This document provides definitions and descriptions of various construction terms. It includes explanations of materials and components used in building structures like houses. Some terms defined are air barrier, attic ventilation, backhoe, batter boards, brick sizes, bulldozer, concrete joints, doors, electrical components, framing elements, gypsum board, heat pumps, insulation, joints, lintel, mortar, oriented strand board, plumbing, plywood, rebar, roofing elements, siding materials, stone, vapor retarder, waterproofing, weep holes, welded wire fabric, and windows. Diagrams accompany some entries to illustrate the components.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Air Barrier A polyolefin sheet material marketed as “home” or “housewrap”. This material is applied to the outside of the wall sheathing to act as an air and weather barrier. It does not allow the passage of air or liquid but permits the passage of water vapor.
3. Attic Ventilation 1. 1. Gable Vent—needed to exhaust excess heat and humidity from the attic. 2. Ridge Vent—needed to allow air to circulate in and out of a gabled roof at the ridge helping to prevent the likelihood of condensation within the roof. 3.SoffitVent—allows air to flow into the attic or the space below the roof sheathing but keeps out insects. 4. Roof Turbine—acts as a fan to pull heat out of the attic. 2. 4. 3.
4. Backhoe A backhoe is a piece of heavy machinery that has a primary purpose of moving earth with its boomed arm and bucket. Bucket Width= 2 ½ feet
5. Batter Boards -A temporary frame built just outside the corner of an excavation to carry marks that lie on the surface planes of the basement that will be build in the excavation. They establish the position, shape, and size of the building on the site.
7. Arch with Keystone Centering–a temporary framework for supporting a masonry arch during construction until it is able to stand by itself Keystone
8. Stacked Bond—this way of laying brick is not the best for supporting large loads Running Bond– this way of laying brick is the most common among homes. Brick Bonds
10. Brick Sizes Brick size: L= 9 in. W= 4in. H= 2 in. Brick size: L= 7 ⅝ in. H= 2 ¼ in. W= 3 ⅝ in.
11. Bulldozer -a large, powerful tractor having a vertical blade at the front end for moving earth, tree stumps, rocks, and any other earthy material -Blade width= 7 feet
14. Cedar Shake Clad Structure Wood Shingle—thin, tapered slabs of wood sawn from short pieces of tree trunk. Wood Shake– are slabs of wood that have been split from the wood rather than sawn; thicker with more irregular face textures.
15. Code Requirements Height= 31 ½ in. Width= 32 in. Area= 6 feet 7 in. Sill Height= 18 ½ in. IBC Requirements: Maximum sill height above the floor of 44 in. Minimum net opening of 5.7 sq feet. Net width of opening is not less than 20 in. and net height not less than 24 in. This window meets the code requirement because the net opening is greater than 5.7 sq feet.
16. Stair IBC Code Requirements–Tread: Min. 10in. Riser: Max. 7 ¾ in. Measured Stair– Tread: 10 in. Riser: 7 in. This stair meets the code requirements because the tread and riser dimensions fall within the allowed range of width and height.
17. Concrete Joints Control Joint– an intentional, linear discontinuity in a structure or component, designed to form a plane of weakness where cracking can occur in response to various forces so as to minimize or eliminate cracking elsewhere in the structure
18. Isolations Joint Isolation Joint– a concrete joint that isolates the slab from a wall, column, or drainpipe. They relieve flexural stresses. This isolation joint is isolating a steel column from the slab.
19. CMU—Concrete Masonry Unit -serve primarily for foundations, retaining walls and fireplaces -a single standard CMU (8×8×16) occupies the same volume as 12 modular brick -other common sizes are (4×8×16), (6×8×16), and (10×8×16). CMU– a block of hardened concrete with or without hollow cores, designed to be laid in the same manner as a brick or stone; a concrete block. 1 CMU=3 Brick Courses CMU blocks of different sizes.
22. Exterior Flush Door Transom– a small window directly above a door Sidelight– a tall, narrow window along-side a door
23. Electrical Components Underground transformer box– steps down the high voltage from under-ground lines supplied by utility companies to provide the 110/220 volt power used in a house.
24. Service Head– the assembly by which electricity is conducted from outdoor lines to the meter base Meter– held by the meter base, measures the power usage of the residence
25. Service Panel—the assembly by which electricity is conducted from outdoor lines to the meter base inside of a building.
