2 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
3 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
1 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
In the present era the technology in communications has developed to a very large extent. The communication industries have seen a tremendous increase in last few years which have resulted in installation of large number of towers to increase the coverage area and network consistency. In wireless communication network these towers play a significant role hence failure of such structure in a disaster is a major concern. Therefore utmost importance should be given in considering all possible extreme conditions for designing these towers. In most of the studies, the researches have considered the effect of wind only on the four legged self-supporting towers. In this dissertation, a four legged lattice tower is analyzed and designed along with foundation details.
Part 4 Mods - Tower and Foundation Modifications on vertical structures Fred Teichman
4 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
Comparative study of four legged self supported angular telecommunication tow...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to increase in demand, huge number of telecommunication towers has been built in India during last few decades with the compulsion to provide efficient communication. Consequently, telecommunication sector in the country has expanded rapidly. Expanding base possesses challenges to mobile operators in terms of augmenting and upgrading infrastructure to uphold to excellence of services. A rapidly rising subscriber and a more rigorous band allocating organization may create a higher requirement of tower sites for operators to accommodate more subscribers. Hence it became an expensive and tedious task to spot ample land for construction of towers. This led to the extensive use of the rooftop of multi-storeyed buildings for installing communication towers. Formerly the majority of the buildings were not cautious to carry a roof top tower, however owing to the altered needs; buildings were rehabilitated to carry roof top towers. In this report analysis of 4 legged angular self-supporting telecommunication towers is performed. Assessment is done based on modal analysis, by comparing the results of roof top tower and ground based tower. In support of this intention, two 4 legged self-supporting telecommunication towers of 24m and 21m are modeled on roof top of a building and on the ground, considering the effects of wind loads as per Indian condition. Effects of wind on towers are employed from the IS 875 (Part 3)-1987 by using STAAD pro finite element software. The tower and building is analysed by placing towers at centre of roof. Axial forces experienced by the structures too have been obtained Keywords: telecommunication tower, roof top, ground based, dynamic analysis
3 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
1 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
In the present era the technology in communications has developed to a very large extent. The communication industries have seen a tremendous increase in last few years which have resulted in installation of large number of towers to increase the coverage area and network consistency. In wireless communication network these towers play a significant role hence failure of such structure in a disaster is a major concern. Therefore utmost importance should be given in considering all possible extreme conditions for designing these towers. In most of the studies, the researches have considered the effect of wind only on the four legged self-supporting towers. In this dissertation, a four legged lattice tower is analyzed and designed along with foundation details.
Part 4 Mods - Tower and Foundation Modifications on vertical structures Fred Teichman
4 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
Comparative study of four legged self supported angular telecommunication tow...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to increase in demand, huge number of telecommunication towers has been built in India during last few decades with the compulsion to provide efficient communication. Consequently, telecommunication sector in the country has expanded rapidly. Expanding base possesses challenges to mobile operators in terms of augmenting and upgrading infrastructure to uphold to excellence of services. A rapidly rising subscriber and a more rigorous band allocating organization may create a higher requirement of tower sites for operators to accommodate more subscribers. Hence it became an expensive and tedious task to spot ample land for construction of towers. This led to the extensive use of the rooftop of multi-storeyed buildings for installing communication towers. Formerly the majority of the buildings were not cautious to carry a roof top tower, however owing to the altered needs; buildings were rehabilitated to carry roof top towers. In this report analysis of 4 legged angular self-supporting telecommunication towers is performed. Assessment is done based on modal analysis, by comparing the results of roof top tower and ground based tower. In support of this intention, two 4 legged self-supporting telecommunication towers of 24m and 21m are modeled on roof top of a building and on the ground, considering the effects of wind loads as per Indian condition. Effects of wind on towers are employed from the IS 875 (Part 3)-1987 by using STAAD pro finite element software. The tower and building is analysed by placing towers at centre of roof. Axial forces experienced by the structures too have been obtained Keywords: telecommunication tower, roof top, ground based, dynamic analysis
Traditionally overhead transmission lines are built on lattice type structures. Significant ROW and aesthetics issues have stalled construction of new transmission line corridors.Replacement of traditional lattice structures with MONOPOLE structures is a significant step in this direction. The advantages of monopoles are significant wind loading capacity, smallest footprint, higher reliability under extreme condition.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
In this Webinar we explore the details of actual case studies focusing on various signs that indicate if a particular support needs replaced or adjusted. The presentation also covers projects that brought on new standard designs and custom designs for specific applications. And lastly, it includes valuable additions and procedures that extend the typical life span of a pipe support.
In this Webinar we explore the details of actual case studies focusing on various signs that indicate if a particular support needs replaced or adjusted. The presentation also covers projects that brought on new standard designs and custom designs for specific applications. And lastly, it includes valuable additions and procedures that extend the typical life span of a pipe support. PT&P's field services division is available 24x7 in the case of an emergency situation or for a scheduled shut down.
