This document provides information about botany and the study of plants. It discusses Genesis accounts of God creating plants and describes the basic parts and functions of plants, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. Key plant processes like photosynthesis and pollination are explained. Plant taxonomy is also covered, comparing monocots and dicots. Several important plant families are defined. The document emphasizes God's design and purpose in creating the diversity of the plant kingdom.

1. BOTANY
Botany—study of
plants
Botanist—person
who studies botany

2. GENESIS 1:11-13
11Then God said, “Let the land produce
vegetation: seed-bearing plants with seed in
it, according to their various kinds.” And it
was so.
12The land produced vegetation: plants
bearing seed according to their kinds and
trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to
their kinds. And God say that it was good.
13And there was evening and there was

3. KINGDOM: PLANTS
Living things
Habitat on land or water
Have capability of making own food
2 Groups—Flowering and Non-flowering

4. 1. Roots
 Anchor the plant in the soil
2. Stem
 Transports water and minerals to the leaves
3. Leaves
 Makes the food that keeps plants alive and helps them grow
4. Fruits
 Tastes sweet, so people and animals like to eat it
5. Flowers
 Produces seeds which grow into new plants
PARTS OF
PLANTS

5. ROOTS AND STEMS
Shoot system—every part
visible above ground including
leaves, stems, twigs, trunks,
flowers, and fruit
Root system—located below
ground
Many plants’ root system
growth  shoot system growth

6. ROOTS AND STEMS
Roots purposes—plant warehouse
1. Anchor the plant
2. Soil conservation
3. Absorb water and minerals
4. Ship water and dissolved minerals up to the
leaves
5. Store extra glucose and convert it into
starch

7. ROOTS AND STEMS
Root Systems
1. Taproot System – primary root grows
straight down and is bigger than the secondary
rootlets
2. Fibrous Root System – primary root remains
small and secondary rootlets grow out from it

8. ROOTS AND STEMS
Stems transport water and
minerals upward from the
roots to the leaves and carries
dissolved food from the
leaves to the roots.
Xylem – carries water and
nutrients from root hairs to
leaves
Phloem – carries sugars from the
stem/leaves to the roots

9. ROOTS AND STEMS
Transpiration—water
evaporation from
leaves

10. ROOTS AND STEMS
Special Stems
Stolon—aka runner—stem
that grows along the ground
Rhizome—thick storage stems
below ground that produce
new plants
Tendrils—a specialized stem
with a threadlike shape used
by climbing plants for support
and attachment

11. GENESIS 3:18
It will produce thorns and thistles for you,
and you will eat the plants of the field.

12. LEAVES
Parts of a Leaf
Petiole: stalk attaching node to a leaf blade
Sessile: leaves which attach directly to the
stem by a sheath without a petiole

13. LEAVES
Leaf Arrangements:
Alternate
Opposite
Whorled
Basal Rosette (Bottom)
Sketch these on your notes!

14. LEAVES
Simple vs. Compound Leaves
• Simple—One leaf on each petiole
• Pinnately Compound—leaves attached at
different points on the petiole
• Palmately Compound—multiple leaves at
one point on the petiole
Sketch these on your notes!

15. LEAVES
Leaf Margins
Entire
Toothed
Lobed
Sketch these on your notes!

16. LEAVES
Leaf Venation: vein patterns
Parallel: monocots
Pinnate: dicots
Palmate: dicots
Sketch these on your notes!

17. PROVERBS 11:28
Those who trust in their riches will fall,
but the righteous will thrive like a green
leaf.

18. LEAVES—FUNCTION
Photosynthesis—chemical process by which
plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
to create oxygen and energy in the form of
sugar (glucose)
Stoma (plural=stomata)—pores or tiny holes
which allows air to enter and exit. Plants take
in CO2 (carbon dioxide) and releases O2 (oxygen).
Chlorophyll—the pigment that makes plants
green
Chloroplasts—tiny packages of chlorophyll

19. Write this out on your notes for extra credit!

20. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Carbon Dioxide + Water
With light and chloroplasts
=
Glucose + Oxygen
And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the
LORD be his land, for the precious
things of heaven, for the dew, and for
the deep that couches beneath,
And for the precious fruits brought
forth by the sun, and for the precious
things put forth by the moon,
Deuteronomy 33:13,14

21. CREATOR GOD’S INFINITE
WISDOM
Plants are the only living things that can
make their own food. God created them
before humans and animals.
God made plants to be useful.
Plants and other living organisms(human
and animals) co-exist. Plants release
oxygen into the air and people and
animals release carbon dioxide into the
air. Both need the other to survive!

