Botany:Bacterial Nutrition
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Bacterial Nutrition:Nutrition- Autotrophic ,Photoautotrophic bacteria,Chemoautotrophic Bacteria,Heterotrophic,Saprophytic bacteria,Symbiotic bacteria,Parasitic bacteria
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Peran cyanobacteria [EXETWOTION, SMAN 1 DEPOK]
Cyanobacteria play several important roles:
1) They can supplement nutrition as some species like Spirulina sp. are used as protein supplements for humans.
2) Many cyanobacteria can perform photosynthesis and fix nitrogen which enhances rice growth and soil fertility.
3) Cyanobacteria add organic matter and produce oxygen through photosynthesis, allowing other organisms to grow.
However, in large populations some cyanobacteria can be harmful by reducing oxygen levels and sunlight penetration in water bodies, and some species produce toxins dangerous to animals and humans. Their proliferation is often linked to industrial and agricultural pollution that increases nutrients in aquatic environments.
Microbiology:Microbes In The Environment
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Micro organisms in the ecosystem
This document discusses the roles of micro-organisms in ecosystems. It describes how viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protists help control nutrient cycling and biodiversity. Bacteria are important for decomposition, recycling nitrogen, and producing nutrients for plants. Fungi decompose dead organic matter. The document also discusses symbiotic relationships between organisms, including mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. An example of mutualism is nitrogen-fixing bacteria providing nitrates to plants in exchange for food.
Cyanobacteria
This document provides information about cyanobacteria. It begins by introducing cyanobacteria and their important evolutionary role as the first photosynthetic organisms on Earth approximately 2.7 billion years ago, which led to oxygenating the atmosphere. The document then discusses cyanobacteria terminology and taxonomy, habitats, structure without organelles like eukaryotes, important pigments, some being capable of nitrogen fixation in specialized cells called heterocysts, and their proposed endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts in eukaryotic algae and plants.
Microbial habitats
Microbes play an important role in bioremediation by using their enzymatic activity to destroy pollutants or transform them into less harmful forms. During their normal metabolic processes, microbes can break down toxic compounds and convert them into simpler, non-toxic molecules. Bioremediation harnesses microbes' natural degradation abilities to clean contaminated sites using biological rather than physical or chemical methods. This approach is often more cost-effective and environmentally friendly compared to excavating and disposing of polluted soils and water.
Project natu erika and paula
Plants obtain nutrients through photosynthesis using water, minerals, sunlight and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Animals obtain nutrients by eating other living things, while fungi and bacteria absorb the remains of dead living things. The document also discusses the vital functions of reproduction, where living things make more of their own kind through sexual or asexual means, and interaction, which involves a stimulus causing an organism to respond.
Microbial Adaptation To Water Environments
This document discusses microbial adaptation to aquatic environments. It explains that bacterial size, nutrients, light, oxygen, and other factors affect microbial diversity. Most bacteria are 0.2 um in diameter but some have adapted to be smaller or larger. Ultramicrobacteria can be as small as 0.2 um and maximize surface area for nutrient absorption. The largest known bacteria is Thiomargarita namibiensis, which can be 750 um wide and uses sulfur and nitrates through a large internal vacuole. Thioploca spp. also live in marine sediments and bring together sulfur and nitrates through tubular sheaths. Fungi like chytrids and Ingoldian fungi can reproduce underwater through spores and
Soil as microbial habitat
The document discusses microbial ecology and the composition of soil as an environment for microorganisms. It notes that soil is a complex ecosystem containing a vast array of microbes, plants, and animals. The lithosphere is composed of weathered rock, humus, and nutrients. The rhizosphere around plant roots contains associated bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Microbes play important roles in soil, including nutrient provision, decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and preventing pathogens. Bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi are the dominant microbial groups in soil and influence processes like nutrient cycling and plant growth.
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Peran cyanobacteria [EXETWOTION, SMAN 1 DEPOK]
Cyanobacteria play several important roles:
1) They can supplement nutrition as some species like Spirulina sp. are used as protein supplements for humans.
