3. Muscles and Body MovementsMuscles and Body Movements
►Movement results when a muscle moves anMovement results when a muscle moves an
attached boneattached bone
►Muscles are attached to at least two pointsMuscles are attached to at least two points
OriginOrigin
► Attachment to a immoveable boneAttachment to a immoveable bone
InsertionInsertion
► Attachment to an movable boneAttachment to an movable bone
5. Types of Ordinary BodyTypes of Ordinary Body
MovementsMovements
►FlexionFlexion
Decreases the angle of the jointDecreases the angle of the joint
Brings two bones closer togetherBrings two bones closer together
Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbowTypical of hinge joints like knee and elbow
►ExtensionExtension
Opposite of flexionOpposite of flexion
Increases angle between two bonesIncreases angle between two bones
7. Types of Ordinary BodyTypes of Ordinary Body
MovementsMovements
Hyperextension: results
when angle is > 180 ̊
8. Types of Ordinary BodyTypes of Ordinary Body
MovementsMovements
►RotationRotation
Movement of a boneMovement of a bone
around its longitudinalaround its longitudinal
axisaxis
Common in ball-and-Common in ball-and-
socket jointssocket joints
Example is when youExample is when you
move atlas around themove atlas around the
axis vertebra (shakeaxis vertebra (shake
your head “no”)your head “no”)
9. Types of Ordinary Body MovementsTypes of Ordinary Body Movements
►AbductionAbduction
Movement of a limbMovement of a limb
away from the midlineaway from the midline
►AdductionAdduction
Opposite of abductionOpposite of abduction
Movement of a limbMovement of a limb
toward the midlinetoward the midline
10. Types of Ordinary BodyTypes of Ordinary Body
MovementsMovements
►CircumductionCircumduction
Combination of flexion,Combination of flexion,
extension, abduction,extension, abduction,
and adductionand adduction
Common in ball-and-Common in ball-and-
socket jointssocket joints
11. Special MovementsSpecial Movements
►DorsiflexionDorsiflexion
Lifting the foot so thatLifting the foot so that
the superior surfacethe superior surface
approaches the shinapproaches the shin
►Plantar flexionPlantar flexion
Depressing the footDepressing the foot
(pointing the toes)(pointing the toes)
13. Special MovementsSpecial Movements
►SupinationSupination
Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces up (anterior)Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces up (anterior)
►PronationPronation
Forearm rotates medially so palm faces down (posterior)Forearm rotates medially so palm faces down (posterior)
16. LIMBSLIMBS
► for the limb it serves. Joints permit bodily movement and arefor the limb it serves. Joints permit bodily movement and are
held together by fibers called ligaments. Joints are oiledheld together by fibers called ligaments. Joints are oiled
continuously to prevent friction. Some joints, like thosecontinuously to prevent friction. Some joints, like those
connecting the skull's series of bones, allow no movement.connecting the skull's series of bones, allow no movement.
Others may permit only limited movement; the joints in theOthers may permit only limited movement; the joints in the
spine allow some movement in several directions. Most jointsspine allow some movement in several directions. Most joints
have a greater range of movement, and these are calledhave a greater range of movement, and these are called
synovial joints. The skeleton is made up of many kinds ofsynovial joints. The skeleton is made up of many kinds of
movable joints. The bearing surface is made smooth by slipperymovable joints. The bearing surface is made smooth by slippery
cartilage to reduce friction. Larger joints are lubricated bycartilage to reduce friction. Larger joints are lubricated by
synovial fluid. Connections called synovial joints are sturdysynovial fluid. Connections called synovial joints are sturdy
enough to hold the skeleton together while permitting a range ofenough to hold the skeleton together while permitting a range of
motions. The ends of these joints are coated with cartilages,motions. The ends of these joints are coated with cartilages,
which reduce friction and cushion against jolts. Between thewhich reduce friction and cushion against jolts. Between the
bones, in a narrow space, is the joint cavity, which gives usbones, in a narrow space, is the joint cavity, which gives us
17. ► Most joints have a greater range of movement, andMost joints have a greater range of movement, and
these are called synovial joints. The skeleton is made upthese are called synovial joints. The skeleton is made up
of many kinds of movable joints. The bearing surface isof many kinds of movable joints. The bearing surface is
made smooth by slippery cartilage to reduce friction.made smooth by slippery cartilage to reduce friction.
