With the façade embodying up to 35% of the construction costs as well as being hugely accountable for the buildings' response to climate change, it has never been so important to understand which façade solutions deliver not only a cost effective and sustainable façade, but also one that is aesthetically pleasing and technically performing.
Double skin façades. Almost a self-explanatory name for façade systems consisting of two layers, usually glass, wherein air flows through the intermediate cavity. This space (which can vary from 20 cm to a few meters) acts as insulation against extreme temperatures, winds, and sound, improving the building's thermal efficiency for both high and low temperatures.
Credit :
Danish Pathan
Imran Inamdar
Qais Patel
Simran Patel
Tehlil Tamboli
Afshan Saudagar
Ubed Ali Sayyed
Omkar Salkar
Taher Ajmerwala
Danish Sheikh
Envelops: It is the physical separator between the conditioned and unconditioned environment of a building including the resistance to air, water, heat, light, and noise transfer. The building envelope a usually consists of its roof, subfloor, exterior doors, windows and exterior walls
Credits :
Alafiya Talib
Pankaj Nandargikar
Avita Noronha
Lulua Nazir
Rukaiya Shaikh
Tarabkhanam Shaikh
Karan Anthony
Fahad Shaikh
Natural ventilation and air movement could-be considered under the heading of 'structural controls’ as it does not rely on any form of energy supply or mechanical installation, but due to its importance for human comfort, it deserves a separate section.
TERI -BANGLORE_Case study
this case study is prepared for my studio project _sustainable corporate office . we did a study tour at TERI for a day and report is made in accordance with the goals of sustainable (12 point's )
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
introduction . DESIGN OF A CURTAIN WALL . components of a curtain wall . Framing concepts . Materials . Types of curtain walls. Structural problems of curtain walls.
Double skin façades. Almost a self-explanatory name for façade systems consisting of two layers, usually glass, wherein air flows through the intermediate cavity. This space (which can vary from 20 cm to a few meters) acts as insulation against extreme temperatures, winds, and sound, improving the building's thermal efficiency for both high and low temperatures.
Credit :
Danish Pathan
Imran Inamdar
Qais Patel
Simran Patel
Tehlil Tamboli
Afshan Saudagar
Ubed Ali Sayyed
Omkar Salkar
Taher Ajmerwala
Danish Sheikh
Envelops: It is the physical separator between the conditioned and unconditioned environment of a building including the resistance to air, water, heat, light, and noise transfer. The building envelope a usually consists of its roof, subfloor, exterior doors, windows and exterior walls
Credits :
Alafiya Talib
Pankaj Nandargikar
Avita Noronha
Lulua Nazir
Rukaiya Shaikh
Tarabkhanam Shaikh
Karan Anthony
Fahad Shaikh
Natural ventilation and air movement could-be considered under the heading of 'structural controls’ as it does not rely on any form of energy supply or mechanical installation, but due to its importance for human comfort, it deserves a separate section.
TERI -BANGLORE_Case study
this case study is prepared for my studio project _sustainable corporate office . we did a study tour at TERI for a day and report is made in accordance with the goals of sustainable (12 point's )
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
introduction . DESIGN OF A CURTAIN WALL . components of a curtain wall . Framing concepts . Materials . Types of curtain walls. Structural problems of curtain walls.
Architecture case study - IIM AhemdabadOnal Kothari
The campus of IIM-Ahmedabad is not only an institution of learning but also a place for everyone to see. That is why; the institute draws the attention of both the students as well as common man. The campus of IIM Ahmedabad is spread over 67 acres of land. The building design of institute was created by noted architect Louis Kahn a famous American architect known for his majestic architectural designs.
introduction to shading devices, types of shading devices deatiled explanation, uses of shading devices, solar radiation, configuration, design process of shading devices, shadow angle, building examples.
Creating energy-efficient buildings can be a large task, but following these tips and tricks about daylighting can make the job easier. Learn about everything from window placement to skylights and how they can help you achieve a more efficient building.
The Kanchanjunga Apartments, designed by Charles Correa, are a direct response to the present culture, the escalating urbanization, and the climatic conditions for the region. They pay homage to the vernacular architecture that once stood on the site before the development in a number of ways. More on Kanchanjunga Apartments after the break.
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
Architecture case study - IIM AhemdabadOnal Kothari
The campus of IIM-Ahmedabad is not only an institution of learning but also a place for everyone to see. That is why; the institute draws the attention of both the students as well as common man. The campus of IIM Ahmedabad is spread over 67 acres of land. The building design of institute was created by noted architect Louis Kahn a famous American architect known for his majestic architectural designs.
introduction to shading devices, types of shading devices deatiled explanation, uses of shading devices, solar radiation, configuration, design process of shading devices, shadow angle, building examples.