2) Many cyanobacteria can perform photosynthesis and fix nitrogen which enhances rice growth and soil fertility.
3) Cyanobacteria add organic matter and produce oxygen through photosynthesis, allowing other organisms to grow.
However, in large populations some cyanobacteria can be harmful by reducing oxygen levels and sunlight penetration in water bodies, and some species produce toxins dangerous to animals and humans. Their proliferation is often linked to industrial and agricultural pollution that increases nutrients in aquatic environments.
Microbiology:Microbes In The Environment
Microbes In The Environment-Microorganisms for Bioremediation,Bacteria Generate Electricity from Pollution ,Geobacter Consume Radioactive Contamination,Plastic-Eating Bacteria Breaks Down Bags
Micro organisms in the ecosystem
This document discusses the roles of micro-organisms in ecosystems. It describes how viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protists help control nutrient cycling and biodiversity. Bacteria are important for decomposition, recycling nitrogen, and producing nutrients for plants. Fungi decompose dead organic matter. The document also discusses symbiotic relationships between organisms, including mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. An example of mutualism is nitrogen-fixing bacteria providing nitrates to plants in exchange for food.
Cyanobacteria
This document provides information about cyanobacteria. It begins by introducing cyanobacteria and their important evolutionary role as the first photosynthetic organisms on Earth approximately 2.7 billion years ago, which led to oxygenating the atmosphere. The document then discusses cyanobacteria terminology and taxonomy, habitats, structure without organelles like eukaryotes, important pigments, some being capable of nitrogen fixation in specialized cells called heterocysts, and their proposed endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts in eukaryotic algae and plants.
Microbial habitats
Microbes play an important role in bioremediation by using their enzymatic activity to destroy pollutants or transform them into less harmful forms. During their normal metabolic processes, microbes can break down toxic compounds and convert them into simpler, non-toxic molecules. Bioremediation harnesses microbes' natural degradation abilities to clean contaminated sites using biological rather than physical or chemical methods. This approach is often more cost-effective and environmentally friendly compared to excavating and disposing of polluted soils and water.
Project natu erika and paula
Plants obtain nutrients through photosynthesis using water, minerals, sunlight and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Animals obtain nutrients by eating other living things, while fungi and bacteria absorb the remains of dead living things. The document also discusses the vital functions of reproduction, where living things make more of their own kind through sexual or asexual means, and interaction, which involves a stimulus causing an organism to respond.
Microbial Adaptation To Water Environments
This document discusses microbial adaptation to aquatic environments. It explains that bacterial size, nutrients, light, oxygen, and other factors affect microbial diversity. Most bacteria are 0.2 um in diameter but some have adapted to be smaller or larger. Ultramicrobacteria can be as small as 0.2 um and maximize surface area for nutrient absorption. The largest known bacteria is Thiomargarita namibiensis, which can be 750 um wide and uses sulfur and nitrates through a large internal vacuole. Thioploca spp. also live in marine sediments and bring together sulfur and nitrates through tubular sheaths. Fungi like chytrids and Ingoldian fungi can reproduce underwater through spores and
Soil as microbial habitat
The document discusses microbial ecology and the composition of soil as an environment for microorganisms. It notes that soil is a complex ecosystem containing a vast array of microbes, plants, and animals. The lithosphere is composed of weathered rock, humus, and nutrients. The rhizosphere around plant roots contains associated bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Microbes play important roles in soil, including nutrient provision, decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and preventing pathogens. Bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi are the dominant microbial groups in soil and influence processes like nutrient cycling and plant growth.
Biodiversity and Microbial Biodiversity
Biodiversity, Microbial Biodiversity, Bacterial Biodiveristy, Archae Biodiversity, Protozoa Biodiversity, Fungal Biodiversity, Origin of Life, Origin of Life on Earth, Chemical Evolution, Physical Evolution, Biological Evolution
Lysogenic effect of virus on plankton -marine environment
This document discusses viruses that infect marine microorganisms. It notes that viruses may be important agents in controlling microbial mortality and genetic composition. Viruses have no metabolism of their own and must rely on host cells. There are three viral life cycles - lytic, lysogenic, and chronic infections. The lysogenic cycle allows viruses to reproduce without killing the host by integrating viral DNA into the host genome. Evidence shows that viruses infect many types of marine photosynthetic organisms and are responsible for a significant portion of microbial mortality, helping to maintain diversity in microbial communities. Viruses may also influence bloom dynamics and organic matter cycling in the oceans.