Larger joints are lubricated by synovial fluid. Most jointsLarger joints are lubricated by synovial fluid. Most joints
have a greater range of movement, and these are calledhave a greater range of movement, and these are called
synovial joints. The skeleton is made up of many kindssynovial joints. The skeleton is made up of many kinds
of movable joints. The bearing surface is made smoothof movable joints. The bearing surface is made smooth
by slippery cartilage to reduce friction. Larger joints areby slippery cartilage to reduce friction. Larger joints are
lubricated by synovial fluid. Connections called synoviallubricated by synovial fluid. Connections called synovial
joints are sturdy enough to hold the skeleton togetherjoints are sturdy enough to hold the skeleton together
while permitting a range of motions. The ends of thesewhile permitting a range of motions. The ends of these
joints are coated with cartilages, which reduce frictionjoints are coated with cartilages, which reduce friction
and cushion against jolts. Between the bones, in aand cushion against jolts. Between the bones, in a
narrow space, is the joint cavity, which gives us freedomnarrow space, is the joint cavity, which gives us freedom
of movement.of movement.
18. CartilageCartilage
►CartilageCartilage is a flexible is a flexible connective tissueconnective tissue
found in many areas in the bodies of humans found in many areas in the bodies of humans
and other animals, including the and other animals, including the jointsjoints
between between bonesbones, the , the rib cagerib cage, the , the earear, the , the
nosenose, the , the bronchial tubesbronchial tubes and the and the
intervertebral discsintervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid. It is not as hard and rigid
as as bonebone but is stiffer and less flexible than but is stiffer and less flexible than
musclemuscle..
19. ►Cartilage is composed of specialized cellsCartilage is composed of specialized cells
called called chondroblastschondroblasts that produce a large that produce a large
amount of amount of extracellular matrixextracellular matrix composed of composed of
collagencollagen fibers, abundant fibers, abundant ground substanceground substance
rich in rich in proteoglycanproteoglycan, and , and elastinelastin fibers. fibers.
Cartilage is classified in three types,Cartilage is classified in three types,
elastic cartilageelastic cartilage, , hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilage and and
fibrocartilagefibrocartilage, which differ in the relative, which differ in the relative
amounts of these three main components.amounts of these three main components.[1][1]
Chondroblasts that get caught in the matrix are Chondroblasts that get caught in the matrix are
called called chondrocyteschondrocytes. They lie in spaces called. They lie in spaces called
lacunae with up to eight chondrocytes perlacunae with up to eight chondrocytes per
lacuna.lacuna.
20. ►Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage doesUnlike other connective tissues, cartilage does
not contain blood vessels. The chondrocytes arenot contain blood vessels. The chondrocytes are
suppliedsupplied
►by by diffusiondiffusion, helped by the pumping, helped by the pumping
action generated by compression of theaction generated by compression of the
articular cartilage or flexion of thearticular cartilage or flexion of the
elastic cartilage. Thus, compared toelastic cartilage. Thus, compared to
other connective tissues, cartilageother connective tissues, cartilage
grows and repairs more slowlygrows and repairs more slowly
21. ►In embryogenesis, the skeletal system isIn embryogenesis, the skeletal system is
derived from the mesoderm germ layer.derived from the mesoderm germ layer.
Chondrification (also known asChondrification (also known as
chondrogenesis) is the process by whichchondrogenesis) is the process by which
cartilage is formed fromcartilage is formed from
condensed mesenchyme tissue, whichcondensed mesenchyme tissue, which
differentiates into chondroblasts and beginsdifferentiates into chondroblasts and begins
secreting the molecules that form thesecreting the molecules that form the
extracellular matrix.extracellular matrix.
22. ►Following the initial chondrification that occursFollowing the initial chondrification that occurs
during embryogenesis, cartilage growthduring embryogenesis, cartilage growth
consists mostly of the maturing of immatureconsists mostly of the maturing of immature
cartilage to a more mature state.cartilage to a more mature state.