Creating energy-efficient buildings can be a large task, but following these tips and tricks about daylighting can make the job easier. Learn about everything from window placement to skylights and how they can help you achieve a more efficient building.
The Kanchanjunga Apartments, designed by Charles Correa, are a direct response to the present culture, the escalating urbanization, and the climatic conditions for the region. They pay homage to the vernacular architecture that once stood on the site before the development in a number of ways. More on Kanchanjunga Apartments after the break.
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
Walls and Windows for Highly Insulated Buildings in the Pacific NorthwestRDH Building Science
Design objectives, Durability considerations and the Pros & Cons for using alternate highly insulated wall assemblies in the West Pacific Northwest. These include passive design strategies that require airtight and highly insulated walls with minimal thermal bridging to allow for energy efficiency, hygiene (mold/condensation) and thermal comfort. This is in response to a growing desire to apply passive house wall assemblies and windows for houses to taller and more exposed buildings including MURBs.
Also, the basic comparison of North American, European and Passivhaus Window rating standards and window selection guidelines. As windows from Europe are rated differently than in North America, passive house guidance from Germany uses European Standards and climate recommendations. The high performance windows provide high interior surface temperatures for thermal comfort and prevent condensation or surface mold growth. This forms an integral part of the strategy to achieve whole building energy targets (ie 4.75 kBtu/sf/y).
Green Building: Sustainable Architecture
Environmentally responsible and resource efficient building design. Architecture that minimizes the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency in the use of materials and energy. Goal: to effectively reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment and increase comfort and livability. Consistent with AIA sponsored Architecture Challenge 2030.
McNaughton Architectural Inc. | http://mna-p.com
300 E State St Suite 360, Redlands, CA 92373
(909) 583-1806
The definition of a "Super-Insulated" building, with a problem and solution based look at thermal bridging. The energy codes in the Pacific Northwest are some of the most stringent, but are also the best implemented in North America. Effective R-values are considered in the Energy codes and include the impacts of insulation installation and thermal bridges. A look into the other drivers behind Super-insulation such as comfort, passive design and mold-free enclosures.
The building envelope is physical separator between the exterior and the interior of the building and fenestration systems.
Envelope design strongly affects the visual and thermal comfort of the occupants, as well as energy consumption in the building.
Panache Green tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. ( PGTS) takes the privilege to introduce itself as pioneers in providing Energy Efficient Building Enveloping with its range of innovative products, systems & to deliver the Concept of “Cool Homes without AC!”
Panache started its journey in 2008 as Aesthetic Solutions and in a short span of 6 years it has a wide spectrum clientele of Platinum , Gold LEED rated buildings ,Commercial , Residential and Industrial projects.
Panache with the conscious efforts to promote environment friendly approach , comprises a complete product range of water based products & excels to innovate in sustainable designs , products & systems for various applications.
Please visit:- www.panachegreen.com
Follow our Facebook Page by liking the link
https://www.facebook.com/panachegreen.pgtech
Follow us on twitter
https://twitter.com/PanacheGTech
http://panachegreen.blogspot.in/
Technical details of Energy Efficient HVAC Systemjayeshmahajan24
PowerPoint Presentation Of project:-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFU-OVw4YNc
In this Handout, you will get all the technical details of all parts of HVAC and its calculations.
Technical Paper of this project:-
https://www.slideshare.net/jayeshmahajan24/technical-paper-of-hvac-for-commercial-building?qid=f74b02bf-3b80-4731-9c08-091d198a386c&v=&b=&from_search=7
Mr. Sanjiv Gosain, Amby Engineering Pte Ltd., gave presentation on concrete thermal mass wall system at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event at Jaipur
Sustainable site selection and development. Simple passive design considerations involving site
conditions, building orientation, plan form and building envelope for sun and wind.
Passive heating of buildings- direct, indirect and isolated gain.
Passive cooling of buildings – shading of buildings, insulation, induced ventilation (air vents, wind
tower, etc.,), radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, earth coupling, dessicant cooling.
Smart cities are driving economic competitiveness, environmental sustainability and livability. To make a city resourceful is to make it more efficient, more attractive, and more eco-friendly, all while making a real improvement to Citizens quality of life. While financing options are not evolving quite as fast as technology, they are evolving nonetheless. Lean how to fund and finance your smart city project.
Transport sectors projects are very political entities and governments are still held responsible should there be revenue short fall or distressed situation. further modes of transport do compete with each other but in a limited manner, however, global threats nowadays require certain redundancy in transport network, this affects PPP structure!
