1. The document discusses probiotics and their uses in aquaculture and fertilization. Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed. 2. Common probiotic microbes used in aquaculture include lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, and certain yeasts and bacilli. They are added to foods or used as supplements. 3. The document then focuses on specific probiotic products called Super NB and Super PS used in shrimp farming. Super NB contains nitrifying bacteria to convert ammonia to nitrites and nitrates, while Super PS contains Rhodobacter and Rhodococcus bacteria to utilize hydrogen sulfide and maintain water quality.

1. Probiotik Bagi Pupuk Biologis
Ekosistem Laut

2. Etymologically, the term
appears to be a composite of
the Latin preposition pro
("for") and the Greek
adjective βιωτικός (biotic),
the latter deriving from the
noun βίος (bios, "life").

3. The first use of the term
“probiotic” as microorganisms
that have effects on other
microorganism was
accredited to Lilly and Stilwell
(1965),[2]
expressed as follows:
Substances secreted by one
microorganism that stimulate
another microorganism.

4. “Organisms and substances
that have a beneficial effect
on the host animal by
contributing to its intestinal
microbial balance”.
Fuller (1989) probiotics as
"live microbial feed
supplement which
beneficially affects the host
animal by improving its
intestinal microbial balance".

5. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and
bifidobacteria are the most
common types of microbes used
as probiotics, but certain yeasts
and bacilli may also be used.
Probiotics are commonly
consumed as part of fermented
foods with specially added active
live cultures, such as in yogurt,
soy yogurt, or as
dietary supplements.

6. 1. Food Conversion Ratio
Enhancement(Peningkatan
FCR; rasio konversi pakan)
2. Diseases Protection
(Perlindungan Penyakit)
3. Water Quality Maintenance
(Perbaikan Kualitas Air)
4. Biofertilizer (Pupuk Biologis)

7. Marine Biofertilizer
Fertilizer purposes
Direct Nutrient supplies
 (C, H, H,O, S, N, P, K or Phosphate, Nitrate, ion NO3-
and NH4+ etc
Indirect Nutrient supplies
 (C, H, H,O, S, N, P, K or Phosphate, Nitrate, ion NO3-
and NH4+ etc
Ideal condition of water
 pH, CO2 balance, DO

8. Nitrification
Nitrification is the process by which ammonia is
converted to nitrites (NO2-) and then nitrates
(NO3-). This process naturally occurs in the
environment, where it is carried out by specialized
bacteria. Namely, nitrifying bacteria
Ammonia
Produced by the breakdown of organic sources of
nitrogen, a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids.
Toxic to aquatic life at these concentrations, and the
the nitrification process requires oxygen (ammonia
contributes to the BOD of the wastewater).

9. The nitrification process is carried out by two different
types of bacteria. Nitrosomonas carry out the first step of
the process, producing nitrite:
The resulting nitrite is then converted to nitrate by
Nitrobacters:

11. Nitrifying Bacteria
Are chemoautotrophic or chemolithotrophs
depending on the genera (Nitrosomonas,
Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus) bacteria that
grow by consuming inorganic nitrogen compounds.[1]

12. Nitrifying Bacteria
Have key enzymes in nitrification:
ammonia monooxygenase which oxidizes ammonia to
hydroxylamine, and nitrite oxidoreductase, which
oxidizes nitrite to nitrate.

13. Super NB
Content :
Bacillus sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Nitrobacter sp.
Aerobacter sp.
Concentration: +_10 9 CFU / ml
Benefit - Utilize NH3 & NO2 in water and soil
- Maintaining optimum scale of water pH and
alkalinity
- Reducing stress and disease susceptibility
- Increase beneficial microorganism communities


14. Super NB
Application Method
During Preparation (1 ha pond) put 1.0 liter Super NB &
mix well with "SUPER MEDIA“ which can help
plankton growth and also increase
the dominance of beneficial microorganism on pond.
Apply it everyday until water color established.
- Early stage, 0.5 ppm / week
- Middle stage, 0.5 - 1 ppm / week
- Last stage , 1-1.5 ppm / week At present, we realized
that shrimp culture needs good maintenance of water
quality management and water parameter control.
The routine activity during culturing period such as:
feeding program chemicals treatment:
bioaugmentation treatment and water exchanged etc,
could directly influence stability of water quality.

