The document summarizes the rise of British imperialism in South Asia from the 1600s-1900s. It discusses how the British East India Company established trading posts in India in the 1600s which gradually expanded Britain's political and economic control over the region. By the late 1800s, Britain had established direct rule over India and much of South Asia, incorporating the region as a valuable colony of the British Empire. The document also notes how British rule introduced new technologies, education systems, and ideological changes to India, while also sparking Indian nationalist movements that sought greater self-governance and independence for the region.

1. AGE OF
IMPERIALISM
SUELO, SALVE MAE A. BSED-SOCIAL STUDIES 2
ADVISER : ARGIE LIRA PALOMO M. ED
REFERENCE: PERRY, M, ET. AL. A HISTORY OF THE WORLD. BOSTON,
MASSACHUSETTS: HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY

2. Imperialism in South Asia
 During the Age of exploitations, in the 16th and 17th century, several European
nations gained vast colonial empire in Asia and the Americas. By the mid 1800’s
most of these empires had been lost, and in 1870 a new wave of empire-building
began.
 The empire established by Britain was one that survived and grew steadily into 19th
century. In the 1600’s merchants of the English East India Company established
trading posts on the coasts of South Asia. The East India Company gradually
gained control over much of the Indian peninsula assumed many of the powers of
a government in India. Introducing British customs, ideas, technology, and
education. The British government, however, reduced the East India Company’s
powers and eventually brought India into the British empire. By the late 1800’s,
India was called “the brightest jewel” in the British imperial crown.

3.  Trained in British ideas of law and justice, many educated
Indians began to protect British control over the country and
to seek more independence and responsibility for their own
government.
 In this topic described the changing nature British rule and its
place in the context of world imperialism.
 CHAPTER OUTLINE:
1. EUROPEAN NATIONS BUILD NEW EMPIRES
2. TRADE BRINGS BRITISH RULE IN INDIA
3. CHANGES TAKE PLACE IN BRITISH INDIA

4. 1. EUROPEAN NATIONS BUILD NEW EMPIRE
 In the worldwide surge expansion colonization that
accompanied the age of exploitations, the major European
Nations established vast overseas empires. By the middle of
the 19th century, however, nearly all of the European Empires
in the Americas had been lost as colonies demanded and
won their independence. Several nations had retained
scattered territories in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, but
only Britain and the Netherlands had kept a substantial part
of their empires built on overseas trade.

5.  A new kind of empire-building develops. In the 19th century, the Western nations
began to compete intensely in their efforts to gain and the control overseas
possessions. Trade expansions was no longer the main reason for imperialism –
the take over and control of other lands. Countries had given up the mercantilist
ideas of the Age of Exploitation. Countries new sought colonies to acquire
and prestige, for make up a losses in war, or to stay ahead in the struggle for
power. Rapidly expanding populations in Europe also made new territory and
overseas settlements desirable.
 Industrialization contributes to growth of empire.
Another factor in the development of imperialism was the Industrial
Revolution, which was well under way in Europe and the United States by the mid-
1800’s. New factories and machines produce great surpluses of manufactured
New sources of labor and raw materials were needed to continue making these
products, and new market in which to sell them were also needed.

6. In addition, the industrial revolution produce new inventions
that gave Europe and the United States a technology far
ahead of that in nonindustrial nations. The Western Nations
had military superiority: better transportation and
communication, and machines that could replace traditional
ways of farming and producing goods.
 Traditional societies react to imperialism.
In many ways, the nonindustrial countries and peoples
were unprepared for the imperialists. Some were
overwhelmed by the Western technology and organization,
but they still faced threats from Imperialists nations.

7.  Imperialism takes diiferrent forms.
In general, the Western nations built their new empires by taking control of other lands in
one of the following ways:
1. Colony: An imperialist nation sometimes formally established its own institutions – law,
government, education – in another land, making that region a colony. The colony was ruled as
if it were part of the home country.
2. Protectorate: In some lands, a protectorate was established. Local rulers were allowed to keep
their titles and perhaps some limited powers, but the imperialist nation actually ran the state. It
also “protected” the state against rival state or foreign invasion.
3. Concession: Sometimes foreign nations or their business interests where given concessions by a
weaker country- special trading privileges rights to certain territory ( such as a harbor), or
access to natural resources.
4. Sphere of influence: Nations that were granted certain privileges or concessions within another
country often tried to create a sphere of influence- limited area in which they controlled politics
and government.

8.  The British empire leads in expansion.
Although some of Britain’s America possessions were lost in the
1700’s, the British Empire continued to grow while other empires
declined. British rule was established by the traders and soldiers of the
East India Company, not by the British government. India later became
part of the British Empire in the second great wave of European
Imperialism, which began during the late 19th century.
 The British exported new transportation technology to their colony
of India,
Helping to unite the huge country, open new areas to trade, and
provide jobs.

9. LANDMARKS IN TECHNOLOGY
The spread of modern transportation system
The breakthroughs in transportation that accompanied the
industrial revolution soon spread to far- flung parts of the world as
European nations acquired colonies in Africa and Asia. The new
means of travel expanded trade, allowed people to move more freely
from place to place, and speeded up the exchange of ideas and
information.
The first colony of ships passed through the Suez Canal in 1869.
By joining the Mediterranean and red seas, the Canal shortened the
route between Britain and India by 6000, miles.