22. LEAVES
Special Leaves
Tendrils—A leaf tendril is a thread-
like part of a leaf that attaches to a
surface in order to help a vining
plant secure itself
Spines—A special leaf on cacti that
contain no chlorophyll, but whose
function is to protect the water-
storing stem.
Bulb—many layers of lower leaves
that remain below ground ex:

23. LEAVES
Special Leaves
Insectivorous plants—contain
chlorophyll for manufacturing
their own food, but also
obtain food from the bodies
of small insects that they trap
and digest.
 Venus’s flytrap
 Bladderwort
 Pitcher plant
 Sundew

24. GENESIS 1:11
11Then God said, “Let the land produce
vegetation: seed-bearing plants with seed in
it, according to their various kinds.” And it
was so.

25. 1. Sepal
 Leaf like structure at the base of the petals
2. Petals
 Modified leaf which attracts insects/birds to pollinate
3. Pistil—center
 Stigma—sticky top
 Style—stalk-connects the stigma to ovary
 Ovary—holds the plants future seeds
4. Stamen
 Anther—holds pollen grains
 Filament—thin stalk holding the anther
PARTS OF A FLOWER

26. FLOWERS, FRUIT, AND
SEED
Flowers—primary function is
the reproduction of the plant
Pollination—transfer of pollen
from the anther to the stigma
Fertilization—the uniting of a
sperm cell from the pollen
grain with an egg cell in the
ovary
 leads to a seed

27. FLOWERS, FRUIT, AND
SEED
Pollination
1.Pollen tube forms
2.Sperm cell of the pollen grain
divides in 2
3.1 of the sperm cells unites with an
egg cell in the ovary
 Ovule begins to develop into a seed
4.Other sperm cell used for food
storage
Flower Fades

28. 1 PETER 1:24-25
“All flesh is like grass and all its glory like
the flower of grass. The grass withers, and
the flower falls, but the Word of the Lord
remains forever.”

29. FLOWERS, FRUIT, AND
SEED
Fruit– ripened ovary of a flower
Scientific fruit=anything that forms from the ovary of a flower.
Nuts, beans, peas, olives, grains, “vegetables” such as tomatoes
and cucumbers
Can be edible or inedible
1.Exocarp-outside skin of a fruit
2.Mesocarp-flesh, middle layer which is usually eaten
3.Endocarp-inside layer surrounding the seeds

31. Fruit– Function
1. Ovary becomes a fruit
2. Ovule develops into a seed
3. Fruit leads to dispersal of seed
FLOWERS, FRUIT, AND
SEED

32. FLOWERS, FRUIT, AND
SEED
Fruit– Function
Dispersal—spreading of seeds after they have
matured
1. Mechanical dispersal—ripened fruit bursts
open and scatters the seeds
a. Ex. Impatients, witch hazel, violets
2. Agent Dispersal
a. Wind; ex: milkweed, maple, dandelion
b. Water; ex: lotus, cattail, coconut
c. Humans and animals: ex: sandbur, beggar—ticks

33. GENESIS 1:29
And God said, Behold I have given you
every herb bearing seed which is upon the
face of all the earth, and every tree, in
which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed to
you shall be for meat.