►The division of cells within cartilage occursThe division of cells within cartilage occurs
very slowly, and thus growth in cartilage isvery slowly, and thus growth in cartilage is
usually not based on an increase in size orusually not based on an increase in size or
mass of the cartilage itselfmass of the cartilage itself
24. CollagenCollagen
►Many people areMany people are
familiar with afamiliar with a
hambone as ahambone as a
cross-section of across-section of a
typical bone. Thetypical bone. The
center of the bonecenter of the bone
is filledis filled
with with marrowmarrow, and, and
this is surroundedthis is surrounded
by the hardenedby the hardened
25. ►Following the initial chondrification that occursFollowing the initial chondrification that occurs
during embryogenesis, cartilage growthduring embryogenesis, cartilage growth
consists mostly of the maturing of immatureconsists mostly of the maturing of immature
cartilage to a more mature state. The divisioncartilage to a more mature state. The division
of cells within cartilage occurs very slowly,of cells within cartilage occurs very slowly,
and thus growth in cartilage is usually notand thus growth in cartilage is usually not
based on an increase in size or mass of thebased on an increase in size or mass of the
cartilage itself.cartilage itself.[2][2]
Articular cartilage function is Articular cartilage function is
dependent on the molecular composition of itsdependent on the molecular composition of its
extracellular matrix (ECM),extracellular matrix (ECM),
27. ►craniumcranium
►the bones of the skull surrounding the brain, nothe bones of the skull surrounding the brain, no
including the face bones; the bone just above/inincluding the face bones; the bone just above/in
front of the ear is the front of the ear is the temporal bonetemporal bone
►mandiblemandible
►the jaw bone, so the hinge of the jaw isthe jaw bone, so the hinge of the jaw is
the the temporo-mandibular jointtemporo-mandibular joint , and problems, and problems
with malfunctioning of this joint are known as with malfunctioning of this joint are known as TMJTMJ
►VertebraeVertebrae
►bones which make up the spine, which includebones which make up the spine, which include
28. CartilageCartilage
► cervical vertebraecervical vertebrae
► the vertebrae in the neck regionthe vertebrae in the neck region
► thoracic vertebraethoracic vertebrae
► the vertebrae with ribs attachedthe vertebrae with ribs attached
► lumbar vertebraelumbar vertebrae
► the vertebrae in the lower backthe vertebrae in the lower back
► sacrumsacrum
► five fused vertebrae which are joined to the pelvisfive fused vertebrae which are joined to the pelvis
► coccyxcoccyx
► four fused vertebrae which comprise the tailbfour fused vertebrae which comprise the tailb
30. ►spread of ilium: female more flared andspread of ilium: female more flared and
cradle-like with anterior iliac spines farthercradle-like with anterior iliac spines farther
apart vs. more straight “up-and-down” in maleapart vs. more straight “up-and-down” in male
►shape of hole in ischium: smaller andshape of hole in ischium: smaller and
triangular in female vs. larger and rounded intriangular in female vs. larger and rounded in
malemale
►angle across pubic symphysis = pubic archangle across pubic symphysis = pubic arch
32. JOINTS:JOINTS:
Joints are functional junctions between bones.
They allow for movement, bind bones together,
make bone growth possible, and allow parts of
the skeleton to change shape during child birth.
Joints can be categorized based on their mobility
as immovable, slightly moveable, or freely
moveable. They can also be categorized based
on their types of tissue: synovial, fibrous, or
cartilaginous
35. Condyloid jointCondyloid joint
►. . Condyloid jointCondyloid joint is an oval shaped condyle of is an oval shaped condyle of
one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of anotherone bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another
bone, as in the joints between the metacarpalsbone, as in the joints between the metacarpals
and phalanges. This type of joint can allowand phalanges. This type of joint can allow
many different movements, except rotationalmany different movements, except rotational
movementmovement
37. . Gliding joints are nearly flat or slightly curved.
Most joints within the wrist and ankle and
ttwisting movementshose between the articular
process of adjacent vertebrae belong to this
group. They allow sliding and
38. Hinge jointHinge joint
► Hinge jointsHinge joints is when the convex surface of is when the convex surface of
one bone fits into the concave surface ofone bone fits into the concave surface of
another bone, like the elbow. This joint cananother bone, like the elbow. This joint can
also be found in the phalanges and permitsalso be found in the phalanges and permits
movement only in one plane, like a doormovement only in one plane, like a door
hinge.hinge.
39. Saddle jointSaddle joint
►Saddle JointSaddle Joint forms between bones whose forms between bones whose
articulating surfaces have both concave andarticulating surfaces have both concave and
convex regions. The surface of one bone fitsconvex regions. The surface of one bone fits
the complementary surface of the other.the complementary surface of the other.
40. Fibrous Joints:Fibrous Joints:
►These are joints which connect bones but areThese are joints which connect bones but are
immoveable. There are three types: sutures,immoveable. There are three types: sutures,
syndesmosis, and gomphosis. syndesmosis, and gomphosis.
►