10. 2. Trade Brings British Rule in India
When the Portuguese established the first European trading
posts in India in the early 1500’s. The Indian peninsula, or South
Asia, was not a single nation. India had never been completely
unified politically. This political dis- unity, combined with the
religious religion between Hindus and Muslims, left India unable to
resist European traders and adventurers.
The Mogul Empire fails to unite India. The European traders that
arrived in India in the early 1500’s dealt mainly with Southern India,
which was divided among rival local rulers, both Hindu and Muslim.
In the north the Mogul Empire was established in 1526 and
conquered much of the peninsula.

11.  European nations compete for Asia trade. The Portuguese had established
European trade with India. By the early 1600’s, however, most major European
nations were following mercantilist ideas in trying to increase their wealth ad
power. The governments of England and the Netherlands (and later France)
each chartered a private joint-stock company to finance voyages to Asia and
seek profits for their backers (which included the government).
European Rule in South Asia
Lands taken over by the British in India from 1785 to 1786.
 These companies were given monopolies, the exclusive right to represent the
country in trade with Asia. The Dutch East India Company effectively broke
Portuguese control of the Asian trade, but the Dutch were more interested in
trade with the Spice Islands than with India.

12. In 1625 England was importing some three million
yards of calico a year. The East India Company also
traded in Persian skills, jewels, and tea. In return,
Mogul India imported tin, lead, tapestries, and
Britain and France clash India. Just as the European
wars of the mid-1700’s led to war between French
and British settlers in the Americas, they also
brought the French and British into conflict in India.

13. India was already in turmoil. The Mogul emperor Aurangzeb,
who ruled from 1658 until 1707,had weakened the empire
with his harsh policies and wars of conquest.
 The English set up trading posts in India. On the last
of the year 1600, Queen Elizabeth I chartered the English
East India Company, which was backed by eighty London
merchants. In 1613 the Mogul emperor Jahangir granted
the East India Company permission to establish a trading
post at Surat, and by 1647 there were twenty-seven
English trading posts in India, mainly along the coast.

14.  The outbreak of war in Europe in 1740’s led to open war
between French and British in India. French troops from
the port of Pondicherry captured Madras and gained
control of much of the Deccan and the Southern coast. For
a time, French was leading the European power in India.
 Clive begin to build British power. During these battles
with the French, Robert Clive, an East Indian Company
clerk joined the fighting and proved to be a brilliant
military leader. In the early 1750’s, he led the British troops
in several daring captures of French forts.

15.  The British in India were shocked and angry over this incident. Moreover,
Britain and France were one again at war in Europe (the Seven Year’s War,
1756-1763).
 French influence in India weakens. Four years later British and India forces
took the main French outpost at Pondicherry. While the fort was returned to
the French by the treaty of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years’ War.
 The British gain control of Northeast India. Robert Clive’s of the
of the rich territory of Bengal firmly established the British in India, but made
him a controversial figure.
 Parliament places controls on the company. Even after Clive was recalled,
parliament continued to question the East India Company’s actions in India.
Officials were accused of raising the price of grain during the famine of 1770 so
that the company made great profits while many Indians starved.

16.  The Company’s three important centers – Bengal, Madras, and
Bombay – were so far apart that efficient administration was
difficult.
 In 1773, Parliament passed the first of several laws that limited the
Company’s power and brought about British government control in
India.
 The Regulating Act gave Parliament the power to appoint a
governor-general and council to overseas the East India Company
Warren Hastings, a Company official and strong-willed
administrator, was appointed governor of Bengal.
 India becomes important to Britain. Britain had few founds to
spend I India because its treasury had been drained by the Seven
Years’ War and the fighting in North America.

17.  In 1784, Prime Minister William Pitt, drafted the India Act. Instead
of the power it had assumed as a “government within a
government,” the East India Company was now limited to trading
activities.
 Cornwallis established the Indian Civil Service. The first
governor-general appointed under the India Act was Lord
Cornwallis, the general who had surrendered to the Americans
Yorktown in 1781. Cornwallis was a strict administrator who made
reforms in taxation, landholding, and most importantly,
government service.
 Richard Wellesley. “No greater blessing can be conferred on the
native inhabitants of India than the excision of British rule”.

18.  The British make changes in Indian ways. As the British remained in India,
they gradually moved away from policies of outright conquest and profit-
making toward more thoughtful and humane government. Educating the
people of India in the British way, however, often meant abolishing or
Indian traditions that offended Europeans.
 In 1829, the governor-general abolished suttee- the Hindu practice in which a
widow committed suicide on her husband’s funeral pyre.
 Indian soldiers in British service called Sepoys (see-poyz), could be required
to serve in other parts of Asia. According to Hindu tradition, however, a caste
member would lose status by leaving the country.
 Violence comes in the Sepoy rebellion. The following year, the British
introduced a new kind of rifle into the Indian army. In order to load the rifle,
the sepoys had to bite off the tops of the greased cartridges. Rumor spread
that the cartridges were smeared with a mixture of beef and pork grease.