15. Super NB
 The balance between phytoplankton; zooplankton and
beneficial microorganism during culture period play a
crucial role to create well growth of shrimps,
decreasing susceptibility of disease to shrimps and also
reducing pathogens. As a result, it will enhance
probiotic system in pond.
 Super NB and Super PS as biotechnological product
contains beneficial communities of bacteria. These
bacteria operate in a synergistic relationship to
biodegrade soluble organic pollutants; maintaining
optimum scale of pH; alkalinity and reducing stress to
the shrimp.
It is much easier to prevent diseases than trying to cure
them. Super NB and Super PS can also help improving
water quality and achieve optimum ecological
condition in shrimp pond.


16. Super PS
Content
Rhodobacter sp.
Rhodococus sp.
Concentration
+_109
CFU /ml
Benefit - Utilize H2s
- Maintaining optimum scale of
water pH
- Biodegrade sludge
- Increase beneficial
microorganism communities

17. Rhodobacter
Rhodobacter have a wide range of metabolic
capabilties. The most studied, R. sphaeroides,
possesses metabolic methods which include
photosynthesis, lithotrophy, and aerobic and
anaerobic respiration.
It can also fix nitrogen and synthesize tetrapyrroles,
chlorophylls, and vitamin B12.

18. Rhodobacter
 Species of Rhodobacter have a wide range of metabolic capabilties. The most
studied, sphaeroides, possesses metabolic methods which include
photosynthesis, lithotrophy, and aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It can also
fix nitrogen and synthesize tetrapyrroles, chlorophylls, heme, and vitamin B12.
This species is also the first free-living bacteria to be known to utilize the
regulatory methods associated with quorum-sensing. Bacteria with quorum-
sensing systems possess certain signaling compounds which allow the
organism to communicate and coordinate with similar bacteria. Rhodobacters
possess one flagellum located on the side of the cell body. This flagella rotates
rapidly clockwise, causing propulsion of the cell, and reorients when it stops
and coils up. To see Rhodobacter sphaeroides in motion, visit the
Rowland Institute at Harvard site.
 Ecology
 Rhodobacter's various methods of respiration and metabolism allow it to
survive in a number of varied habitats; differing from other nonsulfur purple
bacteria in that they can grow in both the light and the dark. These organisms
appear to be numerous in all types of aquatic environments.

19. Rhodococcus is also an experimentally advantageous
system owing to a relatively fast growth rate and
simple developmental cycle.
Another important application of Rhodococcus comes
from bioconversion, using biological systems to
convert cheap starting material into more valuable
compounds.

20. Rhodococcus is a genus of aerobic, nonsporulating,
nonmotile Gram-positive bacteria A few species are
pathogenic, most are benign and have been found to
thrive in a broad range of environments, including
soil, water, and eukaryotic cells.
Strains of Rhodococcus are applicably important
owing to their ability to catabolize a wide range of
compounds and produce bioactive steroids,
acrylamide, and acrylic acid, and their involvement in
fossil fuel biodesulfurization.[

21. Super PS
Application Method During Preparation (1 ha pond)
Before creating the "water color", spread 30-50 liter of
Super PS into shrimp pond for utilizing the residue of
organic matter in pond bottom and for establishing
good bacteria groups on pond bottom
Early stage, 0.5 ppm / week
Middle stage,1ppm / week
Last stage, 1-2 ppm / week

22. Super PS
Caution
Apply between 08.00 - 11.00 AM
(sunny day)
paddle wheel should be turn on
during the application
Store at room temperature 27 o
C

23. Proses Produksi
Medium(g/L) : 0.5 (NH4)2SO4; 1.0
K2HPO4; 0.03 FeSO4∙7 H20; 0.3 NaCl; 0.3
MgSO4∙7 H2O; 7.5 CaCO3.