Botanical sex in the garden
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Describes plant reproduction and pollination strategies for plants for gardeners as the main audience
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Botanical sex in the garden
- 1. Botanical Sex in the Garden …From the plant’s perspective Linda R McMahan, Associate Professor Emeritus, Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University
- 2. What’s in this Presentation • Defining sex • Reproduction strategies- asexual and sexual • The purpose of flowers • Pollination mechanics • Animal Pollinators and their flower preferences • Name the Pollinator
- 3. Question: Define Sex Courtesy of Google Searches • sexual activity, e.g., "they had XXX in the back seat“ • either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided • tell the sex (of young chickens) • the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles
- 4. More • an Australian television series that ran from 1992 to 1993 on the Nine Network • an album by popular Greek artist Elli Kokkinou • a 1926 play, written by, and starring, Mae West • est le titre d'un livre écrit par Madonna sorti en 1992 accompagnant son neuvième album Erotica. ...
- 5. Our Version • Plant reproduction resulting in new plants or offspring!
- 6. Two Kinds of Reproductive Strategies • Sexual reproduction • Asexual reproduction sometimes called “vegetative reproduction”
- 7. Diversity of environments affect reproductive strategies • Generalist or specialist, such as specific pollinating insects • Many small seeds or fewer larger seeds • Self-pollinated or cross- pollinated • Presence of wind, water, insects or other animals, seasons, competition, and so on
- 8. Vegetative Alternatives may be Easiest to Understand • Offspring are genetic clones • More common in herbaceous perennial plants to extend growing seasons • Does not involve fusion of male and female cells • May result in disease transmission Look for a good general discussion on Wikipedia.org at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_reproduction
- 9. Some Vegetative Strategies Piggyback plant – Tolmiea menziesii - produces plant leaf offsets or plantlets Bryophyllum daigremontianum plantlets Photo by CrazyD: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
- 10. More Vegetative Strategies Crocus – division of the bulbs in the ground to produce bulbils Dune strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, reproducing by runners
- 11. Some Vegetative Strategies Dune strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, reproducing by modified stems runners or stolons Iris species rhizome, an underground stem. Photo: David.Monniaux https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki
- 12. Some Vegetative Strategies Tuberous roots of sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas Photo: SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki Tubers, modified stems of potatoes Photo: copyright Scott Bauer, USDA/ARS https://commons.wikimedia.org
- 13. Gardeners and propagators use these strategies to advantage in producing new plants by cuttings, layering, division of perennial plants and many other ways.
- 14. Apomixis, A “Special” kind of Asexual Reproduction • Plant produces seeds that are genetically identical to the parent- -embryo arises from an unfertilized egg • Advantage is passing on highly adaptive genetic material. Example: weedy dandelions are apomictic • Other words sometimes used for this and similar processes are Agamospermy and Parthenogenesis
- 15. Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the fusion of gametes (egg or sperm cell or nuclei) , resulting in offspring genetically different from the parent or parents • The genetic materials are transferred to new plants by producing seeds, each of which is capable of becoming new plant
- 16. So now ask yourself “Why do plants have flowers?” And then, “Why do plants have pretty flowers?”
- 17. Purpose of Flowers? “The accomplishment of fertilization is the primary function of the flower” 1907 A Textbook of Botany
- 18. Purpose of Flowers? • Produce male cells (pollen) and female cells (egg or ovules) that combine to create embryos that are dispersed as seeds
- 19. A Review of Flower Anatomy Parts of a mature flower Credit: Mariana Ruiz https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki Parts of a flower of a grass Credit: David Condrey https://commons.wikimedia.o rg/wiki
- 20. Stamens of Amaryllis loaded with pollen: Photo: André Karwath https://commons.wikimedia .org/wiki/File:Amaryllis_sta mens_aka.jpg#/media/File: Amaryllis_stamens_aka.jpg Male and Female Parts Large stigma Photo: fir0002 | https://commons.wikimedia.o rg/wiki/File:Large_stigma.jpg# /media/File:Large_stigma.jpg