Traditionally overhead transmission lines are built on lattice type structures. Significant ROW and aesthetics issues have stalled construction of new transmission line corridors.Replacement of traditional lattice structures with MONOPOLE structures is a significant step in this direction. The advantages of monopoles are significant wind loading capacity, smallest footprint, higher reliability under extreme condition.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
In this Webinar we explore the details of actual case studies focusing on various signs that indicate if a particular support needs replaced or adjusted. The presentation also covers projects that brought on new standard designs and custom designs for specific applications. And lastly, it includes valuable additions and procedures that extend the typical life span of a pipe support.
In this Webinar we explore the details of actual case studies focusing on various signs that indicate if a particular support needs replaced or adjusted. The presentation also covers projects that brought on new standard designs and custom designs for specific applications. And lastly, it includes valuable additions and procedures that extend the typical life span of a pipe support. PT&P's field services division is available 24x7 in the case of an emergency situation or for a scheduled shut down.
In this Webinar we explore the details of actual case studies focusing on various signs that indicate if a particular support needs replaced or adjusted. The presentation also covers projects that brought on new standard designs and custom designs for specific applications. And lastly, it includes valuable additions and procedures that extend the typical life span of a pipe support.
Running Head BRIDGE DESIGN1BRIDGE DESIGN31.docxtoddr4
Running Head: BRIDGE DESIGN 1
BRIDGE DESIGN 31
Title:
Student Name:
Institution:
Course:
Date:
BRIDGE DESIGN FOR THE MOTOR WAY BELOW
8m
Embankment
A
Motorway
16m
10m
Central Reservation
Motorway
16m
Grass Verge
Existing Factory Units
Footway
A
Carriagewaym
Existing Factory Units
Fixed Factory Entrance
Fixed Factory Entrance
3m
2m
3m
2m
10mm
Existing Highway to Proposed Bridge
Existing Development
Proposed Development
Existing Development
Existing Retaining Wall – 500mm thick rc construction indicated by old record drawings
Central Reservation
10m
10m
Section A-A
2m footway
1.2m high parapets
10m carriageway
Bridge Deck Section
Figure 1
Bridge design
Most suitable bridge forms
· Beam bridge
· Arch bridge
The beam bridge: Beam and slab with ladder decks
This form of bridges comprises of slab which sits on top of steel I-beams. This form is mostly used for mid span highway bridge which is where our required bridge falls in.
Slab in this system is supported on tow main girders with a spacing of about 3.5m and it lies longitudinally between the girders as per the below diagram.
Figure 1
The bridge will use plate girders giving us a scope to vary the flange and web sizes to fit and suit the bridge load carrying capabilities. In the design process, ability of the bridge to carry the maximum load expected and the loading at the various stages of construction will guide on the proportion of girders that is their depth, width of tension and compression flanges and web thickness.
The girders are erected firmly on the ground and have stud connectors welded on the top flange to provide composite action between the slab and girder. The number of studs and spacing vary depending on expected level of shear flow between steel girder and concrete slab.
The girders rest on bearings fastened to the bottom flange. The girders are stiffened to carry the bearing loads at these points. Some cases apply bracing between the girders at support to carry lateral forces and provide torsional restraint.
Bridge description
· The bridge will have a span of 50m.
· The bridge will be raised to a height of 10m on both sides to be in level with the existing highway. The girders will have constant height.
· The bridge cross section will have the reinforced concrete slab sitting on top of two main abutment substructures and an extra substructure which will be on the central reservation. The main substructure will be located at the embarkment of the road.
Construction sequence
Abutment substructure construction
Girder construction
The bridge will consist of two main girder I beams. The girders will be of the same height. To make the I-beam, steel plates will be used. The steel plate is cut into the required sizes for the bottom flange and top flange and for the web. The cut pieces are then fillet welded into the I-section. This is done either by machine manual assembling in jig or through improved pressing machine .
In this Webinar we explore the details of actual case studies focusing on various signs that indicate if a particular support needs replaced or adjusted. The presentation also covers projects that brought on new standard designs and custom designs for specific applications. And lastly, it includes valuable additions and procedures that extend the typical life span of a pipe support.
I was Visited a Site of Bajaj Engineers Project. We have seen their many problems arise in pile foundation and we think how this Problem Should Be Solved?
We Have Visited This Site And Decided To Do Project To Solve This Problem. Our Problem is pile foundation. According To Our Survey This Problem should be reduced by taking such steps towards this problem. We Make Survey On Whole Site And Find Out Problems And We Should Work On To Find Out Solution To Solve Problems
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
1. www.fullertonengineering.com
Engineer Training Series – SST Towers
Part 2
Objective: Understand, Confirm, and Explore ... Past and Most Unique Practices
(1) Monopole
(2) Self Supporter
(3) Guyed Tower
The following information is presented in a 3 part series that
cover the Parts, Foundations, Erection, and Maintenance
efforts for each of the following structure types:
Fred Teichman 03/2014
3. www.fullertonengineering.com
Part Two – Why use a Self Supporting Tower (SST) ?