Marine microbial antibiotics for presentation
- Marine microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria are a rich source of potential antibiotic compounds. Some early antibiotics discovered came from marine bacteria, including 2-(3’,5’-dibromo-2’hydroxphenyl)– 3,4,5-tribromopyrrole.
- Cyanobacteria played an important role in producing oxygen and generating the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. Many marine microorganisms have adapted to thrive in salt, pressure, and other conditions of the marine environment.
- However, antibiotic resistance has become a serious problem requiring continued search for new antibiotic compounds, such as from additional marine sources that may yield new treatments.
Water microbiology
This document summarizes key microorganisms commonly found in water and discusses water purification methods. It describes several pathogens like Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, Hepatitis A, Legionella, and Anabaena sp. that can contaminate water and cause illness. It also mentions other microbes like rotifers, copepods, E. coli, and fungi that may be present. Water quality indicators like turbidity and different types of bacteria are discussed. Methods for purifying water include separation techniques, filtration, oxidation, and a history of food preservation is provided.
Aquatic microbiology
Aquatic microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live in freshwater and saltwater environments. These microorganisms are found throughout aquatic systems, from rivers and lakes to oceans and even hot springs. They play important roles like breaking down organic matter, recycling nutrients, and providing food for other aquatic life. Aquatic microorganisms also impact humans through activities like water purification in sewage treatment.
Economic importance of cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, were the first organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis and produce oxygen as a byproduct, converting the early atmosphere to an oxidizing one. They are also able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Cyanobacteria serve important ecological functions and have many applications. Specifically, certain species can be used as pollution indicators, in biotechnology research, as a source of nutrients, and to generate renewable fuels.
Nutritional requirements in bacteria
Bacteria have various nutritional requirements that can be classified in several ways. They require a source of energy, usually from chemical reactions or light. They also require electrons, which can come from inorganic or organic compounds. Bacteria are categorized based on their carbon source, whether they can produce their own carbon through photosynthesis or must obtain it from organic matter. They need nitrogen, usually from ammonia, nitrates or nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Minerals like sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen and trace elements are required. Vitamins may be synthesized or obtained from the environment. Water is also essential, making up most of the bacterial cell volume.
Role of Microorganisms in Freshwater Ecosystem.
Introduction
Types of microorganisms
Role of Microorganisms in Freshwater Ecosystem.
Positive Role
Negative Role
Conclusion
Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence, the production of light by living organisms, can be used to sensitively monitor pollution through assays that detect changes in bioluminescence caused by toxic substances. One of the earliest assays was developed using the bacterium Vibrio fisheri, measuring inhibition of its bioluminescence by pollutants. Recombinant bacteria like E. coli transformed with bioluminescence genes have also been used for biomonitoring due to their genetic tractability and ability to detect a wide range of pollutants in various environments. Dinoflagellates exhibiting bioluminescence have further been employed for toxicity assessments of metals and other contaminants in aquatic systems.
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Biological oxygen demand (BOD) measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water. The BOD test involves taking oxygen readings of a water sample initially and after 5 days of incubation, with the difference representing oxygen consumed. BOD levels indicate water quality, with lower levels below 6 ppm indicating cleaner water and levels over 100 ppm meaning very polluted water. High BOD occurs when bacteria decompose excess organic waste, consuming oxygen and potentially harming aquatic life.