19.  May 1857, Sunday Morning, three sepoy divisions near
Delhi rose in revolt. They freed their fellow soldiers who
had been jailed and the marched to Delhi, where they
declared the Mogul ruler to be emperor of India. Fighting
fierce for the first few months of the rebellion.
 The 1857 rebellion was a turning point in Indian history.
Bitterness and resentment lingered for many years on both
sides. The British called the event the Indian Mutiny. Indian
nationalists called in the first war of independence.
 The end of the East Indian Company’s power, and exile in
1858, of the last Mogul emperor.

20. 3. Changes Take Place in British India.
After the Sepoy Rebellion, the British
ruled India directly, bringing changes to the
country that would make it even more valuable
the British Empire.
Though the policies of the government were in
general more understanding of Indian ways than
those of the East India Company, the
dissatisfaction of Indian nationalist – those who
wanted self-government for India – continue to
increase.

21. INDIA IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE
Britain changes ruling policies in India. India’s
products, markets, and natural resources were
coming to be essential to the British economy.
In 1858, the year in which to Sepoy rebellion
finally came to an end, Parliament passed the
Government of India Act. This law abolished the
East India Company and transferred rule over its
territories to the British government.

22. Primary sources in the World History
Proclamation of Queen Victoria
 In reaction to the Sepoy Rebellion. Queen Victoria issued a proclamation on
November 1, 1858. The document placed in India under the control of the
British government.
 In 1876, Parliament declared Queen Victoria “ Empress of India”, making the
people of India subjects of the British Monarch and India itself part of the
British Empire.
 British technology unites India. To govern efficiently a country as large as
India. British officials needed better transportation and communication.
 Between 1850 and 1870 the British Established an Indian telegraph system
and postal service, and in 1870 India and Britain were linked in telegraph.

23. The Nationalist Movement
 Education introduces European ideas. Many Indian leaders were educated in
the British-style universities established in India in the 1850’s, and some also
studied in England.
 The Indian National Congress is formed. In 1885, nationalist leaders formed
the Indian National Congress (later called the Congress party) to call public
attention to their views. Allan O. Hume, an Englishman who had retired from
the Indian Civil Service and remained in India.
 Hume’s dedication to self-government for India equaled that of any Indian
leader. Seventy delegates attended the first meeting of the Congress, held in
Bombay. Representing every province in British India, they were mostly
English-speaking Hindu professionals.

24. Not all educated Indians supported the Congress’s
program. The few radical members of the Congress
wanted much more rapid changes, and they
eventually left the group.
Bengal is divided. In 1905, the viceroy Lord Curzon,
made a decision that he believed would help his
office govern India more efficiently. He divided the
densely populated state of Bengal into West Bengal
and East Bengal (which was united with once-
independent Assam).

25. Timetable: Imperialism in India
 1600- Queen Elizabeth I charters the East India Company.
 1613- The East India Company wins a trading post at Surat.
 1757- A victory at Plassey gives the British control of Bengal.
 1763- The Treaty of Paris ends French power in India.
 1773- Parliament appoints a governor-general and council to
regulate the East India Company.
 1857- The Sepoy Rebellion begins.

26. 1858- The British crush the Sepoy Rebellion, abolish
the East India Company, and begin direct rule of
India.
1876-India is declared a British possession, and its
people become British subjects.
1885- The Indian National Congress is formed.
1905- The Partition of Bengal spurs nationalist
action.
1912- The Indian capital is moved from Calcutta to
Delhi

27. EAST INDIA IN
THE AGE OF
IMPERIALISM

28.  In the late 1700’s, both China and Japan were following policies of isolation
imposed by their rulers.
 European nations attempted to break through this isolation and extend their
trade and influence in Asia.
 The Chinese Empire clung to its ancient Confucian traditions. Believing
themselves superior to other peoples, the Chinese resisted ideas and practices
brought by the Westerners. Soon imperialist nations established spheres of
influence in China.
 In Japan, however, leaders quickly came to realize they could not resist the
new ideas coming from the West. Japan moved from feudalism to modern
industrialism. By the outbreak of the World War I, Japan had become a major
world power.

29. This chapter describes the expansions of
European imperialist nations into East Asia and
the effects of this expansions in China and in
Japan.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Imperialist Nations Bring Change to China
2. Revolution Ends the Chinese Empire
3. Japan Becomes a Modern Nation

30. Imperialist Nations Bring Change to China
 During the long isolation begun by Ming rulers in the 1400’s and 1500’s.
 The Chinese Empire remained great civilization.
 In 1644 the Ming rulers were overthrown by rebellious armies.
 Nomadic Manchus from the North seized power, establishing the Ch’ing
dynasty.
 Manchus Emperors had long and stable reigns but eventually faced the same
problems as earlier dynasties – peasant rebellions, heavy expenditures for
defense.
 Because China considered all foreign countries were expected to send lavish
gifts, or tribute to the emperor as a sign of respect.