Self Supporting
Self-supporting towers, sometimes referred to as “free standing antenna
towers” or “wireless communication towers” are the most popular and
versatile type of structure used today in the wireless industry.
Self Support towers have a larger footprint than monopoles, but a much
smaller one than Guyeded towers.
3 legged triangular base pattern are the most common. Angle or Pipe
(tubular and solid) for the legs, assembled in sections with a lattice work of
cross braces bolted and designed for medium to heavy loads. The wider the
base, the larger the acceptable antenna load.
As the industry matures - 4 legged structures are becoming more obsolete
due to the additional capital and construction costs and the ongoing change
in technology.
4. www.fullertonengineering.com
Part Two – What & How ... SST
Self Supporting
• Typical Parts & Pieces
(Structure & Accessories)
• Manufactures
• Foundations
• Assembly and Erection
• Installation & Maintenance
65% of the photos used in this material are from actual projects and referenced by customer & site.
Project drawings and costs information is available upon request. FredTeichmanHTH@gmail.com
6. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST two basic Types – Bolted
Bolted sections – before Hot dip Galv
Based on the manufacture, it could be an All Bolted construction, All Welded or a
combination of the two.
Bolt-together Structures
X-brace designs are available in face sizes
up to 27'. K-brace designs are available up
to 40', and truss leg designs are available
for larger face sizes. The designs
accommodate a wide range of tower
requirements up to 900' in height.
7. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Types – Welded – less common
All Welded sections
Based on the manufacture, it could be an All Bolted construction, All Welded or a
combination of the two.
Weld-together Structures
Designed in face widths from 12" to 72".
Straight and tapered sections, with designs
ranging up to 220'.
PiRod Sleeved flange
13. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST #1 Common Connection – Flange
SST types continued
Circular Flange on Solid Leg
Hexagon Flange on Hollow Leg
Square Flange
there is also
Triangle shape
PiRod’s Sleeved &
special 2 bolt
flange (old school)
18. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Basic Parts & Accessories – How to climb?
A. Ladder (inside, outside or leg)
or
B. Step Bolts (leg)
Interior climbing
Tower leg is the ladderSafety climb
system
Step bolts - angle
or round tower
leg
This tower has both – step bolts and ladder
19. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Typical Parts
1. Mounts
A. Three-sectored mounting frame
B. Side Arm mounts
C.Pipe mounts
2. Cable Support System
A. waveguide ladder
B. T or Cluster Brackets
3. Lighting system (structures 200’ or more)
A. Red Flash
B. White Strobe
20. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST – #1 Mounts
Source: Comscope & SitePro
Stand off
Arms for
Omni
antennas
M/W pipe
mounts
Universal Sector Frame
(capable of additional vertical
pipes)
Universal Adjustable Slope
Pipe Mount
Mounts are single leg , or across the face leg
to leg mounted
Stand-Off bracket
Face mount
21. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST – #2 Cable Support Systems
Tee Brackets
Cable Ladder (most common)
Cluster Bracket
Or combination of everything ...
22. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST – #3 Lighting Systems – Reference
FAA Marking for structures over 200’ or near Airport zone.
Red light flashing requires FAA Orange White paint bands
Strobe requires lights only (day night operations)
23. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST – #3 Lighting Systems
Old style - 2 bulb Red flashing beacon
*New LED Red beacon and side light
Medium Intensity
White Strobe
Old style - single
side lights
Dual System
Red flashing
and White
Strobe
26. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Foundations – Pad and Pier
State - Genoa WI
The Pad & Pier requires more area & schedule
but clearly is a more costs effective approach.
34’ x 34’ x 2’3”pad with 7.5’ pier
Anchor Bolts and template plate
27. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Foundations – Pad and Pier
The pad is poured continuous and vibrated
to remove air pockets and allow proper flow
in, around and thru rebar.
State - Genoa WI
28. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Foundations – Pad and Pier
Once the pad is poured out and cured for
12 to 18 hours , the piers are formed using
Sonotube and poured with the anchor
bolts in place and secured by the template
plate and angles
The pad is then backfilled to
proper site grade
29. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Foundations – Drilled Caisson
Drilled Caissons can be installed year round
Typical sizes 4-6’ diameter with depths ranging
from 18 – 28’ +
Rebar cages are
tied prior to
drilling
30. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Foundations – Drilled Caisson
MNDOT – Blue Earth MN
One of the Three caissons
Note: the Drill
Rig is used for,
drilling removing
spoils, and lifting
the required
material used in
the foundation
Rebar cage is
lifted into hole
and secured
prior to
pouring
concrete.
31. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Foundations – Drilled Caisson finished
Template angles and plates
position the anchor bolts for
proper fit with the bottom
tower section
Leveling jacks, C-Clamps and
proper forming material result in
quality caisson installation
Finished grade and
removed steel caisson
casing on two of the 3
piers
MNDOT – Blue Earth MN
32. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Foundation – upside down P&P? – No
MNDOT – Wykoff MN
Drilled caisson shortened in length to
reduce costs, then added an
engineered pad ! This approach
allowed us to be low bidder on 5
additional site
One of three tower legs – the costs to drill
the extra 13’ per twr leg was more
expensive than installing this pad on each
of the three tower legs
33. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST New Caisson Foundation that is modified
Engineered approach in turning a costly
Drilled caisson into a semi inverted pad
and pier construction. This approach
was presented and state approved on 5
tower sites – MNDOT
MNDOT – Wykoff MN
Once the shortened Caisson was
drilled & cured the excavation,
rebar doweling and pad was
poured added only 5 days to the
schedule.
35. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Tower Assembly and Erection
What a 330’ SST solid leg heavily loaded tower looks like before it goes vertical
MNDOT – Bicay & Baxter MN
Everything that can be assembled on the ground is completed prior and during erection
37. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Tower - Erection with Large Crane 90 - 270 ton
2 – 3 tower
workers
are on the
tower to
receive, pin
and bolts
sections
Sections being set prior to jib
needed
Jib extension added to boom
39. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Tower Assembly and Erection
Gin Pole and Skid Winch – note the pivot action of the pole to center the load
Crane costs,
availability,
capability,
contractor skill,
weather, and
schedule all play a
role in the decision
to use of a gin pole
vs crane to stack
the tower.
40. www.fullertonengineering.com
Tower Erection – Winch & Gin Pole process
Double block
to lift the load
and jump the
pole
Double drum
winch allows
dual function
required with
using a gin
pole – raising
the tower
section then
jumping the
pole higher for
the next
section
Gin pole basic use for SST
and Guyeded structures
42. www.fullertonengineering.com
Installing Equipment on SST Towers
Once the tower is stack , next is to
Install the equipment. Since the
hourly rate for crane is expensive, the Crew
breaks down the crane (removes jib),
and gets the crane off the project to
stop the billable clock.
Then a block is used at the top or mid point of
the structure and the tower is now part of
the lifting equipment - here shown is a mini
gin pole used to set the m/w antenna
Capstan winch
with foot switch
Single drum
winch with
Rope capstone on
the side
43. www.fullertonengineering.com
Most Common Equipment – Support Hardware
Here are a few of the most common equipment accessories (support hardware)
used to secure the equipment to tower, on the mounts and into the equipment
enclosure:
Angle Adapter
Round Member Adapter
(with standoff)
Hoisting Grip
Snap-in and Standard hanger
44. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Tower for Multiple use – M/W, Cellular, etc
WSDOT – Sumas Mtn
Here shown top view for raising 10’ m/w HP dish.
Note a tag line is used to keep the dish safely away
from the tower as it is raised
45. www.fullertonengineering.com
Installing & Alignment on SST
AAT – Antenna
Alignment Tool
Digital Level
LTE, PCS, Cellular, M/W
antennas jumpers, etc all need
to be secured and protected
from high winds & extreme
weather conditions
Tools used to Align
the antennas
Important point – 99% of the
antennas are mounted to the
tapered legs of the SST
resulting in consistent effort to
make sure the vertical pipe on
the antenna mount are plumb
Sample mount that adjusts to
the slope of the tower leg
Pendulum
M/W path
gear
47. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Tower Maintenance – 3 areas
Basic maintenance covers 3 areas:
1. Tower Surface condition (Galvanizing)
2. FAA marking (Paint and lights) if required
3. Confirm no lose bolts (tight)
Most towers are marked
with an identity tag/plate
that references ownership,
manufacture and drawings
Sample
tower
plates
#1 product used in the
field for repairing
damaged galvanizing
48. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST Tower Maintenance – FAA Marking (Painting)
The FAA has strict guidelines for marking structures over
200’. When specific zoning requirements prevent a tower
owners from using strobe lights, painting the Orange & White
bands on the tower become required. Repainting is a natural
occurrence every 5 – 7 years .
Fade chart is used to determine
if paint condition is compliant
Most Common
49. www.fullertonengineering.com
SST – Summary & Key Points
• Most Common for Telecom
• Requires More Area
• Taller Heights
• Low Maintenance
• FAA Marking over 200’
• Construct with Crane under 300’(+-)
then gin pole for more !
• Drilled Caisson & Spread footing both
common – costs, customer and skill