Autotroph & heterotroph bacteria
The document discusses two types of bacteria: autotroph and heterotroph bacteria. Autotroph bacteria can produce organic compounds from inorganic molecules using light or chemical energy. They include photoautotrophs, which use light energy, and chemoautotrophs, which use chemical energy. Heterotroph bacteria require organic substrates for energy and are divided into parasites, saprophytes, pathogens, and non-pathogens. Common examples of different bacteria types are provided.
microbial loop
This document provides an overview of the microbial loop in marine ecosystems. It discusses how bacteria consume dissolved organic matter released by phytoplankton and protozoans. These bacteria are then consumed by protozoans like flagellates and ciliates, recycling nutrients and carbon back into the food web. Approximately 60% of energy in marine food chains is estimated to pass through this microbial loop. The loop links dissolved organic matter to microbes and micrograzers, and is crucial to ecosystem function by transferring carbon and nutrients between trophic levels.
Role of bacteria in agriculture
1) Bacteria play an important role in soil by decomposing organic matter and recycling nutrients back into the soil. This promotes plant growth.
2) Some bacteria increase soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen or converting nitrogen into plant-available forms. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live symbiotically in root nodules of legumes or freely in soil.
3) The nitrogen-fixing, nitrifying, and ammonifying bacteria work together in the nitrogen cycle to transform nitrogen between forms available to plants and the atmosphere. This maintains soil nitrogen levels over time.
Chemoautotrophs and photosynthetic eubacteria
Chemolithotrophs are bacteria or archaea that derive energy from inorganic chemical reactions. They can synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide using inorganic energy sources like hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, or molecular hydrogen. Most chemolithotrophs are found in extreme environments like deep sea vents or volcanoes. They include nitrifying bacteria that play a key role in the nitrogen cycle, as well as bacteria that oxidize hydrogen, iron, or sulfur. The process of chemolithotrophy allows these organisms to act as primary producers in ecosystems where organic material is scarce.
bioluminscence of microorganisms
This document summarizes bioluminescence in microorganisms. It begins by defining bioluminescence as the production of light by living organisms through a chemical reaction. It then describes that while some land organisms can bioluminesce, it is much more common in marine species. All bioluminescent organisms use the reaction of an enzyme with a substrate to produce light. The document focuses on bacterial bioluminescence, describing the genera of luminous bacteria and the biochemical process where luciferase catalyzes the reaction of reduced FMNH2 and a fatty aldehyde to produce blue-green light. It discusses uses of bacterial bioluminescence such as symbiosis with host organisms and as bio
Bioluminescence
This document discusses bioluminescence, which is the production and emission of light by living organisms through the conversion of chemical energy to light energy. Bioluminescence is found across many diverse phylogenetic groups and can serve different purposes, including communication during mating, defense from predators, and attracting prey. The mechanisms of bioluminescence vary and can involve symbiotic bacteria, extracellular glands, or intracellular light production within specialized organs or cells. Bioluminescence has applications in areas like space research, medical research, and pest management.
Microbial flora of the aquatic env
This document discusses the microbial flora found in aquatic environments. It begins by defining microbial flora and the different types of aquatic environments, including marine, freshwater, and wetland ecosystems. The main types of microorganisms found in aquatic environments are plankton and benthic microorganisms. Sources of microbes in aquatic systems include runoff from soil, agricultural activities, industrial discharge, and human or animal waste. Microbes have adapted traits like capsules, plasmids, and flagella to survive in different aquatic conditions such as temperature, salinity, pressure, and oxygen levels.
Marine microbiology
This document provides metadata and contents for the book "Marine Microbiology: Ecology and Applications" by C.B. Munn. It includes information about the author, publisher, publication date and language. The contents cover topics in 10 chapters including microbes in the marine environment, methods in marine microbiology, structure and physiology of marine prokaryotes, marine bacteria and archaea, marine eukaryotic microbes, marine viruses, the role of microbes in ocean processes, and symbiotic associations.
Unculturable soil biota (microbes)
many microorganisms from the soil are still undiscovered, while most of the discovered microbes cannot be cultivated in the artificial medium due to various reasons. This is briefly discussed in this presentation.
Marine Pharmaceuticals
Slides from an in-class pharmacology presentation at Trent University in Biol-4320H presented in winter of 2011-2012.