34. FLOWERS, FRUIT, AND
SEED
Seed Parts
1. Embryo—an undeveloped plant inside a seed
2. Cotyledon(s)—stored food for the growing plant
Monocots vs dicots
1 Cotyledon vs 2 Cotyledon
3. Seed coat—protects seed as it grows

35. FLOWERS, FRUIT, AND
SEED
Embryo—mini plant
1.Radicle—small root which will develop into
the root system
2.Plumule—shoot that will become the
stem/leaves
3.Cotyledon—absorbs stored food from the
endosperm (endosperm—stored food)

36. FLOWERS, FRUIT, AND
SEED
Germination—the growth of a seed into a
young plant or a seedling.
Dormant-inactive
1. Right amount of water
2. Right amount of oxygen
3. Right temperature
Non-Dormant
1. Seed swells by absorbing water
2. Downward growth—radicle grows
3. Upward growth—plumule grows
Seedling—new plant once germination is
finished

37. FLOWERS, FRUIT, AND
SEED
Plant Duration
Annuals—live one growing cycle (wheat, corn, rice)
Biennials—live through two growing seasons (carrots,
cabbage, lettuce)
1st year—leaves and roots
2nd year—flowers and seeds
Perennials—live multiple years and bloom each
growing season (strawberries)

38. CREATOR GOD’S PERFECT
DESIGN
Beauty—Flowers attract
Reproduction—Pollination
Beneficial to flowers and animal(bee attracted to nectar which feeds it while it also
transfers pollen grains)
Distribution—Fruit
Sweet, burs, wings or parachute structures, exploding
pods
Growth—Delay mechanisms to remain dormant
Some seeds have especially hard coat; others contain chemicals
that keep them from sprouting until they’ve been exposed to
long period of cold temperatures.

39. CLASSIFYING PLANTS
Gymnosperms: non-flowering seed plants
(pine cones)
Angiosperms: flowering plants
Family groups are classified by their flower and
fruits
Flowering families are grouped by monocots
and dicots

40. MONOCOT VS. DICOT
1 cotyledon 2 Cotyledon
Petals in multiples of 3 Petals in multiples
of 4-5
Fibrous root system Taproot
system
Parallel Veins Branching veins

41. DICOT FAMILIES
1. Composite family
*Disk and ray flowers
Insect pollinated
Ex: daisy, aster, goldenrod, sunflowers

42. DICOT FAMILIES
2. Pea Family—legumes
2nd largest plant family
*Fruit is a pod that splits along two sides
Important for the nitrogen cycle
Ex: peas, beans, lentils, peanuts, alfalfa

43. DICOT FAMILIES
3. Rose Family
 Woody stems
 *cup shaped blossom: flower
parts in multiples of 5
 *fleshy fruits
 Ex: plums, cherry, apple,
almonds, raspberry

44. DICOT FAMILIES
4. Buttercup Family
*Five rounded petals
Non-woody stems
*dry fruits
Herbaceous Plant: dies during winter
and grows and new shoot each spring
Ex: common buttercup, peony,
columbine

45. DICOT FAMILIES
5. Mint family
*Stems are square
Flower clusters form
spikes
Ex: basil, sage, thyme,
peppermint, spearmint

46. DICOT FAMILIES
6. Honeysuckle family
Flowers have a sweet nectar inside
(attracts hummingbirds)
*trumpet-shaped flowers
fruits are berries
*leaves grow opposite each other
 Ex: honeysuckle, trumpet honeysuckle,
Japanese honeysuckle, snowball bush

47. DICOT FAMILIES
7. Parsley family
 *Flower arranged in clusters called
umbels
 Ex: celery, parsley, carrots, dill

48. DICOT FAMILIES
8. Milkweed family
*Every flower has 5 nectar horns
*Fruit is a pod which opens on one
side
Ex: Common milkweed, butterfly weed,
wax plant succulents

49. MONOCOT FAMILIES
1. Lily family
*6 Petals per flower
*Grow from a bulb: thick, fleshy leaves
surrounded by a short stem
Store food  thick leaves or bulb
Ex: Daylily, tulips, aloe, yuccas, Joshua
trees

50. MONOCOT FAMILIES
2. Amaryllis family
*Grow from bulbs, corms, rhizomes
Corms: thick, vertical underground
stems
Rhizomes: horizontal stems along or
just under the ground
*Inferior ovary: ovary attached below
other flower parts
Ex: Amaryllis, onion, garlic, daffodil

51. MORE AMARYLLIS FAMILY
PICS

52. MONOCOT FAMILIES
3. Grass family
Leaf
*Blade: flat part
*Sheath: where blade
attaches to stem
Stolon: stem along the
ground
 *Fruit called grains
Ex: rice, barley, wheat,
sugar cane, oats, corn