31.  Manchus maintain the tributary system. For centuries, China’s
diplomatic dealings with most other Asian nations had been carried
out through the tributary system.
 Established under the Ming rulers, the system reflected the
Confucian principle of the relationships between “ superiors” and
“inferiors”.
 An important aspect of the tributary system was the ceremony that
went with it. The person paying tribute was required to kowtow – to
kneel on both knees and bow three times, touching his nose to the
floor.

32.  Foreign trade is controlled. Although the European
nations that traded with the China were not part of the
tributary system, they had to abide by the Chinese rules.
 Chinese officials selected a few commercial firms, known
as hongs – to act as a agents for the government. All
hongs were situated in Canton, the only port open to
foreigners.

33.  1700 the hongs held a monopoly on all trade between China
and West Foreign merchants had to follow strict rules:
1. No foreign warships may sail inside the inlet to the river.
2. Neither foreign women nor firearms may be brought into factories.
3. Foreign Factories shall employ no maids and no more than eight
Chinese male servants.
4. Foreign trade must be conducted through the hong merchants.
5. Foreigners may neither buy Chinese books nor learn Chinese.
6. Foreigners may not communicate with Chinese
7. Foreigners are not allowed to row boats freely in the river.
8. Foreign traders must not remain in Canton after the trading season

34. British demand changes
European traders had accepted the Chinese rules
and regulations since the 1600’s.
The trade in Chinese tea and silk was so profitable
that they would abide by any restrictions.
In 1793 Lord Macartney went to Peking
representing King Goerge III of England. His
instructions were to established normal trading
relations between Britain and China.

35.  At Macartney’s audience with the emperor Ch’ien Lung, it
was immediately clear that British and Chinese ideas
differed. Instead of kneeling both knees when presenting
lavish gifts to the emperor, Macartney knelt on one knee
only.
 After Macartney’s visit, the emperor Ch’ien Lung sent a
letter to Goerge III. He took note of the king’s “respectful
obedience” in sending tribute but pointed out that as the
“Celestial Empire” possessed an abundance of all things
he had “ no need for the products of foreign barbarians”.

36. Trade in opium begins
 As the emperor had stated, the Chinese had little desire for Western goods,
though Europeans were eager for Chinese tea and silks. To increase their
supply of silver, the British began to import opium from India to sell to the
Chinese.
 Opium- a narcotic drugs made from popies, had been used for centuries in
China as medicine.
 The opium trade brings war. Concern about opium addiction, combined
with an economic crisis, finally prompted the Chinese government to act
decisively against the trade.
 In 1839 the Chinese government began a serious campaign against opium
use. Opium dealers were arrested and executed, but smuggling continued to
increase.

37. Imperialism in East Asia
 Chinese coastal cities. The British called their actions the
Trade War, arguing that the right to trade freely was the
main issue.
 The Chinese called the conflict the Opium War, claiming
that the real issue was the illegal opium trade.
 The Chinese forces were badly organized and equipped
with old-fashioned weapons. British ships soldiers, and
weapons easily defeated them in battle after battle. Finally,
after three years, the Chinese government asked for peace
and gave in to British demands.

38. The West wins trade rights
 The Treaty of Nanking (1842) ended the war between Britain and China
and established a new pattern for European trade with Asia: the
“unequal treaty” system.
 The Treaty of Nanking gave the British the right to trade in five port
cities, or treaty ports, where traders would be allowed to live.
 Unrest grows in China. Encounters with Western nations were not the
only problems facing China and its Manchu rulers in the early nineteenth
century.
 In 1800 the people of the Middle Kingdom still thought of themselves as
an untroubled, superior civilization.
 Between 1750 and 1850, China’s population increased from 180 million to
over 430 million. The demand for food soon outstripped the supply.

39. Linking past and present
 “made in Hong Kong” the chances are good that some product you often
wear or carry is labeled “made in Hong Kong”. This small, bustling British
colony is the world’s largest exporter of clothing – especially blue jeans. Toys,
plastics, electronics goods and computer parts are also made in Hong Kong’s
factories and shipped from its busy port. The British first occupied rocky
Hong Kong Island because of its excellent harbor, and it officially became a
colony in 1842. Britain later gained the Kowloon (“nine dragons”) Peninsula
and a 99-year lease on the mountain New Territories, both on the Chinese
mainland.
 The Island and the Kowloon district make up one of the world’s most
crowded cities. In parts of Hong Kong, there are more than 380,000 people
per square mile. One large community of people live on Sampans, or flat-
bottomed houseboats, in the harbor. While most of the people of Hong Kong
are Chinese, trade has given the city a lively international atmosphere.

40. The Taipings lead a rebellion
 In the 1840’s a young religious fanatic named Hung Hsiu – ch’uan (Hoong
Shoo- Choo – Anh) started a new secret society. Hung was a village teacher
and had read some Christians missionary writings as well as the Chinese
classics.
 In his illness he became convinced that he was the “ Heavenly Younger
Brother” of Jesus and was meant to be the savior of China.
 The Taiping rebels urge reforms. Hung and his followers called for many
changes. As one sign of rebellion. Taiping men cut off their queues, which
the Manchu rulers had forced the Chinese to wear. Hung proposed dividing
land equally among peasant.
 The rebellion is broken. In 1856, the Taiping Rebellion was seriously
weakened by a bloody power struggle that took the lives of important
Taiping leaders and 30,000 of their followers. In addition, many people who
felt threatened by the Taiping reforms began to aid the imperial forces by
organizing private armies.

