1) A building is a man-made structure with a roof and walls that stands permanently in one place and comes in various shapes and sizes to serve different functions. 2) To build means constructing a space using solid materials to fulfill a particular function while being stable, durable, and economical with resources. 3) Key components of buildings include ceilings, doors, floors, roofs, stairs, walls, and windows, which are constructed using various materials and methods.

1. A building is a man-made structure with
a roof and walls standing more or less
permanently in one place

2.  Buildings come in a variety of shapes, sizes and
functions, and have been adapted throughout
history for a wide number of factors, from
building materials available, to weather
conditions, to land prices, ground conditions,
specific uses and aesthetic reasons.

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5.  To build means making use of solid materials to
create a space that will fulfill a particular function.
The building as a structure must fulfill the
following conditions:
 Satisfy the need for which it was built (function).
 Must resist the loads coming to it i.e. (must be
stable).
 Must continue to fulfill its function (durability).
 Must be achieved with the minimum use of
resources. (economy).

6.  Ceilings
 Covering Materials for Roofs
 Doors
 Floor Coverings
 Floors
 Roofs
 Stairs
 Types of Roofs
 Walls
 Windows

7.  A ceilings is the overhead surface or surface
covering a room; the underside of a floor or a
roof. It is often used to conceal the floor and
roof construction

8. THE HUNG CEILING. THE EXPOSED CEILING

9.  There are different covering materials for roofs:
Corrugated Sheets
Aluminium
Zinc

10. That is, corrugated iron or steel, black
galvanized or with protective coatings. This
material is very suitable for the roofs of storage
buildings, and buildings of a temporary
character;

11.  Aluminum sheets and rolls as a light material
having insulation properties are largely used.
They must be applied to a roof cover using
aluminum nails with screw shanks

12.  It is a material largely used as a roof covering,
strong durable, and light and rather cheap. It is
usually supplied in sheets and may be in
corrugated form Zink sheets are 7 ft. or 8 ft.
long be 3 ft. wide, weighing from

13. Door is a screen usually of wood, metal, glass or
a combination of materials to close an opening
to a room or building..

14.  Door is to provide passage
in and out of a room or
building. Doorway is the
entrance (including a door
frame) usually constructed
of masonry, wood or metal
and consisting of jambs,
and an arch.

15.  The floor area must have sufficient high
strength to carry loads. The upper surface must
be protected by a covering of wearing surface
capable of withstanding traffic.

16.  These materials used are classed as smooth
surfaced floor coverings and include linoleum,
rubber floor coverings, cork tile, asphalt tile,
and many varieties got from vinyl chloride
resins.

17.  The tiers which divide a building into stages
are called storey or floors. The function of the
floor is to carry the weight of the occupants
and their possessions.
The floor may be a prepared surface of the
ground or an elevated area. In modern
buildings the floor areas rest on the ground
and are insulated from moisture by replacing
the top soil with coarse gravel or crushed rock

19.  A roof is the covering of the uppermost part of
a building. The purpose of the roof is to protect
the building against the rain, snow and other
influences of weather. The form and covering
of roof structures are important elements in the
design of the buildings.

20. 1) Selecting the materials, engineers must consider
their strength, weight and the risk of fire.
2) Insulation against heat losses in the winter and
heat gains in the summer should be provided.
3) The quality of the material used for the roof
system should suit the standard of the building
and the cost of its maintenance;
4) Some protection must be provided against the
possible effects of air moisture upon the materials
of the roof.

21. The stair is a series of steps arranged one above
the other varied platforms known as landings.
Stairs are provided for access to and descent
from the upper.

22.  The general requirements for the stairs:
1) Stairs must be fireproof
2) Each flight should consist of 5 to 18 steps
3) All treads should be equal and all risers should
be equal in any one flight
4) Stair treads should be level and with smooth
surface
5) The angle of stairs with horizontal should be
between 30 and36 degrees
6) All stairs should be equipped with handrail

23. 1) Open timber roof — in which the exposed
trusses of frames have the function of a decorative
element of roof construction. (The builders of the
middle ages made such roofs).
2) Mansard roofs — in which the form of the roof
provides additional usable area without adding a
full story. Its cornice line is at the base of the upper
floor.
3) Long-span timber roofs in which the length of
the span was increased.

24. Main structural parts of the building are
considered foundations, walls, floors and roofs.
Foundations are the substructure of the
building while floors, walls and roofs make up
the superstructure.

25. A window is an
opening in the wall of a
building for the
admission of light and
air. At earlier times
windows were made of
wood, but now they are
made of various metals
as a result of the
progress of the building
Industry

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