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- 1. C.S.J.M. UNIVERSITY M. ED. 2nd year SUBJECT – Inclusive Education TOPIC –Pedagogical strategies to respond to individual needs of students: Co- operative learning strategies in the classroom, Peer Tutoring, Social-learning, Buddy system, Reflective teaching, Multi-sensory teaching Presented by- Samita Singh Supervised by- Dr. Gopal Singh (Assistant professor)
- 2. Content….. Pedagogy Pedagogy in teaching Importance of pedagogy in teaching Teaching strategies Types of pedagogical strategies Cooperative learning Peer tutoring Social learning Buddy system Reflective teaching Multisensory learning Conclusion References
- 3. What is pedagogy Pedagogy refers to the way of teaching students whether it is the theory of practice of educating. It is the relationship between the culture and techniques of learning. The main aim of pedagogy is to be built on previous learning of the student and work on the development of skills and attitudes of the learners. Pedagogy enable students to get through understanding of the subject and helps them in applying those learning in their daily lives outside of the classroom.
- 4. What is pedagogy in teaching Pedagogy in teaching can be referred to as an educator’s understanding of how the students learn, the teacher are focused on presenting the syllabus of the students in such a way that it is relevant to their needs. Pedagogy demands classroom interaction between the teacher and students which create a significant impact of the learners mind.
- 5. Importance of pedagogy in teaching Improve quality of teaching. Encourage co-operating learning environment. Eliminates monotonous learning. Convenient learning approach for all. Improves teacher and student communication.
- 6. Teaching strategies A teaching strategy is therefore an educational technique method or plan of classroom action or interaction intended to accomplish specific teaching/learning goals.
- 7. Types of pedagogical strategies Generally there are many types of pedological strategies, but Which we have to study is as follows: Cooperative learning Peer tutoring Social learning Buddy system Reflective teaching Multisensory teaching
- 9. Co-operative Learning Co-operative learning can be defined as collaboration in an instructional setting either between or among members of a small groups that achieves learning outcomes including ability to remember and utilise what is learnt. Students work together in a small groups and learn through interaction with each other while the teacher coaches the process.
- 10. Definitions Gilles,R.(2007) “Co-operative learning involves students working together in small groups to accomplish shared goals.” Ross & Smyth.(1995) “Successful co-operative learning task as intellectually demanding creative open ended and involve higher order thinking tasks.”
- 11. Types of co-operative learning Formal co-operative learning Informal co-operative learning Group based learning
- 12. Formal co-operative learning It is structured,facilitated and monitored by the educator over time and is used to achieve group goals in task work. e.g. completing a unit. Any course material or assignment can be adapted to this type of learning and groups can vary from 2 to 6 people with discussion lasting from a few minutes up to an entire period.
- 13. Informal co-operative learning Incorporates group learning with passive teaching by drawing attention to material through small groups throughout the lesson or by discussion at the end of a lesson. These groups are often temporary and can change from lesson to lesson.
- 14. Group based learning In group based co-operative learning, these peer groups gather together over the long to develop and contribute to one and others knowledge mastery on a topic by regularly discussing material encouraging one another and supporting the academic and personal success of group members.
- 16. Co-operative learning benefits Co-operative learning teaching techniques facilitate learning and memory by:- Ensuring attention through active student participation. Adding meaning and relevance to the material. Enabling students to learn from modelling or through observation of others Students of all ability levels show higher academic achievements when taught using cooperative learning techniques as opposed to traditional techniques. Encouraging student participation through expectations of reward desire to avoid possible punishments.
- 17. Advantages and disadvantages of cooperative learning Advantages It has been shown to have a positive effect on student learning when compared to individual for competitive conditions. It has the potential to produce a level of engagement that other forms of learning cannot. Students may explain things better to another student than a teacher to a class students learn how to teach one another and explain material in their own words. Questions are most likely to be asked and answered in a group setting. Disadvantages A burden is making the students responsible for each others learning apart from themselves. One study showed that in groups of mixed ability low achieving students become passive and do not focus on the task. Depending on an individual’s motivation and interest on a particular subject that will determine how will they would learn. Low achiever become puzzled because of so many questions.
- 19. What is ‘Peer tutoring’? Peer tutoring is a teaching strategy that uses students as tutors. The student pairs might work on academic, social, behavioral, functional, or even social skills. There are many different ways to pair students, such as by ability level, skills mastered, or age.
- 20. Peer Tutoring Models The following model descriptions will assist you in selecting the correct model based on certain criteria. Class Wide Peer Tutoring (CWPT): In this model, the whole class is divided into pairs or small groups no larger than five. Cross-Age Peer Tutoring: Younger students are paired with an older student. Peer Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS): Students are paired with students around the same ability level.The tutee and tutor roles can change based on which student needs help on a particular skill.