NUTRITION IN BACTERIA.pdf
The document discusses nutrition in bacteria. It explains that bacteria require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, metals, and water for their biochemical processes. Bacteria are classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their ability to produce or require organic carbon compounds. Autotrophs can produce organic compounds from inorganic sources like carbon dioxide, while heterotrophs require organic carbon sources. The document further describes different types of autotrophs and heterotrophs based on their energy and carbon sources. These include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs. Parasitic, saprophytic, and symbiotic bacteria are also discussed
Grade 11
1. The document discusses the biodiversity of plants, classifying them into four kingdoms: Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
2. It explains the characteristics of each kingdom, including their reproductive structures and cycles. Bryophytes reproduce via spores while vascular plants like ferns, conifers, and flowering plants reproduce via spores or seeds.
3. Angiosperms have evolved the closest relationship with other organisms through flower pollination and fruit/seed dispersal. Their seeds are protected within an ovary and later fruit structure.
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Lysogenic effect of virus on plankton -marine environment
This document discusses viruses that infect marine microorganisms. It notes that viruses may be important agents in controlling microbial mortality and genetic composition. Viruses have no metabolism of their own and must rely on host cells. There are three viral life cycles - lytic, lysogenic, and chronic infections. The lysogenic cycle allows viruses to reproduce without killing the host by integrating viral DNA into the host genome. Evidence shows that viruses infect many types of marine photosynthetic organisms and are responsible for a significant portion of microbial mortality, helping to maintain diversity in microbial communities. Viruses may also influence bloom dynamics and organic matter cycling in the oceans.
Marine microbial antibiotics for presentation
- Marine microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria are a rich source of potential antibiotic compounds. Some early antibiotics discovered came from marine bacteria, including 2-(3’,5’-dibromo-2’hydroxphenyl)– 3,4,5-tribromopyrrole.
- Cyanobacteria played an important role in producing oxygen and generating the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. Many marine microorganisms have adapted to thrive in salt, pressure, and other conditions of the marine environment.
- However, antibiotic resistance has become a serious problem requiring continued search for new antibiotic compounds, such as from additional marine sources that may yield new treatments.
Water microbiology
This document summarizes key microorganisms commonly found in water and discusses water purification methods. It describes several pathogens like Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, Hepatitis A, Legionella, and Anabaena sp. that can contaminate water and cause illness. It also mentions other microbes like rotifers, copepods, E. coli, and fungi that may be present. Water quality indicators like turbidity and different types of bacteria are discussed. Methods for purifying water include separation techniques, filtration, oxidation, and a history of food preservation is provided.
Aquatic microbiology
Aquatic microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live in freshwater and saltwater environments. These microorganisms are found throughout aquatic systems, from rivers and lakes to oceans and even hot springs. They play important roles like breaking down organic matter, recycling nutrients, and providing food for other aquatic life. Aquatic microorganisms also impact humans through activities like water purification in sewage treatment.
Economic importance of cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, were the first organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis and produce oxygen as a byproduct, converting the early atmosphere to an oxidizing one. They are also able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Cyanobacteria serve important ecological functions and have many applications. Specifically, certain species can be used as pollution indicators, in biotechnology research, as a source of nutrients, and to generate renewable fuels.
Nutritional requirements in bacteria
Bacteria have various nutritional requirements that can be classified in several ways. They require a source of energy, usually from chemical reactions or light. They also require electrons, which can come from inorganic or organic compounds. Bacteria are categorized based on their carbon source, whether they can produce their own carbon through photosynthesis or must obtain it from organic matter. They need nitrogen, usually from ammonia, nitrates or nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Minerals like sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen and trace elements are required. Vitamins may be synthesized or obtained from the environment. Water is also essential, making up most of the bacterial cell volume.
Role of Microorganisms in Freshwater Ecosystem.
Introduction
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Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence, the production of light by living organisms, can be used to sensitively monitor pollution through assays that detect changes in bioluminescence caused by toxic substances. One of the earliest assays was developed using the bacterium Vibrio fisheri, measuring inhibition of its bioluminescence by pollutants. Recombinant bacteria like E. coli transformed with bioluminescence genes have also been used for biomonitoring due to their genetic tractability and ability to detect a wide range of pollutants in various environments. Dinoflagellates exhibiting bioluminescence have further been employed for toxicity assessments of metals and other contaminants in aquatic systems.
