A buddy program pairs older students with younger students. This helps strengthen relationships across age groups and teaches values like respect and inclusion. Effective buddy programs have at least a two grade level difference and include activities like reading together. A peer tutoring program is similar but focuses only on academic assistance, with an older student tutoring a younger one once or twice a week. The multisensory teaching approach engages visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic learning styles to enhance memory and understanding. Reflective teaching involves teachers observing their own practices and adapting their methods based on factors like class size and student needs.

1. DR.Jaganmohana Rao
Faculty of Education
MITE, Kohima

2. A buddy program can strengthen the
school community and help to challenge
stereotypes, misconceptions or fears
that students hold about younger or
older age groups. A buddy system can
also help students to feel valued and
supported, teach important social skills
and create a caring ethos in the school.

3. Buddy systems teach, and give children the
opportunity to practise, the important values of
respect, care, valuing difference, responsibility,
friendship and including others.
Buddy programs consist of upper-grade students
reading and/or completing activities or projects with
younger children. Older students are paired with
younger children from their buddy class and the
most effective programs have at least two grade
levels between students. The experience provides
children with stimulating opportunities for learning
and skill development.

4. A peer-tutoring program is similar to a
buddy program. However, it only includes
children in need of academic assistance. An
older student is paired with a child that he or
she tutors once or twice a week, before or after
school or during school hours.
The Better Buddies Framework:
Develops positive cross-age relationships
Provides opportunities for peer tutoring

5. Contributes to a positive and caring school
culture
Develops pro-social values and skills
Develops responsibility
Builds self confidence
Develops empathy
Promotes inclusion
Discourages bullying.

6. Multisensory Approach in teaching is
the simultaneous use of visual, auditory, and
kinaesthetic-tactile to enhance memory and
learning. Links are consistently made
between the visuals (what we see), auditory
(what we hear), and kinaesthetic- tactile
(what we do or feel) which enable the
learner to store the information directly to
the brain in its real sense.

7. Most teaching techniques are done using either
sight or hearing (visual or auditory). The child’s
sight is used in reading information, looking at text,
pictures or reading information based from the
board. The hearing sense is used to listen to what
the teacher says.

8. Multisensory techniques are frequently used
for children with learning differences. Students
with learning difficulties typically have difficulties
in one or more areas of reading, spelling, writing,
math, listening comprehension and expressive
language.
Multisensory techniques enable students to
use their personal areas of strength to help them
learn. They can range from simple to complex,
depending on the needs of the student and the task
at hand.

9. The Different Teaching and Learning
Techniques:
Visual techniques: Visual learning methods
includes diagrams, modelling, photos and video.
Anything that will display something to the student
is considered visual.
Auditory techniques: Auditory learning methods
includes dialogue, clapping, rhymes or anything
that can be heard. Teachers use clapping or tapping
as a means of auditory aid. (Audio books are really
effective for students (or anyone!)

10. Tactile Techniques: Tactile learning includes
feel and touch. Teachers use anything
textured or raised to help with tactile learning
such as coins, sand, dice and clay.
Kinaesthetic techniques: Kinaesthetic
learning methods include movement and
doing things (i.e. writing and anything
physical). This type of learning method
engages the gross motor skills.

11. Key benefits of the multisensory approach are:
Increased learner engagement
Generating a greater capacity for learning
Encouraging a greater knowledge transfer
Improved attitudes towards learning
Greater student achievement

12. Reflective teaching is a personal tool
that teachers can use to observe and
evaluate the way they behave in their
classroom. Helps teachers in their
professional development self-awareness is a
powerful ally for a teacher, especially when
so much of what and how they teach.
Purpose of Reflective Teaching

13.  Reflection is one activity which bring forth
the practices and understanding of
educational processes.
 Reflection is the process in which teachers
become aware, or are supported to become
aware, of the theory and motives behind
their own teaching.
 Reflective teacher education is a approach
which ‘intended to prepare teachers to
become more thoughtful’.

14. Reflective Vs Invariant Teaching:
A Reflective Teacher
One who can design and implement an
effective educational program by adapting
his or her teaching skills and techniques to
the specific school situation
An Invariant Teacher
One who uses one approach in all teaching
situations regardless of the class/school
characteristics

15. Variables That Influence Effective Teaching:
 Values of the teacher
 Class size
 Number of class sessions per week
 Facilities and equipment
 Student behavior
 Context of the school

16. Variable The Reflective Teacher
Planning Adjust lesson plans to differences between
classes and children
Methodology Vary the methodology according to such factors
as (1) kinds of children in the class; (2) purpose
of the lesson; (3) ability of the children to accept
responsibility
Equipment and facilities Modify activities and lessons to available
equipment and facilities
Discipline Attempt to understand management problems
and then seek the causes, modifying teaching
procedure accordingly
Assessment Regularly assess the children and also seek
constructive criticism about their teaching from
children and colleagues

17. Advantages of Reflective Teaching:
Reflective teaching develops the quality of teaching
through continuous improvements.
It gives educators new opportunities to reflect on and
assess their teaching.
It enables teachers to explore and test new ideas,
methods, approaches, and materials.
It provides opportunity to assess how effective the new
approaches were.
Teachers share feedback with fellow team members.
They make decisions about which new approaches to
include in the school’s curriculum, instruction, and
assessment plans