Also experience suggests that negotiations between public authorities and prospective concessionaires are rather asymmetrical, and lead to asymmetric risk sharing. Concessionaires have extraordinary bargaining powers as they know no competition exists after the concession is signed.
Contractor’s ability to mitigate damages can be limited if coupled with uncertainty of the duration of the delay. HOOH is recoverable in certain prolonged delay situations and has been granted by courts and amicable settlements for more than half a century. The Contractor may recover the return that he would have achieved on other work had his resources not been detained on the Works due to the delay. The presentation highlights the different formulae used in the calculations and conditions precedent to do so.
Many countries are embarking to rehabilitate its aging sewer & water network where sewer infiltration and water loss can reach 50%. The presentation highlights the strategies to tender and implement efficient rehabilitation program with a preview of trenchless technologies in rehabilitation while highlighting the technical and contractual challenges.
There is a huge need for infrastructure developments and service quality improvement at many airports markets, but public budgets are limited. PPPs can provide a solution when the resources of private and public partners are bundled where conventional privatizations are not possible. The uniqueness of each airport development requires always a tailored approach structuring a PPP.
PPPs with a fair allocation of risks and rewards provide a means to raise necessary funds and know-how on the basis of a realistic business case. Risk mitigation strategies have to be developed to protect the public and private partners, including e.g. re-definition of the airport value chain, tax advantages, direct subsidies, etc.
Infrastructure whether financed through traditional methods or PPPs relies on funding sources to repay financing, whether debt, equity, or a combination. All infrastructure investments ultimately depend on either user fees, government tax revenues, or a combination of both. Transport has a great impact on economic growth and poverty alleviation.
Therefore, community and political support for greater investment of government tax revenues or the imposition of user fees is critical to expanding investment in public infrastructure. The challenge is for PPPs to demonstrate overall cost savings and efficiencies that outweigh the lower-cost financing advantage of traditional procurement.
Creation of Infrastructure has economics both of scale and scope (i.e., minimum size of facilities, inelastic adjustment of capacity to demand, long term project completion, etc..
ITS allows support travelers of all classes and to assist in road network management and performance by using systems for information, communication, and control, to provide improved safety and an enhanced traveling experience. The presentation provides highlights on Bahrain ITS Efforts.
Renewable Energy comes from sources that do not deplete over years such as sun, wind, oceans and plants. There are numerous ways to convert primary energy forms into consumable forms of energy including heat and electricity; however, due to the intermittent nature of many renewable sources, the issue of storing electricity is of particular importance. Further its worth to note renewable energy technologies do NOT necessarily compete with each other purely based on price. It depends on geographic location, availability of space, capital costs, operational costs, and environmental concerns.
The housing crisis continues to worsen as cities are increasingly falling behind in building housing solutions. As Cities become denser, bringing the modules in by crane and dropping them atop the podium may be sometimes the only solution.
With the right use of Modular technology the gap between aesthetics and affordability can be closed.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
Facilities management sector is populated by a wide range of professionals from a variety of different backgrounds, many of whom have come to the profession with experience in the construction and servicing of buildings. There is little unanimity about the definition of facilities management but it’s about the effective management of place and space, integrating an organization’s support infrastructure to deliver services to staff and customers at best value whilst enhancing organizational performance.
While new software platforms & BIM had taken the facility management industry by a storm and allowed enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration, yet other changes are affecting the industry. The presentation provides insights into these factors including a preview of Global Facilities Management M&A and industry trends.
Railways are undergoing major industry changes with management and business planning at the forefront that encompasses operational, customer and intermodal competition issues with innovative technologies removing earlier barriers. The presentation highlights trends in engineering, operations, stations design, passengers’ expectations and ticketing & collection while touching on issues like network capacity, demand forecasting & fare policies.
World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be 2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions arise from continued landfilling. EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where leakage can occur and pollute our tap water. It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
Constructions projects have become of increasing technological complexity with relationships of those involved are also more complex and contractually varied. Additionally global trends are dramatically impacting contracting activity. Success depends on new and innovative ways to manage uncertainty and complexity.
Increasing traffic in major urban regions leads to congestion which challenges cities and urban regions in terms of mobility, pollution and safety. ITS is application of information and communications technology (ICT) to the transport sector in the interests of safer, more sustainable & more efficient movement of goods & people.
The integration of intelligent infrastructure and intelligent vehicles had gained wide acceptance yet understanding the various options without incurring unnecessary expenditure is core in ITS planning and implementation. The presentation explains various ITS portfolios, value chain and life-cycle management with focus on the appropriate level of integration.