- 21. Short Explanation of Sexual Process after Pollination Pollen germinates on stigma and grows down the style. Two nuclei move toward ovule. In a process called "Double Fertilization,” one of the nuclei unites with the egg cell to form an embryo and the other unites with other nuclei to become the endosperm, the nutritive tissue in each seed. Credit: Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Double_Fertilization.jpg#/media/File:Double_Fertilization.jpg
- 22. It can get complicated! One example is called Cleistogamy - • Flowers do not open and are self-fertilized in the bud • Cleistogamous flowers are obligate self-pollinators • They are often colorless, and do not open • Happens in many violets, peanuts and ground nuts Sometimes, like in Viola glabella, some of the flowers are insect pollinated and othersare self-pollinated and look very different from the insect-pollinated flowers
- 23. Pollination is Necessary for Sexual Reproduction • Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from male flower structure (anthers) to female receptive parts (stigma) • Can be by abiotic or physical factors such as wind and water • Most common in flowering plants is pollination by animals, including many insects
- 24. Non Animal or Abiotic Pollination Methods • Wind • Water or Hydrophily (Rare) A catkin is a pollen producing inflorescence of many wind- pollinated plants
- 25. Characteristics of Wind Pollinated Flowers • Produce large amounts of pollen, often in catkins • Pollen is light-weight to travel on the wind • Timing takes advantage of seasonal wind patterns • Flowers are usually small with little color or odor • Grasses and conifers are typically wind pollinated Western Hazelnut catkins– Corylus nutalli
- 26. Some Wind-Pollinated Plants Willow – Salix species Stinging nettle, Urtica dioica Plantain, Plantago Ginkgo biloba
- 27. Most conifers, this juniper for example, are wind pollinated
- 28. Plants using animals for pollination are “Pretty” To Attract Attention • Many animals are attracted to color • Oddly enough perhaps, flowers attract people, who can perpetuate species for gardens and landscapes, even acting as pollinators
- 29. Flowers with animal pollinators are using “advertising” • To create a “sale” plants make an “offer” usually in the form of pollen or nectar • The plant advertises the availability of the offer with color-appropriate colors and often an attractive odor • The pollinator “pays” for the pollen or nectar by transferring pollen to another flower-- Bargain complete Blueblossom, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, bees, also beetles
- 30. Characteristics of Bee Pollinated Flowers • Typically but not always blue or yellow • Produce ample pollen and nectar • Produce ultraviolet coloration and nectar guides • Sweet smell and strong “center” • Have places for bees to land safely to collect pollen and nectar Lithodora and bee Photo: Carolyn Devine
- 31. "Bees Collecting Pollen cropped" by Jon Sullivan - Image:Bees Collecting Pollen 2004- 08-14.jpg. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bees _Collecting_Pollen_cropped.jpg#/media/File:B ees_Collecting_Pollen_cropped.jpg
- 32. Some Bee flowers sunflower Flannel bush, Fremontodendron californicum Stream violet, Viola glabella, note nectar guides
- 33. Bumblebee on snowberry, Symphoricarpos alba. Many members of the heath family, Ericaceae, are pollinated by bumblebees by “buzz pollination
- 34. More Bee Flowers Camas, Camassia Douglas aster Cat’s ear, Calochotus sp.
- 35. Bumblebee with pollen pocket Photo: Tony Willshttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Bumblebee_05.JPG#/media/File:Bumblebee_0 5.JPG
- 36. Carpenter bee with a cactus flower Credit: Brocken Inaglory https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bee _carpenter_with_pollen.jpg#/media/File:Bee_ carpenter_with_pollen.jpg
- 37. A honey bee drinking nectar Photo: John Severns = Severnjc https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euro pean_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg#/media/ File:European_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg
- 38. The bee orchid Ophrys apifera tricks male bees into visiting the flower by mimicking the female parts of a bee, even smelling like the female bee. flower1". Photo: Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi ki/File:Ophrys_apifera_flower1.jpg #/media/File:Ophrys_apifera_flow er1.jpg
- 39. Characteristics of Butterfly Pollinated Flowers • Brightly colored – can be red • Little if any odor • Flower arrangements create landing platforms and places to walk around • Plants with these flowers are often also hosts for the larval stage of particular butterflies
- 40. More Butterfly Flowers Yarrow, Achillea millefolium Wild carrot Garden phlox Yellow twig dogwood
- 41. More Butterfly Flowers Coltsfoot Boadleaf stonecrop, Sedum spathulifolium Ocean spray, Holodiscus discolor—also attracts other insects
- 42. More Butterfly FlowersEchinacea ‘White Swan’ – odor of coneflowers may have developed especially to attract butterflies. This flower also attracts bees.