41. Timetable: The Decline of Imperial China
 1842 – the Treaty of Nanking gives Britain Hong Kong and special trading
rights in China.
 1849-1864 – The Taiping Rebellion fails to bring about change in China.
 1860 – Britain and France with spheres of influence.
 1895 – Defeat in the Sino – Japanese War awakens China to the need for
modernization.
 1898 – K’uang – hsu’s Hundred Days’ Reforms fails.
 1900 – An international army ends the Boxer Rebellion
 1911 – The Nationalist Revolution begins.
 1912 - The last Manchu emperor abdicates.

42. Revolution Ends the Chinese Empire
 The Taiping Rebellion failed to overthrow the Manchus, yet it
marked a turning point Chinese history.
 The rebellion drained the energy of the Manchu dynasty that
had ruled for over 200years. The government never regained
its strength. Moreover, the ideas behind the various peasant
rebellions survived and inspired later revolutionaries.
 Two wars had made it clear that China could not compete
militarily with Western weapons and technology. Foreign
powers had firmly established themselves in and around
China.

43. New rulers try to strength China
 In the turmoil of the 1860’s, the imperial court was taken over by the ne
Manchu rulers determined to regain control.
 The new emperors was a young boy. Real power was held by his mother, the
Dowager (dow-uh-jer) Empress, who was known as Tz’u-hsi (tsoo-shee).
Tz’u-hsi who was clever and crafty and manage to retain control for many
years. At the height of her power, she wrote: “ do you know, I have often
thought that I am the cleverest woman who ever lived and that others
cannot compare with me. Although I have heard much about Queen Victoria
and read a part of her life… still I don’t think her life is half as interesting and
eventful as mine. Now look at me, I have 400 million people all dependent
on me.

44. Chinese leaders disagree over
modernization
 Although they respected Western technology, many Chinese officials still
rejected Western ideas. A few China’s situation differently. Li Hung-Chang
(1823-1901) , a respected Chinese scholar-official, was a leader in
westernizing.
 During the Taiping Rebellion, Li Hung-Chang had gained power and
personal wealth by building up an army to fight the rebels. To equip army,
he began to build Western style weapons and steamships. Beginning in the
1870’s Li also built up his own industrial enterprises, including a steamships
line, coal mines and telegraph system.
 To bring more Western knowledge to China, he sent a number of
outstanding students to study at American Universities. But this ideas does
not shared by some Chinese officials.

45. Traditional ideas slow attempts at
modernizing
 Most of China’s leaders continued to believe that is was possible
to modernize without making sweeping changes or abandoning
traditions. China’s political, economic, and social organization
did not fit, however, with the needs of a modern industrial
society.
 Traditional ways slowed down attempts to develop industry,
transportation, and government.
As long as China’s traditional society remained unchanged, only
surface reforms could be made.

46. War brings the Hundred Day’s Reform
 China’s disadvantages were made even clearer by its defeat in the Sino-
Japanese’ War of 1894-1895. In a struggle for control of Korea, China was
quickly and decisively defeated by Japan. Chinese officials realized that
Japan’s victory was due mainly to its swift adoption of Western technology
and ideas.
 The defeat also showed how weak the government was, and foreign
nations again began to demand privileges in China. Many Chinese were
alarmed and frightened.
 A radical reformer named K’ang Yu-wei led a protest movement backed by
many young scholar-officials. In 1895 they sent the emperor a proposal for
reform.

47.  On June 11, 1898, the emperor began to issue imperial orders for
changes and reforms. Few actually went into effect, for they
threatened almost everyone in a position of power. The educational
reforms endangered those who had studied the classics for the civil
service examination.
 On September 21 – a hundred days after he issued the call for far-
reaching reforms K’uang-hsu, was dethroned by the Dowager
Empress.
 Some reformers were executed. K’ang fled to Japan, and the young
emperor was imprisoned for life. Tz’u-hsi returned China to pattern
of slow change. The failure of the Hundred Days’ Reform seemded
tp show that changes would have to come from the Chinese people,
not from the rulers.

48. Western nations make new demads
 The weakness and confusion in the Manchu government encouraged
European nations to make still more demands for concessions and spheres
of influence.
 In 1899 the American government called on other countries to agree to an
“open door” policy that would give all countries equal trading rights.
 The Boxers attack foreign influence. China’s leaders tried to blame the
country’s problems on the growing influence of foreign nations. Known in
English as the “Righteous and Harmonious Fists”, or simply “Boxers” they
practiced an ancient martial art. The secret rituals were supposed to give
them special powers.

49. Sun proposes “Three Principles.”
 Sun Yat-sen, was born in China but grew up and was educated in mission
schools in Hawaii. He went to medical school in British colony at Hong Kong
and Canton. In 1895, he began working with the secret society and led the
anti- Manchu, but soon had to fled to Japan.
 Sun called for fundamental changes in Chinese society. He developed a
program for a republican revolution and established an organization later
called the Kuomintang, roughly meaning “Nationalist Party.”
 In 1905, he expressed his political, economic, and social goals as the “ Three
Principles of the People”. These three principles are generally translated as
nationalism, democracy, and ‘people’s livelihood”.