- 21. Advantages of Peer Tutoring Improve Students’ Attitudes Toward Learning. Engages Students through Cooperative Learning. Lead to Higher Academic Achievement. Help Peer Teachers to Gain Confidence and Sharpen Their Skills.
- 22. Disadvantages of Peer Tutoring Planning and preparing for peer tutoring requires additional time and organization for the classroom teacher. Peer tutors must be trained, monitored, and graded, which takes time and energy away from other important classroom tasks.
- 23. Social Learning
- 24. What is social learning? Social learning is defined as learning through the observation of other people’s behaviors.
- 25. Social learning strategies 10 Social Learning Strategies are: Tutoring Interaction Presentation Q & A Sessions Post-comment Interaction Collaborative Document Interaction Group Discussion Interaction Small Group Interaction Panel-Discussion Interaction The Symposium Interaction Ask your Peers about social learning
- 26. Advantages of Social Learning Natural Way to Learn. The most significant advantage of social learning is that everyone uses it naturally every day, consciously and unconsciously. Better skills Higher Learning Retention Lower costs Productivity and sustainability Employee retention Better informed Collaboration
- 27. Disadvantages of Social Learning Inner conflicts Less authenticity Loss of innovation Unexpected obstacles Consequences for self-esteem Self-doubt Measuring requires modern solutions Negative assumptions
- 28. Buddy System
- 29. What is buddy system? The buddy system is a procedure in which two individuals, the “buddies”, operate together as a single unit so that they are able to monitor and help each other. the first known use of the phrase “buddy system” goes as far back as 1942.
- 30. Benefits of a buddy system A buddy system helps to promote friendship, better support of coursework, behavioral and social needs, and can foster a greater sense of belonging and a more inclusive school community.
- 31. Disadvantages of buddy system Diversification in their views Unification in their ideas become very difficult.
- 34. What is reflective teaching? Reflective teaching is a methodology where teachers look and think over their teaching practices and then evaluate as to how they taught and what practice they can consider that might improvise or alter it for enhanced learning outcomes.
- 35. 8 Components of a Reflective Classroom Mutual Respect Intentional Use of Space A Culture of Questioning Thoughtful Silence Student-to-Student Discussions Connecting Content to Students’ Lives to History and the World Today. Allowing for a Variety of Ways for Students to Express and Enrich Their Learning Creating Space for Diverse Viewpoints.
- 37. Benefits of Reflective Teaching For Teachers Professional Growth Enhance Innovation Facilitate Teaching Boost Teacher-Student Relationship Make Lessons More Lively and Interesting. … Enhance Problem Solving Boost Classroom Democracy Improve Student Performance
- 38. Limitations of reflective teaching Not all practitioners may understand the reflective process. May feel uncomfortable challenging and evaluating own practice. Could be time-consuming. May have confusion as to which situations/experiences to reflect upon. May not be adequate to resolve clinical problems.
- 41. What is multisensory learning? Multisensory instruction is a way of teaching that engages more than one sense at a time. Using sight, hearing, movement, and touch gives kids more than one way to connect with what they are learning. Multi-sensory instruction combines listening, speaking, reading, and a tactile or kinesthetic activity.
- 42. 8 multisensory techniques for teaching Sand or shaving cream writing. This activity lets kids use sight, touch, and sound to connect letters and their sounds Air writing Sandpaper letters Tapping out sounds Word building Read it, build it, write it Story sticks Shared reading
- 43. Benefits of Multisensory Learning Improves memory and improves information recalling. Minimizes load on one sense by dividing information into different sensory channels. Increases the flexibility of the brain to process new information. Improves attention and focus to help improve learning outcomes.
- 44. Disadvantages of multisensory teaching The multisensory ways of acquiring skills may find it hard to get recognized by the authorities. Lack of time also discourages authorities; they may not get the support of the agencies involved to implement the whole process of imparting and testing skills.
- 45. Conclusion The overall conclusion is that questions about whether there is separate special education pedagogy are unhelpful given the current policy context, and that the more important agenda is about how to develop a pedagogy that is inclusive of all learners. This considers how the strategies identified from the review as having the potential to raise achievement might be usefully organized in a typology that could be used to create a multi-method response to teaching pupils with special educational needs.
- 46. References https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312724540_Effective_teaching_strategies_for_inclusi ve_special_education. https://www.slideshare.net/merritgreer/inclusive_education_strategies. https://everfi.com/blog/k_12/inclusive_classroom_strategies. Smith& Polloway,Patton& Dowdy(2015).Teaching students with different needs.Pearson India. Thakur,Y.(2017).Inclusive Education(1st ed.).Agrawal publication.