Loay Ghazaleh, a 1986 Texas A & M Civil Engineer with MBA 2000 Finance from Thunderbird – Arizona, backed by over 25 years diverse experience in both government and private businesses in Bahrain, UAE, Jordan, India, Brazil, Philippines, Saudi Arabia & Palestine.
Warming is believed to be caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation, as well a probable expansion of subtropical deserts.
The Second Edition of the Rainbow Suite is considerably longer, more detailed. The update addresses issues raised by users over the past 18 years and reflects current international best practice. The presentation analysis changes in Yellow & Silver Books as they apply to EPC & PPP Contracts from the perspectives of Public Entities, Contractors and Lenders.
The high rates of non-communicable diseases combined with large expatriate populations leads GCC countries to use different strategies to control healthcare expenditure among which is the PPP solution. This presentation highlights the formula for PPP success based on international cases.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
3. Façades
Systems
With the façade
embodying up to 35% of
the construction costs as
well as being hugely
accountable for the
buildings' response to
climate change, it has
never been so important
to understand which
façade solutions deliver
not only a cost effective
and sustainable façade,
but also one that is
aesthetically pleasing and
technically performing.
4. Building Facades
• The façade forms the external weatherproof envelope of a building. (vertical
building enclosure).
• More than any other component; they create the image of the building. The
building envelope should be designed to mediate public-private boundaries within
the architecture, both inside and out.
• In modern buildings, the façade is often attached to the building frame and
provides no contribution to structural stability.
• Sustainable facades are defined as exterior enclosure that use least possible
amount of energy to maintain a comfortable environment, which promotes
productivity to certain material which has less negative impact on environment.
• Essentially There Are Two Types Of Facades:
– Opaque Facades; which are primarily constructed of layers of solid materials,
such as masonry, stone, precast concrete panels, metal cladding, insulation,
and cold formed steel framing. Opaque facades may also include punched
openings or windows.
– Glazed Facades; such as curtain walls or storefront facades which primarily
consist of transparent or translucent glazing materials and metal framing
components.
5. Opaque Facades
Solid wall constructed
from monolithic or
composite elements,
with or without a
separate layer to
provide climatic
protection
Warm façades have a
thermal insulation
layer applied directly
to the surface of the
building. (MUST be
water-resistant)
Cold façades are
characterized by a
cavity, ventilated
internally, between
the outer layer and
the thermal insulation
layer.
6. Factors That Effect Thermal, Visual, And Acoustic
Comfort of Façades
Environmental
Conditions
Thermal Comfort Visual Comfort Acoustic
Comfort
Opaque facades Material properties of
cladding
Amount of insulation
Effective heat resistance
properties (R – value)
Wall to wall ratio Material
selection and
properties
Glazing Orientation
Number of glass layers
Layer thickness
Heat transfer coefficient (U-
value)
Visual transmittance
Solar heat gain
coefficient(SHGC)
Orientation
Window properties,
size, location and
shape
Glass thickness and
color
Visual
transmittance
reflectance
Number of
layers
Layer thickness
Layer density
Framed and
supporting
structure for glazed
facades
Thermal properties of the frames Material types
7. Desired & Smart Properties of Facades
Desirable Properties;
• Low CO2 emission
• Thermal and Moisture Insulation
• Storage
• Solar Isolation
• Natural Light
• View
• Fresh Air
• Sound Insulation
• High insulation e.g. vacuum
insulation
• Self cleaning
• Security/Safety/Fire Protection
• Aesthetics
Smart Facades;
• Facade is an interactive
inside-outside interface
• Sensor system/interact
with clothing or skin
sensors
• Reactive materials and
surfaces
• Embedded technology
can control
inputs/outputs (Dynamic
envelopes)
• Opportunities for
nanomaterials
8. Façade Design Objectives
• Energy efficiency
• Sustainability
• Comfort (thermal, acoustic, visual)
• Economy in use
• Economy of construction
• Safety in construction and maintenance
• Safety in use
• Durability
• Aesthetics
LEED addresses some, but not all therefore, its best to use
“Holistic Design” to balance improving façade performance in
conjunction with building overall performance.
?
?
x
x
x
x
x
9. What is LEED?
• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
• USGBC - United States Green Building Council
• http://www.leedbuilding.org
• Started in 2000 and has grown and developed since
• Voluntary not Statutory.
• A Rating system not a Design Guide.
• It sets minimum requirements (pre-requisites) and awards
credits for designs that exceed the minimum requirements
• Depending on the amount of credits awarded, a building will
achieve.
10. Low-Energy
Buildings
Minimizing energy used
for artificial lighting and
mechanical cooling and
heating by minimizing
the area of the building
external skin and
optimizing exterior wall
insulation.