50. 1. Nationalism – Sun hoped the Chinese people could develop a feeling of
national unity. Which means not only the overthrow of the Manchu
dynasty but also the removal of all foreign powers from Chinese.
2. Democracy, or “people’s rights”. Sun’s second principle opposed the
Confucian class system and called for equality. He wanted a
constitutional government combining Western and Chinese traditions to
replace rule by an absolute monarch.
3. “People’s livelihood”. Sun’s third principle emphasized a fairer distribution
of land and of the profits made by large landowners, to be accomplished
mainly through taxation. Sun also believe that the government should
help in the development of industries that would make China less
dependent on Western nations.

51.  The Nationalist Revolution erupts. Although Sun was the
most prominent revolutionary leader, he was not the only
one. The Nationalist Revolution came about though a
sudden rebellion of soldiers and students on the morning
October 10, 1911.
 The republic faces confusion. The end of the Chinese
Empire came without much violence. The new republic,
however, lacked clear direction and a strong leader. Sun
sen, was in the United States, gathering funds for the
revolution. Returning to China, Sun was named temporary
president of the new republic.

52. Japan Becomes a Modern Nation
 In the 1630’s, the Tokugawa shoguns had adopted a
policy of isolation from the West.
 They stopped trade and travel by the Japanese and
refused to allow foreign ships to enter Japanese ports.
 By 1850, however, European nations dominated much of
Asia. The Japanese realized that it was only a matter of
time before one of the Western powers would
successfully enter Japan.

53.  The United States fleet reaches Japan. Throughout its history, the United
States had taken a keen interest in trade with Pacific lands. In 1851,
Millard Fillmore dispatched a naval squadron to Japan, carrying a letter to
the emperor.
 On July 8, 1853, commodore Mathew C. Perry sailed unhindered into Tokyo
Bay. His ships were new steam powered vessels, trailing black smoke as
cruised past the Japanese ships in the harbor.
 Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States in March 1854. This treaty gave
foreign traders only limited rights. Nevertheless, it was the first step toward
allowing foreign influence in Japan, and it weakened the Tokugawa
government. Treaties with the British, Dutch, French, and Russian followed.

54.  Japan reacts to the “barbarians”. The Japanese recognized the strength of the
West’s technological and military accomplishments, but most resented the
foreigners and their demands.
 Powerful lords oppose the shogun. The Tokugawa shoguns had retained
power partly by keeping the feudal lords, or daimyo, in competition with one
another. Now the unpopularity of the foreigner treaties gave these lords a
chance to work together against the shogun.
 The shogun’s rule is ended. On January 3, 1868, the forces of the rebels lords
seized control of the imperial court in the name of the emperor. By May, 1868,
the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns had ended. The emperor was the fifty years
old Matsuhito. As the name of his reign, the young emperor chose Meiji
meaning “ enlightened government”, during his long reign (1868-1912).

55.  Meiji rule begins. The actual rule of japan during the meiji era was
in the hands of the group of young samurai who bad led the
rebellion against the shogun
 One of their curliest decision was to move the imperial
to Edo the shoguns capital the city was renamed Tokyo. Which
means eastern capital
 The charter oath makes changes in government and society. In
April 1868 the Meiji emperor issued the charter oath. The
was written by the ruling group and proclaimed its aims for japan
 the oath called for an assembly that would decide important
by public debate. It also opened many new occupations to
commoners.

56.  In 1877.General Saigo time of the leaders in establishing the Meiji
government led an army of same 40,000 discontented samurai
toward Tokyo.
 Japans constitution follows European models. Ito (ee-toh)
Hirobumi a leader of the ruling group who advised the emperor led
a delegation to Europe in 1882 to study the various forms of
government on that continent.
 Japan expands in Asia. Obtaining enough food had always been a
problem in Japan.
 By 1890 fifty million people lived on Japan’s four main islands.
Japan had to import much of its food supply as well as most of the
raw materials needed for industrialization.

57.  By the 2890’s Japan’s modernized army and navy had become the equal of
some of the armed forces in the West. Japan defeated China in the brief Sino-
Japanese War fought in 1894-2895.
 The peace treaty gave Japan the island of Formosa (present-day Taiwan) and
some small neighboring islands, as well as the Liaotung (LYOW_DOONG)
Peninsula in the Southern part.
 Japan and Russia clash over Manchuria. The Japanese tried to negotiate with
Russia’s Czar Nicholas II about his troops in Manchuria. Convinced that Japan
was still weak.
 On February 8,1904, without warning, the Japanese navy attacked the Russian
fleet of battleships and cruises anchored at Port Arthur. This was the opening
action of what came to be called the Russian-Japanese War.