Bo dforwebsite
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water. The BOD test involves taking oxygen readings of a water sample initially and after 5 days of incubation, with the difference representing oxygen consumed. BOD levels indicate water quality, with lower levels below 6 ppm indicating cleaner water and levels over 100 ppm meaning very polluted water. High BOD occurs when bacteria decompose excess organic waste, consuming oxygen and potentially harming aquatic life.
Autotroph & heterotroph bacteria
The document discusses two types of bacteria: autotroph and heterotroph bacteria. Autotroph bacteria can produce organic compounds from inorganic molecules using light or chemical energy. They include photoautotrophs, which use light energy, and chemoautotrophs, which use chemical energy. Heterotroph bacteria require organic substrates for energy and are divided into parasites, saprophytes, pathogens, and non-pathogens. Common examples of different bacteria types are provided.
microbial loop
This document provides an overview of the microbial loop in marine ecosystems. It discusses how bacteria consume dissolved organic matter released by phytoplankton and protozoans. These bacteria are then consumed by protozoans like flagellates and ciliates, recycling nutrients and carbon back into the food web. Approximately 60% of energy in marine food chains is estimated to pass through this microbial loop. The loop links dissolved organic matter to microbes and micrograzers, and is crucial to ecosystem function by transferring carbon and nutrients between trophic levels.
Role of bacteria in agriculture
1) Bacteria play an important role in soil by decomposing organic matter and recycling nutrients back into the soil. This promotes plant growth.
2) Some bacteria increase soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen or converting nitrogen into plant-available forms. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live symbiotically in root nodules of legumes or freely in soil.
3) The nitrogen-fixing, nitrifying, and ammonifying bacteria work together in the nitrogen cycle to transform nitrogen between forms available to plants and the atmosphere. This maintains soil nitrogen levels over time.
Chemoautotrophs and photosynthetic eubacteria
Chemolithotrophs are bacteria or archaea that derive energy from inorganic chemical reactions. They can synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide using inorganic energy sources like hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, or molecular hydrogen. Most chemolithotrophs are found in extreme environments like deep sea vents or volcanoes. They include nitrifying bacteria that play a key role in the nitrogen cycle, as well as bacteria that oxidize hydrogen, iron, or sulfur. The process of chemolithotrophy allows these organisms to act as primary producers in ecosystems where organic material is scarce.
bioluminscence of microorganisms
This document summarizes bioluminescence in microorganisms. It begins by defining bioluminescence as the production of light by living organisms through a chemical reaction. It then describes that while some land organisms can bioluminesce, it is much more common in marine species. All bioluminescent organisms use the reaction of an enzyme with a substrate to produce light. The document focuses on bacterial bioluminescence, describing the genera of luminous bacteria and the biochemical process where luciferase catalyzes the reaction of reduced FMNH2 and a fatty aldehyde to produce blue-green light. It discusses uses of bacterial bioluminescence such as symbiosis with host organisms and as bio
Bioluminescence
This document discusses bioluminescence, which is the production and emission of light by living organisms through the conversion of chemical energy to light energy. Bioluminescence is found across many diverse phylogenetic groups and can serve different purposes, including communication during mating, defense from predators, and attracting prey. The mechanisms of bioluminescence vary and can involve symbiotic bacteria, extracellular glands, or intracellular light production within specialized organs or cells. Bioluminescence has applications in areas like space research, medical research, and pest management.
Microbial flora of the aquatic env
This document discusses the microbial flora found in aquatic environments. It begins by defining microbial flora and the different types of aquatic environments, including marine, freshwater, and wetland ecosystems. The main types of microorganisms found in aquatic environments are plankton and benthic microorganisms. Sources of microbes in aquatic systems include runoff from soil, agricultural activities, industrial discharge, and human or animal waste. Microbes have adapted traits like capsules, plasmids, and flagella to survive in different aquatic conditions such as temperature, salinity, pressure, and oxygen levels.