Façade materials
properties and wall
assemblies largely
determine energy
consumption and the
heat loss or gain of the
building.
11. Sustainable Design Guideline for Buildings
• Orienting and developing geometry and massing of the building to respond to
solar position and climate.
• Maximize levels of natural ventilation and daylight shading (optimize window sizes)
with early sun glare protection. (Horizontal sunscreens / adjustable blinds to block
the summer sun)
• Using natural ventilation to reduce cooling loads and enhance air quality. (Locate
door and window openings on opposite sides of building with larger areas facing
up-wind)
• Use thermal insulation / wall massing to block sunlight. improve thermal comfort
• Use a light-colored concrete for the parking surface and walkways surrounding to
reduce the heat island effect.
• Glass facades allows occupants views of the city and gives a ‘modern’
architectural look, however, Glass facades are often associated with increased
energy consumption, solar heat gain, glare, discomfort of occupants and cost.
• FINALLY ; country specific ecological and climate conditions should be considered
along with suitable available local materials.
13. Fenestration Components
• Fenestration components and materials
allow natural light to enter into the
building, decide the amount of energy
consumption and the heat loss or gain of
the building.
• Thermal Resistance (R-value) - It is an
assembly’s or a material’s resistance to
heat transfers, and is expressed in h-ft2 or
m2-K/W.
• Heat Transfer Coefficient (U-value) - It is
the inverse of R-value. It measures the
heat transmission through a material or a
façade assembly, expressed in Btu/hr-ft2-
oF or W/m2-oK, and are usually used to
define thermal performance of glazed
parts of facades assemblies.
14. EmbodiedEnergyExamplesInFacades Cladding Systems Embodied
Energy
CMU
Brick cladding, continuous insulation and
polyethylene membrane
247
Steel cladding, continuous insulation and
polyethylene membrane
370
Precast concrete cladding, continuous
insulation and polyethylene membrane
291
Cast-in-place concrete
Brick cladding, continuous insulation and
paint
113
Steel cladding, continuous insulation and
paint
236
Stucco cladding, continuous insulation
and paint
99
Steel framed (16 in.)
Brick cladding, continuous insulation,
cold-formed steel framing, cavity
insulation and polyethylene membrane,
gypsum board and paint
96
Steel cladding, continuous insulation,
cold-formed steel framing, cavity
insulation and polyethylene membrane,
gypsum board and paint
219
Wood cladding, continuous insulation,
cold-formed steel framing, cavity
insulation and polyethylene membrane,
gypsum board and paint
61
Precast concrete cladding, continuous
insulation, cold-formed steel framing,
cavity insulation and polyethylene
membrane, gypsum board and paint
141
Cladding Systems Embodied
Energy
Steel framed (24 in.)
Brick cladding, continuous insulation,
cold-formed steel framing, cavity
insulation and polyethylene membrane,
gypsum board and paint
91
Steel cladding, continuous insulation,
cold-formed steel framing, cavity
insulation and polyethylene membrane,
gypsum board and paint
213
Wood cladding, continuous insulation,
cold-formed steel framing, cavity
insulation and polyethylene membrane,
gypsum board and paint
55
Precast concrete cladding, continuous
insulation, cold-formed steel framing,
cavity insulation and polyethylene
membrane, gypsum board and paint
135
Curtain wall
Vision glazing and frames 148
Opaque glazing 135
Metal spandrel panel 138
15. ASHRAE’s Energy Standard for Buildings
ASHRAE Energy Standard for buildings provides recommendation for building facades
based on building location and climate zone.
ASHRAE’s requirements are categorized based on the basic building function and
occupancy,
ASHRAE identifies four types of exterior walls:
– Mass walls, generally constructed of masonry or concrete materials.
– Metal building walls, consisting of metal members spanning between steel structural
members (not including spandrel glass or metal panels in curtain walls)
– Steel framed walls, with cavities whose exterior surfaces are separated by steel framing
members.
– Wood framed and other walls.
ASHRAE requirements for different climate zones:
– Minimum allowable thermal resistance (R-value) for different exterior walls.
– Maximum allowable heat transfer coefficient (U-value) for the façade assembly (including
the thermal bridging effects of framing members)
– Maximum allowable solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) for the glazed portions of a façade
assembly.