58.  Japan becomes the leading power in Asia. The ending of the Russia-Japanese
War forced Western nations to acknowledge that Japan was now an
power and the leading country in Asia.
 In 1912, the Meiji emperor died, bringing to a close an era of dynamic
progress. Two years later, World War I broke out in Europe.
 In 1915, Japan tried to established a protectorate over China but was blocked
by public disapproval at home and protest by several Western nations.
 After the war, Japanese delegates attended the peace conference as on of
“Big Five” nations and Japan became a permanent member of the League of
Nations Council. With both China and Russia in turmoil, Japan had clearly
become the strongest nation in Asia.

59.  Timetable: Modernization in Japan
• 1853 – Commodore Perry enters Tokyo Bay
• 1854 – Japan grants limited trade rights to foreigners
• 1868 – Rebel samurai seize power for the emperor and end the
rule of the Tokugawa shoguns. The Meiji emperor begins to reign.
• 1898 – Japan adopts a constitutions
• 1902 – Japan defeats China in the Sino-Japanese War
• 1905 – Japanese-British alliance is formed
• 1910 – Japan annexes Korea

60. AFRICA in the AGE
of IMPERIALISM

61.  From the sixteenth century on, European interest in the African
continent had centered mainly on the brutal but profitable trade in
slaves. By the beginning of the nineteenth century. however ,
antislavery feelings and economic change brought about
international laws against slave trading . Europeans developed new
interests in Africa and there was a new wave of claims and
colonization in African lands
 Africans resisted the European takeover. But European weapons
and military tactics were superior By 1914, almost all of Africa was
tinder European control

62.  This chapter describe the growing European interest in Africa, the
conquest of
African lands by colonial powers, and the effects of colonial rule on
Africa’s people.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. African Draws European interest
2. African Is Brought Under European Control
3. European Power Rule Africa

63. AFRICAN DRAWS EUROPEAN INTEREST
 Europeans first lands an interest in Africa because of its gold, then because of
land available for plantation agriculture
 Latter the slave trade became the main focus of Western interest in the
continent. After slave trading was outlawed internationally in the early 1800’s
many European developed new kinds of interest in Africa and the African
people
 The idea of repatriation developed-Even before the slave trade was officially
ended, some people became concerned about the situation of freed blacks
people.

64.  Blacks who had fought for the British became free by moving to
Britain or its colonies in the West Indies. Many freed black ,
however. were unable to find work, and all were denied equal rights
with whites.
 The idea of repatriation- the move back to Africa met with differing
reaction from black people in the United State and the British
territories. Most felt that emigration to Africa would mean
resettlement in a foreign land.
 Black colonists settle in Sierra Leone-In 1787 antislavery
humanitarians in Britain financed the founding colony of Sierra
Leone in Western Africa.

65.  In 1810 Paul Cuffe, a Quaker shipowner of black and American Indian descent,
sailed to Sierra Leone to open trade.
 In December 1815, his ship traveler sailed from Cuffe financed the trip and
supported the families while they established themselves is Sierra Leone.
 Liberia is founded. Cuffe died in 1817, but the idea of emigration to Africa
had supporters. The American Colonization society founded in 1816,
purchased land in Western Africa from local rulers.
 In 1822, a second group of American settlers sailed to Sierra Leone, picked up
the earlier colonists, and began a settlement at Monrovia (named after James
Monroe), then president of the United States.
 In 1786, the Scotsman James Bruce located the headwaters of the Blue Nile.

66. Imperialism in Africa,1880
 By 1880 most of the African continent had been mapped by Europeans, and
a number of European nations had established colonial claims.
 Boer settlers take over African lands. The Cape region had been the home
of the Khoisan people, who never herders. When the migrating Bantu-
speaking peoples arrived there, some of the Khoisan had been absorbed
into the Bantu way of life.
 the Boers discriminate against Africans. Like European colonist in other
parts of the world, the Boers had a feeling of superiority toward peoples of
non-European ancestry. They enslaved the Africans and set up a system of
“pass laws” to control them. No Africans was allowed to travel without a
pass from a Boer official.
 The British take Cape Colony. The situation in Cape Colony began to change
early in the 1800’s, at the congress of Vienna in 1815. It was a strategic
spot protecting the route to India, Britain’s most valuable colony.

67.  Between 1835 and 1837, about 10,000 Boers traveled northeast, on foot and in
ox-drawn covered wagons, across the Orange River into Natal. The move, led
by Andreas Pretorius, came to be known as the Great Trek (Trek is a Boer word
meaning “a difficult journey”.
 The Boers claim Zulu land. Late in the 18th century, the Zulus and several
other African peoples in the southwestern Africa had come under the control of
the Mtetwe (em-TEH-twuh) people. Their leader, Dingiswayo, had organized his
soldiers by age grades’ into highly trained fighting units called impi. A young
Zulu commander named Shaka became ruler when Dingiswasyo was killed in
1818.
 The French claim land in North Africa. Europeans were also lands along the
Mediterranean coast of northern Africa. The region, called Barbary coast (from
the name “Berber”), was divided into the states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and
Tripoli.
 By the late 1800’s, the interior of Africa had been explored. European
missionaries had converted thousands of Africans to Christianity.

