood planks TYPE A
Dimensions:
Width: 800MM Length: 2350MM
Thickness: 20MM
A
A
B
B B
DECKING
SEATING
Timber
Decking
Timber
Seating
HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
Dimensions:
F: 16MM
D: 11MM
Length: 20MM
Head: 6.58MM
21. 21
COLUMN : I-BEAM STEEL POST & COLUMN
C: steel i-beam post
Function:
Connects concrete pad
footings with girders
Dimensions:
Length: 50MM
STEEL I-BEAM COLUMN TYPE A
Function:
Connects concrete pad
footings with roof framing
Dimensions:
Length: 2800MM
STEEL I-BEAM COLUMN TYPE b
Function:
Connects concrete pad
footings with roof framing
Dimensions:
Length: 2725MM
150MM
150MM
130MM
7MM
10MM
250MM
250MM
230MM
7MM
10MM
250MM
250MM
230MM
7MM
10MM
A
A
B
B
B
B
BACK
FRONT
22. 22
ROOF STRUCTURE : STEEL FRAMING & JOISTS DIMENSIONS
250MM
750MM
BACK
FRONT
1650MM1250MM
839MM
3750MM
1500MM
23.
24. ROOFing : POLYCARBONATE SHEET
sheet TYPE A
Dimensions:
Width: 964MM
Length: 1750MM
Thickness: 15MM
Self Driving
Screw
Single Cleat
Angle Bracket
Bolts and Nuts
RHS Steel
connection between polycarbonate sheets and roof joists
sheet TYPE B
Dimensions:
Width: 840MM
Length: 1750MM
Thickness: 15MM
sheet TYPE C
Dimensions:
Width: 1106MM
Length: 1750MM
Thickness: 15MM
SELF DRILLING SCREW
Dimensions:
D1: 4.5MM
D2: 5.5MM
Length: 32MM
Head: 5MM
24
A B B C
25. 09ANALYSIS
OF DESIGN
steel skeleton frame
construction
Steel skeleton frame structure is a
nakedly exposed steel structure
which consists of vertical and
horizontal members (column and
beam) to support the floors, roofs
and walls which are attached to
the frame.the frame.
I-beam columns and I-beam
posts make up the vertical
members of the structure
upholding the weights and
loads that are under
compressive force.
Ground beams, girders,
floor joists, steel roof framing
and roof joists make up the
horizontal members of the
structure bearing the loads
which act perpendicularly
to their lengthto their length.
VERTICAL MEMBERS
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
26. materiality
Hardwood used in a wide range
of applications; from construction
to indoor and outdoor furniture.
Characteristics of Material Chosen:
Characteristics of Material Chosen:
Characteristics of Material Chosen:
Strong and tough amorphous
thermoplastic, and some grades
are optically transparent. They
are easily worked, molded, and
thermoformed which suit the
aspect for overhead coverings
while allowing sunlight to enterwhile allowing sunlight to enter
the space below.
Reliable, sturdy and economical
steel which is easy to manipulate
to reform it as another use as well
as to provide stability of the
construction.
- Fire and Heat Resistance
- Aesthetic Appearance (Attractive
Modern Look)
- Easy to Maintain
- High Tensile Strength
- Lightweight
- Durable
- Light Transmission
- Energy saving
- Resist heat and sunlight
- Waterproof
- Durable
- Economical
- Natural Insulator (Heat Resistance)
- Fast and Efficient to Build With
- Low Maintenance
- Weather Resistance
POLYCARBONATE (PC) PLASTICS
MERBAU WOOD
STAINLESS STEEL
Characteristics of Material Chosen:
Most suitable use for footings
that supports building and
effectively bears load forces
vertically to the ground.
- Durable
- Heat and Water Resistance
- Ductile
- Non-Permeable
CONCRETE
27.
28. 28
External loads factor such as live loads and static loads also act on the structure itself.
LOADS & FORCES
External loads
LIVE LOADSSTATIC LOADS (DEAD LOADS)
Constant forces of the structure’s permanent elements
and components acted on the it for a long duration of time.
Moveable loads like pedestrians, wind and rainwater add
different intensity of weights/loads onto the structure,
therefore varying at different time.
Precipitation / Wind Load
Human
Load Distribution
Load
Distribution
Load
Distribution
32. 12SUMMARY
This project task opens us up onto the essential and critical
exploration of joints, connections, beams, and columns. The
project scale gives us the opportunity to explore and
construct an efficient bus shelter that has structural anecdotes
and skeletal structure that is practical.
Moreover, a good design is also based on the type of choices
on materials. Materiality plays a part in determining the overallon materials. Materiality plays a part in determining the overall
strength and feasibility of the structure stability. Solid materials
like steel used, make great way of designing aspects of
withstanding weight and show bare connectivity with one
another. Also, type of joints contributed in properly holding all
elements in place and how the bus shelter stands.
We learnt the characteristics and procedures of construction
process and also able to construct a bus stand that meetsprocess and also able to construct a bus stand that meets
purpose of a functionable bus shelter which provide use and
comfort to users at a small scale.
32
33. 13REFERENCES
INTERNET SOURCES
BOOKS
1. Blanc, A., McEvoy, M. & Plank, R. (1993). Architecture and Construction in Steel. E & FN SPON.
2. Ching, F.D.K. (2014). Building Construction Illustrated. John Wiley & Sons.
3. Chudley, R., Greeno, R., & Hurst, M. (2011). Construction Technology. Harlow: Pearson Education.
4. Lyons, Arthur. (2004). Materials for Architects and Builders (2nd Edition). Oxford Press.
5. Newman, A. (2015). Metal Buildings Systems – Design and Specifications. McGraw-Hill Education.
1. “Polycarbonate Sheets, Multiwall & Roofing Materials.” Edited by Lucid design
Corp, Tuflite, Lucid Design, Jan. 2016, retrieved from www.tuflite.com/ blog/types-
polycarbonate-roofing-sheets/.
2. steel, w. ,2017. Roofing. [online] westman steel. Retrieved from: http://Westman
Steel [PDF]. (n.d.) Canada: Westmansteel.com.
3. eDrawing – DTI Installation via Turning The nut, March. 2015. Retrieved from
http://www.appliedbolting.com/resources-edrawing-dti-installation-via-turning-the-nut.htmlhttp://www.appliedbolting.com/resources-edrawing-dti-installation-via-turning-the-nut.html
4. Steel Architecture, April 27, 2015, edited by Dallas Puckett DAAP, UC. Retrieved from
http://ming3d.com/DAAP/ARCH4002sp2015/?author=4
5. Pitched metal roof with flat ceiling - CR002, 2016. Retrived from http://www.dctech.com.au/
pitched-metal-roof-with-flat-ceiling/
6. Wood Identication. (2016) Retrieved from http://info.frim.gov.my/woodid/
Properties_detail.cfm?Name=Balau
7.7. FRIM. (2015). Properties and Uses. Retrieved October 12, 2017, from https://info.frim.gov.my/
woodid/Properties_detail.cfm?Name=Balau
8. Portal frames. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.steelconstuction.info/Portal_frames