16. Parameter
measured
Outcome Effect of the green facade
Difference in
temperature in
front of and
behind the facade
1.4°C cooler in
summer 3.8°C
warmer in winter
Absorption of light and heat energy
by foliage keeps the cavity
temperature lower Facade support
system creates a
microclimate/unstirred air layer
next to the wall even when stems
are bare
Difference in
surface
temperature
between bare wall
and vegetated wall
(summer)
Average bare wall
temperature is 5.5°C
higher (Maximum
temperature is
15.2°C higher)
Full leaf cover provides effective
shading and prevents heat gain by
the building
Difference in
relative humidity
in front of and
behind the facade
7% higher in
summer 8% lower in
winter
Evapotranspiration from leaves
causes a local increase in humidity
(and cooling) in summer which is
not apparent when stems are bare
Impact of Green Facade On Building Thermal
Performance
Green facades are created through the growth of climbing plants up and
across the face of a building, from either plants rooted in the ground, or
those in containers installed at different levels up the face of a building.
17. Heat Transfer Coefficients For Glazing
(U-value) - Comparison
Type of material to be used in the building should have minimum heat
transfer coefficient and should have minimum embodied energy in its
construction and installation of framing. Façade should have maximum
thermal resistance which can prevent building from heating.
Glazing Type Centre of
Glass
Edge of Glass Aluminum Frame
Without Thermal
Brake
Aluminum
Frame With
Thermal Brake
Double Glazing 12 mm Air
Space
(U value W/m2-oK) 2.73 3.36 4.14 3.26
Double Low-e Glazing with
12mm Argon Fill
(U value W/m2-oK) 1.70 2.62 3.26 2.38
18. Wall Assemblies Curtain Wall Example
• Due to strong abrasive winds
and hot weather conditions in
GCC region using a single
glazing is not feasible solution
because buildings absorbs an
immense amount of heat.
• Therefore double skin façade
can be an option.
• The other option is to use high
U- value glass / double-glazed
windows.
• Double glazing with 6mm air
space for the inner façade and
double low e- glazing with
12mm argon fill on the exterior
façade which require relatively
better strength to bear wind
load on the building.
• By doing this the embodied
energy of the building material
used can be reasonable.
19. HOT CLIMATE
DOUBLE FAÇADES
Passive solar heat
gain in winter.
Reducing thermal
losses in winter.
Reducing overall
solar heat gain.
Support of natural
ventilation (with
the stack effect).
20. Double-Skin Façade
The double skin consists of two transparent surfaces
separated by a cavity, which is used as an air channel.
21. Why Double Skin Facades?
• Reduction of peak wind pressure
• Improvement of energy efficiency of façade by
– Passive solar heat gain in winter
– Reducing thermal losses in winter
– Reducing overall solar heat gain (in summer)
– Support of natural ventilation (with the stack effect). The air corridor
may or may not form part of the cooling system.
• The system can be responsive that opens and closes according to
solar path.
• The cavity is seen as a great place to locate the shading system as it
could be protected from snow, ice and wind.
• FINALLY; Architectural infatuation with tectonics and appearance!
• NOTE 1; The shading layer must be very durable to withstand
exposure to the elements as well as cleaning.
• NOTE 2; The combination of high humidity and dust while fresh
water is mostly desalinated makes Facade cleaning a major issue.
22. Early research into double façade
types
Buffer Façade Twin Face FaçadeExtract-air Façade
23. Double façades in the Gulf Region
Al Bahar Towers, Abu Dhabi
Aedas Architects w/Arup
Doha Tower, Qatar
Ateliers Jean Nouvel
Capital Gate, Abu Dhabi,
RMJM Architects
24. O-14, Dubai
Its exterior shading element is made
from reinforced concrete and acts as
an external structural support for the
building while being a shading device
O-14, Dubai UAE
RUR Architecture
25. Intelligent
Building Facades
The human skin is a
good model how we
would like the
building skin to
behave. It adapts to
temperature and
humidity, can feel a
breeze or the slightest
touch, and can repair
itself. It is waterproof
and yet permeable to
moisture.
26. Smart Window / Facade Colour-Changing
System
Type
Spectral Response Input Energy Interior Result Visual Interior Result
Thermal
Photo
chromic
Specular to specular
transmission at high
UV levels
UV radiation Reduction in intensity
but still transparent
Reduction in
transmitted radiation
Thermo
chromic
Specular to specular
transmission at high IR
levels
Heat (high surface
temperature)
Reduction in intensity
but still transparent
Reduction in
transmitted radiation
Thermo
thropic
Specular to specular
transmission at high
and low temperatures
Heat (high and/or
low surface
temperature)
Reduction in intensity
and visibility, becomes
diffuse
Reduction in
transmitted radiation,
emitted radiation, and
conductivity
Electro
thropic
Specular to specular
transmission toward
short wavelength
region (blue)
Voltage or current
(control system
and electrical
supply required)
Reduction in intensity Proportional reduction
in transmitted
radiation
Liquid
Crystals
Specular to diffuse
transmission
Voltage (control
system and
electrical supply
required)
Minimal reduction in
intensity, reduction in
visibility, becomes
diffuse
Minimal impact on
transmitted radiation
Suspended
particle
Specular to diffuse
transmission
Current Reduction in intensity
and visibility, becomes
diffuse
Minimal impact on
transmitted radiation
28. Other Colour-Changing Smart Materials
• Mechano chromics -materials react to imposed
stresses and/or deformations.