68. Africa Is Brought Under European Control
 As European nations began to compete for overseas possessions during the Age of
Imperialism, they turned to the African continent.
 In the mid-1800’s, 90 percent of the Africa was still ruled by Africans.
 By 1914, only two African nation –Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European
rule.
 European nations agree to divide Africa. By the 1870’s, British, French, Portuguese and
Belgian claims in Africa were in conflict, and other European nations also wanted African
colonies.
 The main problem discussed at the Berlin conference was the Congo Basin. King Leopold
II of Belgium had already claimed the area for himself, based on the treaties made for him
by Henry M. Stanley.
 Other nations based their claim on trade made agreements with Africans rulers, on
settlements made by missionaries, and on explorers’ discoveries.

69. Imperialism in Africa, 1891
 Between 1880 and 1891, European control of Africa greatly expanded.
 African lands are claimed. Some rulers agreed to treaties to secure peace, protection, or
trade. Some responded with the warfare, but their weapons were no match for the guns and
cannon of the European powers.
 Britain takes control of the Suez. The new waterway between the Red Sea and the
Mediterranean had been built by a French company directed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, but it
was run by Egyptians. Mohammed Ali, who ruled from 1805 to 1847, encouraged
modernization. Railroads and factories were built, school were established, and health care
and agriculture improved.
 By 1875, the Egyptian government was near financial collapse. It accepted Britain’s offer to
buy nearly half the shares of stock in the Suez Canal Commpany.
 By 1882 Egypt had become a British protectorate.

70.  Egypt and Britain share power in the Sudan. Mohammed Ali had brought the Sudan under
Egyptian rule in the 1820’s. In the early 1880’s a Muslim religious leader known as the Mahdi led
his followers in a revolt against British and Egyptian forces in Sudan.
 A British-Egyptian army led by General Herbert Kitchener defeated the Sudanese decisively at
Omdurman in 1898, and the Sudan was placed under joint Egyptian and British rule.
 British and Boers clash in southern Africa. Britain took over the Boer settlement of Natal in
1843 and also set up the African state of Basutoland under British protection.
 In the 1850’s the Boers established two independent republics – Orange Free State and
Transvaal. The British recognized the Boer states, but friction continued. In 1867 diamonds were
discovered along the Orange River, and the British settlers swarmed into the area. Soon after,
the governor of the Cape Colony took over the diamond region, though the Boers resisted.
 Then, in 1886, gold was discovered in Transvaal.
 Long hostility between the British and Boers erupted in 1899 in the South African War (also
called the Boer War). The bitter was continued for three years; finally the Boers surrendered in
1902. .

71. Imperialism in Africa, 1914
 River and the coast. Samori’s forces resisted the French for nearly twenty years, until he was
captured in 1898. the defeat of Samori gave the French effective control over most of the
interior of the West Africa.
 Colonial claims conflict in the Sudan. In 1898 the French dream of a coast-to-coast empire
clashed with British ambitions for a Cape-to-Cairo railway. A few weeks after the Battle of
Omdurman, the two group met at Fashoda.
 The Ashanti resist Britain in western Africa. From 1824 on, the Ashanti and the British fought
a series of wars. The Ashanti raided coastal trading posts, and the British twice burned
Kumasi, the Ashanti capital.
 Ethiopia retains its independence. In 1873, Italians acquired a port on the Red Sea coast of
Ethiopia. In 1889, Ethiopia’s emperor, Menelik II, signed a treaty with Italy granting some
land in return for weapons and support.
 On March 1, 1896, a holy day in the Ethiopian Christian Church, the Italians attacked.
 The European nations surprised by the Ethiopian victory, agreed to recognized the county’s
independence.

72. Europeans Powers Rule Africa
 By 1900 nearly all the African continent was in European hands. As in other parts of the
world, different colonial powers followed different policies. All, however, expected their
African colonies to provide the home country with wealth from labor and natural resources
and at the same time to pay the costs of running the colony.
 Colonial powers follow different policies. Most of the European nations in Africa – France,
Belgium, Germany, Portugal – established “direct rule” over their colonies. “indirect rule”, on
the other hand, gave Africans some chance to take part in the colonial system. The local
ruler’s power limited, however, and the resident had the final authority.
 French colonial rules follow a policy of assimilation. French also believed that Africans could
in time be assimilated, or absorbed, into French culture. Other Africans became French
citizens by fulfilling such requirements a learning the French language and showing their
loyalty by working in the colonial civil service.

73. Timetable:
Imperialism in Africa
 1787- Sierra Leone is founded.
 1807 – Britain outlaws the slave trade.
 1815 – Britain takes possession of Cape Colony.
 1834 – Britain outlaws slavery in its possession.
 1838 – the Boers defeat the Zulus.
 1847 – Liberia becomes the first independent African
republic.

74.  1848 – France establishes a colony in Algeria.
 1875 –Britain gains control of the Suez Canal.
 1884-1885 – the Berlin Conference arranges the division of Africa
among European nations.
 1896 – Ethiopia defeats Italy and remains independent.
 1898 – France defeats Samori Toure and gains control in West
Africa.
 1899-1902 – Britain defeats the Boers in the South African War
 1908 – Belgium takes over the Congo from King Leopold.
 1910 – the Union of South Africa is formed

75. THE END! 
THANK YOU AND
GOD BLESS!