Marine microbiology
This document provides metadata and contents for the book "Marine Microbiology: Ecology and Applications" by C.B. Munn. It includes information about the author, publisher, publication date and language. The contents cover topics in 10 chapters including microbes in the marine environment, methods in marine microbiology, structure and physiology of marine prokaryotes, marine bacteria and archaea, marine eukaryotic microbes, marine viruses, the role of microbes in ocean processes, and symbiotic associations.
Unculturable soil biota (microbes)
many microorganisms from the soil are still undiscovered, while most of the discovered microbes cannot be cultivated in the artificial medium due to various reasons. This is briefly discussed in this presentation.
Marine Pharmaceuticals
Slides from an in-class pharmacology presentation at Trent University in Biol-4320H presented in winter of 2011-2012.
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- 1. BACTERIAL NUTRITION Dr. Regi Raphael K Associate Professor Department of Botany St. Mary’s College Thrissur
- 2. Bacterial nutrition, Dr. Regi Raphael K, St.Mary’s College NUTRITION Nutrients are needed to build proteins and structural membranes and drive biochemical processes. Bacteria require sources of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and a large number of other minerals. Carbon, nitrogen and water are used in highest quantities. Bacteria are grouped according to the carbon source and the energy source
- 3. Bacterial nutrition Dr. Regi Raphael K, St.Mary’s College Autotrophic Make their own food from outside sources of energy. Further divided into chemo and photo autotrophs.
- 4. Bacterial nutrition, Dr. Regi Raphael K, St.Mary’s College Photosynthetic pigments , bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriophaeophytin occur in thylakoids. Anaerobic type with no oxygen involvement. Bacteria can survive in areas where there is low oxygen density. Instead of water , hydrogen is used as a source of reducing power. The source of hydrogen is organic and inorganic compounds. Hydrogen is picked by NAD ions. Photosynthetic pigments synthesize ATP. Photoautotrophic bacteria
- 5. Bacterial nutrition, Dr. Regi Raphael K, St.Mary’s College They make their food from inorganic compounds and make their energy from oxidation chemical reactions involved in external medium. This energy is used in carbon assimilation. Nitrifying, sulphur oxidizing and iron bacteria comes under this category. Energy released in this process is trapped inside ATP Chemoautotrophic Bacteria
- 6. Do not make their own food and they depend on readymade food from outside for their survival. Saprotrophic, symbiotic and parasitic are their sub types. Bacterial nutrition, Dr. Regi Raphael K, St.Mary’s College Heterotrophic
- 7. Free organisms depend upon organic remains for their food. This bacteria leads to fermentation (anaerobic break down of carbohydrates), putrefaction ( anaerobic break down of proteins) and decay (anaerobic break down of organic compounds). Presence is beneficial as well as harmful for human interest. They serve to clean the environment. They dispose of the organic remains and are referred to as Natures Scavengers. They dispose sewage and cure tea, coffee and tobacco. Bacterial nutrition, Dr. Regi Raphael K, St.Mary’s College Saprophytic bacteria:
- 8. Bacterial nutrition, Dr. Regi Raphael K, St.Mary’s College They live in cordial environment which is suitable to both the organisms. They check the growth of putrefying bacteria and produce vitamin B and K. They live in human intestine like E. coli. Symbiotic bacteria:
- 9. Bacterial nutrition, Dr. Regi Raphael K, St.Mary’s College Bacteria live with other living beings. They depend on them for survival and derive their food from them. They may or may not be disease causing. Disease causing is referred as pathogenic which may cause disease by attacking host cells or releasing toxins. Toxins may be further sub divided into exotoxins and endotoxins. Parasitic bacteria
- 10. Bacterial nutrition, Dr. Regi Raphael K, St.Mary’s College REFERENCE Dubey R.C & Maheswari D K. A text book of Microbiology, S. Chand Pelozar M J, Chan E C S & Krieg N R , Microbiology, Tata Mc Graw Hill