- 43. Australian painted lady feeding on a flower Photo: byfir0002 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Australian_painted_lady_feeding_ closeup.jpg#/media/File:Australian_pa inted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg
- 44. Butterfly gathering nectar from daisies Photo: Alison Hunter https://commons.wikimedi a.org/wiki/File:BaltimoreDS .jpg#/media/File:Baltimore DS.jpg
- 45. Butterflies on Lilium columbianum on Mary’s Peak in western Oregon
- 46. Characteristics of Fly Pollinated Flowers • Flowers are often purple, brown, brownish red, or white with a fetid odor to attract carrion or dung flies • OR • White or light colored with a slightly sweet odor to attract hoverflies and bee flies Asarum caudatum, wild ginger A green-flowered native wild ginger
- 47. More Fly Flowers Skunk cabbage, Lysichiton americanum Slinkpod, Scoliopis bigelovii
- 48. Fly pollinated Stapelia gigantea. Photo: Gilbert8888 at the German language Wikipedia. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi ki/File:Aasblume_Aug_2005.jpg#/ media/File:Aasblume_Aug_2005.jp g
- 49. A hover fly feeding on a flower Photo: Alvesgaspar https://commons.wiki media.org/wiki/File:Eri stalinus_October_2007 - 6.jpg#/media/File:Erist alinus_October_2007- 6.jpg
- 50. Poster of Hoverflies Photo: Alvesgaspar - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syrp hidae_poster.jpg#/media/File:Syrphidae_poste r.jpg
- 51. A bee fly Photo: kadavoor © 2010 Jeevan Jose, Kerala, India is used here under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Bombyliidae_3_by_kadav oor.jpg#/media/File:Bombyliidae_ 3_by_kadavoor.jpg
- 52. Rubus parviflorus, thimbleberry, a “generalist” – bees, flies, beetles
- 53. Characteristics of Bird Pollinated Flowers • Typically red, pink, or orange • No odor • Facilitate hovering or gathering nectar and pollen from the air Bottlebrush, pollinated by honeyeater birds in its native Australia
- 54. More bird flowers- hummingbirds Red flowering currant, Ribes sanguineum California fuschia, Epilobium canum (Zauchneria californica)
- 55. More Hummingbird Flowers Western columbine, Aquilegia formosa Cape fuschia, Phygelius
- 56. Hummingbird Photo: Brocken Inaglory. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hum mingbird_in_ggp_7.jpg#/media/File:Humming bird_in_ggp_7.jpg
- 57. Other pollinators • Moths – typically white or flowers with “big” sweet scent that are open at night. • Beetles – attracted to many flowers where pollen is readily available. • Spiders occasionally. Darlingtonia californica may be pollinated by a tiny spider. • A vast variety of flying insects like wasps and many forms of flies. • In other parts of the world, pollinators may be bats or other mammals.
- 58. Yucca whipplei, a moth-pollinated flower Photo: Noah Elhardt - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yucc a_whipplei_flower.JPG#/media/File:Yucca_whi pplei_flower.JPG
- 59. Sphinx moth gathering nectar on Brazilian vervain Photo: Licensed under CC BY 2.5 via Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx_mot h_nectaring_on_Brazilian_vervain_(15_August _2005).jpg#/media/File:Sphinx_moth_nectarin g_on_Brazilian_vervain_(15_August_2005).jpg
- 61. Opuntia sp., prickly pear cactus Guess the Pollinator Usually Bees
- 62. Iris tenax, Oregon iris Guess the Pollinator Bumblebees
- 63. Lobelia cardinalis - Cardinal Flower Photo: Barnes, Dr. Thomas G. - https://commons.wikimedia.or g/wiki/File:Lobelia_cardinalis_- _Cardinal_Flower.jpg#/media/F ile:Lobelia_cardinalis_- _Cardinal_Flower.jpg Hummingbird Guess the Pollinator
- 65. Red Trillium Photo: D. Gordon E. Robertson - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki /File:Red_Trillium_plant,_Mer_Bleue .jpg#/media/File:Red_Trillium_plant, _Mer_Bleue.jpg Guess the Pollinator Flies
- 66. Mimmulus guttatus and bee Mimulus guttatus Bees Guess the Pollinator
- 67. Darmera peltata, umbrella plant Guess the Pollinator Fungus gnats and probably other insects
- 68. Asclepias speciosa , a milkweed Photo: vicki watkins from USA - Badlands National Park, SD. Licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.or g/wiki/File:Asclepias_speciosa1 jakesmome.jpg#/media/File:As clepias_speciosa1jakesmome.j pg Guess the Pollinator Butterflies
- 69. Guess the Pollinator Trillium ovatum Beetles, moths and bumblebees
- 70. Guess the Pollinator Cornus nuttallii Bees, beetles, butterflies
- 71. Guess the Pollinator Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea Bumblebee is the main pollinator
- 74. Tomato fruit and flowers Photo: Dennis Brown - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tom ato_fruit_and_flowers_at_day_52.jpg#/media/ File:Tomato_fruit_and_flowers_at_day_52.jpg Guess the Pollinator Bumblebees or other bees by buzz pollination--can also be by movement from wind or shaking by hand
- 75. Fairy slipper orchid, Calypso bulbosa Guess the Pollinator Bumblebees by deception. Flower is attractive to bumblebees but pollen and nectar are scarce
- 76. Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’ Guess the Pollinator Butterflies and other pollinators
- 77. Thank You for Coming Today! Any questions? linda.mcmahan@oregonstate.edu
- 78. The End • Except as noted, all photographs are by the author. They may be copied for educational purposes. For other purposes, please contact the author at linda.mcmahan@oregonstate.edu