33. Front End Loader Front End Loader– a loader having a shovel or bucket at the end of an articulated arm located at the front of a piece of machinery that is used to load dirt and other materials into equipment such as a dump truck. This equipment differs from other because it is able to haul and load larger amounts of materials than other machinery.
34. Gypsum Board An interior facing panel consisting of a gypsum core sandwiched between paper faces; also called drywall or plasterboard
35. Heat Pumps Advantages– ability to both heat and cool a building rapidly Disadvantages– it is difficult to zone because the furnace supplies air to the air ducts at a single temperature HVAC
36. Compressor The compressor/condensers are heat exchangers that compress the refrigerate into a hot gas and then condenses them to a liquid
37. Air Handling Unit Its purpose is the heating and/or cooling mechanism of the heat pump system. It conditions and circulates the warm or cool air to different parts of the building.
38. Insulation 1. The purpose of insulation is to keep a building cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter by limiting the heat transfer through the walls and ceiling. Insulation keeps occupants comfortable and lowers heating and cooling costs. 2. Batt/Blanket Insulation Loose fill Insulation Foamed Insulation 3.
39. Lintel Concrete Lintel -A beam that carries the load of a wall across a window or door opening. This door is located on the front of this house.
40. Joint 1– Tooled concave joint. ⅜th in. joint used for a brick clad structure. Type N mortar Mortar
41. Joint 2– Troweled flush joint ⅜th in. thick used on a brick clad structure. Mortar Type N
42. OSB—Oriented Strand Board A non-veneered building panel product composed of long shreds of wood fiber oriented in specific directions and bonded together under pressure.
43. Water closets use a 3 in. drain pipe. Lavatory uses 1 ½ in. pipe for drainage. Plumbing
44. VTR– Plumbing Roof Vent This pipe allows gas that builds up in pipes to be safely released from a drainage system and allows air flow into the system. This kitchen sink is an under mount sink in a granite countertop.
45. Plywood --A structural wood panel product composed of an odd number of layers of wood veneer bonded together under pressure. 1. Log storage 2. Debarking and bucking (cutting limbs off) 3. Heating the logs to improve cutting action of the veneer lathe. 4. Peeling the logs into veneers. 5. Drying veneers. 6. Gluing veneers together 7. Pressing veneers in a hot press to consolidate the panels for handling and to cure the glue. 8.Cutting, trimming, and sanding. Then shipping. Veneer– a thin layer, sheet, or facing
46. Radiant Barrier A reflective foil placed adjacent to an airspace in roof or wall assemblies as a deterrent to the passage of infrared energy.
47. Rebar -size #4= ½ in. diameter The deformations rolled into the surface of rebar help it bond tightly to the concrete.
48. Steep Roof Drainage Downspout– metal piping connected to the gutters that direct the water to a desired area. Gutter– metal piping cut in half that collect rain runoff on the edges of steep roof systems. Splash block– a small precast block of concrete or plastic used to divert water at the bottom on a downspout
49. Underlayment A material, usually felt, that is nailed to the roof. Shingles are then nailed on top of the underlayment. This material prevents water from seeping into the attic space.
50. Shingle– a thin piece of wood, slate, metal, or asphalt, usually oblong, laid in overlapping rows to cover the roofs and walls of buildings.
51. Typical metal roof materials are aluminized or galvanized steel. Cedar Shake roof.
56. Steep Roof Terms Ridge– the level intersection of two roof planes in a gable roof. Rake– the sloping edge of a steep roof. Valley– a trough formed by the intersection of two roof slopes. Eave– the horizontal edge at the low side of a sloping roof.
58. Facia—the exposed vertical face of an eave. A bulding without a facia does not have an exposed vertical face of an eave. An example of this is the exposed roof joist.
61. Vapor Retarder --a layer of material intended to obstruct the passage of water vapor through a building assembly and/or insulation. It is placed on the warm in winter side.
62. This liquid applied waterproofing is applied on top of concrete before brick is laid to prevent any moisture from seeping through. Waterproofing
63. Weep Hole A weep hole is a gap or tube that is placed in the joints between bricks that allow any water that has seeped through to be drained properly.
65. Casement Window This window is a casement window because it is located in a breakfast room and can be opened to a large area to let fresh air into the living space. Windows
66. Single Hung Window This window is located in a study and can be used as an egress window.
67. Sliding Window This window is located just above a kitchen counter top and connects the kitchen from a pool patio. With its ease of opening, food and drinks can be passed from indoor to out.