• Chemo chromics -materials exposed to specific
chemical environments.
29. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth surface may be used
as an anti-adhesive coating for windows or spectacle lenses
Self Cleaning Facade Features
30. Mimics human bleeding healing process. Embedded vessels bleed
colored epoxy resin into cracks and restore structural integrity.
Self Healing Materials
31. Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel
properties as they exhibit extraordinary strength and unique
electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.
34. Future Facades
• With the increase in sustainability, fire safety ,
new materials innovations and technologies
the future remains to be seen for façade
design and engineering.
35. Wind Loads and
Façades
Building Envelopes Design
Considerations;
Wind Pressures
Weather Performance
Integration with Building
Services
Structural Integrity
Blast proof/ earthquake
criteria
Energy Performance
Maintenance/ Cleaning/
Recycling
37. DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
First Generation1780-1850
• The exterior walls consisted of stone or brick, although
sometimes cast iron was added for decorative purposes.
• The columns were constructed of cast iron, often unprotected;
steel and wrought iron was used for the beams; and the floors
were made of wood.
Second Generation 1850-1940
• Framed structures, a skeleton of welded- or riveted-steel
columns and beams, often encased in concrete, runs through the
entire building.
• This makes for an extremely strong structure, but not such
attractive floor space. The interiors are full of heavy, load-bearing
columns and walls.
Third Generation 1940-present
• Within this generation there are those of steel-framed
construction (core construction and tube construction),
reinforced concrete construction (shear wall), and steel-framed
reinforced concrete construction.
• Hybrid systems also evolved during this time. These systems
make use more than one type of structural system in a building.
HOME INSURANCE
BUILDING
EMPIRE STATE
BUILDING
38. Buildings Design Loads
• The primary structural skeleton of a tall building can be visualized as a vertical cantilever beam with
its base fixed in the ground.
• The weight of the building is supported by a group of vertical columns , each floor is supported by
horizontal steel girders running between vertical columns.
• Curtain wall made of steel and concrete attaches to the outside. NO Structural Function.
• The structure has to carry the vertical gravity loads (caused by dead and live loads) and the lateral
wind and earthquake loads.
• Lateral loads tend to snap the building or topple it. The building must therefore have adequate shear
and bending resistance and must not lose its vertical load-carrying capability.
39. Wind Loads
• Buildings taller than 10 stories
would generally require
additional steel for lateral
system.
• The most basic method for
controlling horizontal sway is to
simply tighten up the structure
to make the entire steel super
structure move more as one
unit, like a pole, as opposed to
a flexible skeleton.
• For taller skyscrapers, tighter
connections DOES NOT keep
these buildings from swaying as
there is a greater demand on
the girders and columns that
make up the rigid-frame system
to carry lateral forces.
• Thus strong cores or perimeters
that run through the center of
the building are needed to
counter sway.
The columns in the windy side stretch
apart, and the columns on the other
side squeeze together.
40. Strategies To Mitigate Wind Effect
• Wind produces three different types of effects on tall buildings: static,
dynamic, and aerodynamic.
• Structurally, static effect is independent of time; but dynamic analysis is an
attempt to take into account how the system responds to the change
through the period of time;
• When the building is flexible, the building interacts with wind load and
affects its response; that is called aerodynamic effect. Wind tunnel testing
are used to predict motion perception and pedestrian level effects.
• To reduce the impact of wind on a tall building and mitigate the response of
the structure of tall building, there are two main concepts:
– Structural; Increasing the building structural stiffness
– Architectural; Aerodynamic (Geometric modifications) of the building.
• Modifications on cross-sectional shapes, such as slotted, chamfered,
rounded corners, and notching on a rectangular building, can have
significant effects on both along wind and across wind responses of the
building
42. TALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• INTERIOR STRUCTURES
– A system is categorized as an interior structure when the major part of the
lateral load resisting system is located within the interior of the building.
– By clustering steel columns and beams in the core, a stiff backbone that can
resist tremendous wind forces is created. The inner core is used as an elevator
shaft , and the design allows lots of open space on each floor
• EXTERIOR STRUCTURES
– If the major part of the lateral load-resisting system is located at the building
perimeter, a system is categorized as an exterior structure.
