This document discusses the different types of bonding in solids. There are two main categories - primary bonds and secondary bonds. Primary bonds include ionic bonding, where positive and negative ions attract; covalent bonding, where atoms share electrons; and metallic bonding, where loosely held electrons bond atoms. Secondary bonds are weaker and include hydrogen bonding between polar molecules and van der Waals bonding from induced dipoles between neutral molecules. Examples are provided for each type of bonding.

1. Bonding in solids
By
S.Priyanka
E.M.G.Yadava Women’s College
Madurai 14

2. Bonding:
❖ A solid is composed of billion of atoms packed closely together
❖ The attraction between atoms, ions or molecules which hold the
atoms together
❖ They are classified as primary bonds and secondary bonds
according to the strength and directionality.

3. Primary Bonds:
❖ The types of primary bonding are
❖ Ionic bonding
❖ Covalent bonding
❖ Metallic bonding

4. Ionic Bonding:
❖ It is the attractive force between the positive ion and negative ion
when they are brought into surrounding
❖ They are formed when atoms of all different electrons lose or gain
electrons inorder to achieve stabilised outer most electronic
configuration.
❖ The example of ionic bonding is sodium chloride (Nacl)

5. Covalent Bonding:
❖ It is the transfer of pair of electrons between atoms rather than
by electron transfer, in its outer most energy level.
❖ In this type of bonding the stable arrangement is achieved by
sharing of electrons.
❖ The example for this type of bonding is oxygen, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride

6. Metallic bonding:
❖ In this type of bonding the electrons in their outer most energy
levels are loosely held by their nuclei
❖ The force that holds the atoms together in a metallic
substance.
❖ The example for this type is Sodium, Magnesium.

7. Secondary Bonding:
The types of Secondary bonding are
❖ Hydrogen Bonding
❖ VanderWaal Bonding

8. Hydrogen Bonding:
❖ It is the dipole dipole attraction between the hydrogen atom
from polar molecule and the oxygen, fluorine from the non
polar molecule
❖ The example for this type is water molecule

9. Vanderwaals Bonding:
❖ This type of bonding isthe attraction of intermolecular forces
between molecules.
❖ Neutral molecules may be held together by a weak electric
force known as the vanderwaals bond
❖ Once a random dipole is formed in one atom, An induced
dipole is formed in the adjacent atom

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