– In newer skyscrapers, the columns and beams are moved from the core to the
perimeter, creating a hollow, rigid tube as strong as the core design, but
weighing much.
• NOTE: any interior structure is likely to have some minor components of the
lateral load-resisting system at the building perimeter, and any exterior
structure may have some minor components within the interior of the
building.
44. Interior Framed Structural Systems
1) RIGID FRAME
• A rigid frame in structural engineering is the load-resisting skeleton constructed with
straight or curved members interconnected by moment resisting connections which
resist movements induced at the joints of members.
• Its members can take bending moment, shear, and axial loads.
• Cab be built as external or at the core of the building.
• Can build up to 20 to 25 floors
2) SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
• Concrete or masonry continuous vertical walls may serve both architecturally partitions
and structurally to carry gravity and lateral loading.
• Very high in plane stiffness and strength make them ideally suited for bracing tall
building
• Usually built as the core of the building
• Can build up to 35 Floors.
3) OUTRIGGER STRUCTURES
• The core may be centrally located with outriggers extending on both sides or in some cases it
may be located on one side of the building with outriggers extending to the building columns
on the other side.
• The Outriggers are generally belt trusses (1 or 2 story deep) to distribute tensile and
compressive forces to a large number of exterior frame columns.
• Can build up to 150 floors
45. Shangai World Financial Center - Outrigger Structure
The Outriggers are effectively act as stiff
headers inducing a tension-compression
couple in the outer columns.
48. EXTERIOR STRUCTURES – Tube System
• The tube system concept is based on the idea that a building can be
designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a
hollow cantilever perpendicular to the ground.
• In the simplest form, the perimeter of the exterior consists of closely
spaced columns that are tied together with deep spandrel beams through
moment connections.
• This assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid frame that amounts to
a dense and strong structural wall along the exterior of the building.
• The variations of tubular systems are;
– Bundled Tube system
– Tube in tube system
– Diagrids
– Braced Tubes (Space Truss / Exo-Skeleton)
– Super Frame
50. Diagrid Systems
• With their structural efficiency as
a varied version of the tubular
systems, diagrid structures have
been emerging as a new aesthetic
trend for tall buildings.
• Most of the structural systems
deployed for early tall buildings
were steel frames with diagonal
bracings of various configurations
such as X, K, and chevron.
• However, while the structural
importance of diagonals was well
recognized in resisting lateral
forces, the aesthetic potential of
them was not appreciated.
Hearst Tower ,
New York
51. Space Truss
• Space truss structures are
modified braced tubes with
diagonals connecting the
exterior to interior.
• In a typical braced tube
structure, all the diagonals,
which connect the chord
members – vertical corner
columns in general, are
located on the plane parallel
to the facades.
• However, in space trusses,
some diagonals penetrate the
interior of the building
Bank of China, Hong Kong
52. Exo-Skeleton Structure
• In exoskeleton structures,
lateral load-resisting systems
are placed outside the
building lines away from
their facades.
• Due to the system’s
compositional
characteristics, it acts as a
primary building identifier –
one of the major roles of
building facades in general
cases.
Hotel de las Atres
53. Super Frame Structures
• Super frame structures can create
ultra high-rise buildings up to 160
floors.
• Super frames or Mega frames
assume the form of a portal which is
provided on the exterior of a
building.
• The frames resist all wind forces as
an exterior tubular structure. The
portal frame of the Super frame is
composed of vertical legs in each
corner of the building which are
linked by horizontal elements at
about every 12 to 14 floors.
• Since the vertical elements are
concentrated in the corner areas of
the building, maximum efficiency is
obtained for resisting wind forces.
54. Example Petronas Tower
• Concrete was used for the
construction of the 452 m
tower.
• The tower has 'tube in
tube' structural system.
• The structural members
are made with high
strength concrete which
was cast in site.
• The perimeter columns are
held together with the
help of ring beams.
• The internal core structure
is made of concrete shear
walls.
55. Example BURJ KHALIFA
• The tower rises to an
unprecedented height of
800 meters and that
consists of more than
160 floors.
• The structural system is
called 'butressed core'.
• The lateral loads and
gravity loads are shared
equally between the
interior core and
perimeter structural
systems linked by the
“link beam”.
The blue members are the load
carrying concrete wall system
56.
57. FUTURE TALL BUILDINGS
• We are entering the era of the “megatall.” These buildings are over 600 meters in
height, or double the height of a supertall.
• To build higher the base of the building will have to be made wider. The bundled
tube system was a great innovation and was able to span great heights during it's
time , to attain the height of burj khalifa the bundled tube system will need a
bigger base when compared with the buttressed core system.