1. AthleteAthlete
ManagementManagement
Musculoskeletal systemMusculoskeletal system

2. AthleteAthlete
ManagementManagement
The skeletonThe skeleton

3. Functions of theFunctions of the
skeletonskeleton
The skeleton has four basic functionsThe skeleton has four basic functions
 Support the organs and tissuesSupport the organs and tissues
 Protection for the internal organsProtection for the internal organs
 Attachment for the muscles to allowAttachment for the muscles to allow
movementmovement
 Storage site for blood cells and mineralsStorage site for blood cells and minerals

4. Structure of theStructure of the
skeletonskeleton
There are 206 bones inThere are 206 bones in
the skeleton. It isthe skeleton. It is
grouped into twogrouped into two
components.components.
 Axial skeletonAxial skeleton
• The skullThe skull
• The spineThe spine
• The thorax (ribs)The thorax (ribs)
 Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton
• The shoulder girdleThe shoulder girdle
• The arm and handThe arm and hand
• The leg and footThe leg and foot

6. Types of bone tissueTypes of bone tissue
There are two main types of boneThere are two main types of bone
tissuetissue
 Compact boneCompact bone
• Heavy, dense, strong bone. CoversHeavy, dense, strong bone. Covers
the complete bone and is thickest inthe complete bone and is thickest in
the shaft.the shaft.
 Cancellous boneCancellous bone
• Honeycomb appearance. StrongHoneycomb appearance. Strong
and hard, less dense than compact.and hard, less dense than compact.
Found mainly in the ends of bonesFound mainly in the ends of bones
where they form joints.where they form joints.

7. Types of bonesTypes of bones
 Long bonesLong bones
 Humerus, tibia, radius,Humerus, tibia, radius,
phalangesphalanges
 Short bonesShort bones
 Carpals and tarsalsCarpals and tarsals
 Flat bonesFlat bones
 Skull, ribs, pelvis andSkull, ribs, pelvis and
shoulder bladesshoulder blades
 Irregular bonesIrregular bones
 Facial bones andFacial bones and
vertebraevertebrae

8. AnatomicalAnatomical
terminologyterminology
 Superior – toward the headSuperior – toward the head
 Inferior – toward the feetInferior – toward the feet
 Anterior – frontAnterior – front
 Posterior – backPosterior – back
 Medial – toward the midlineMedial – toward the midline
 Lateral – toward the sideLateral – toward the side
 Proximal – near the trunkProximal – near the trunk
 Distal – further from the trunkDistal – further from the trunk
 Prone – face downProne – face down
 Supine – face upSupine – face up

10. AthleteAthlete
ManagementManagement
The articular (joint) systemThe articular (joint) system

11. Types of jointsTypes of joints
 FibrousFibrous
 Occur where bones are unitedOccur where bones are united
by intervening fibrous tissue egby intervening fibrous tissue eg
skull and pelvisskull and pelvis
 CartilaginousCartilaginous
 Occur where bones are unitedOccur where bones are united
by intervening cartilage egby intervening cartilage eg
between vertebrae, between ribsbetween vertebrae, between ribs
and sternumand sternum
 SynovialSynovial
 Are the most mobile andAre the most mobile and
common joints eg knee, shouldercommon joints eg knee, shoulder

12. Types of synovialTypes of synovial
jointsjoints Hinge jointHinge joint
 Allows only back and forth movement such asAllows only back and forth movement such as
bending and straightening eg knee, elbowbending and straightening eg knee, elbow
 Pivot jointPivot joint
 Allows only rotation eg neck between atlas and axis,Allows only rotation eg neck between atlas and axis,
elbow between humerus and radiuselbow between humerus and radius
 Gliding (plane) jointGliding (plane) joint
 Occurs where two flat bones slide over each otherOccurs where two flat bones slide over each other
eg between carpals and tarsals, ribs and thoraciceg between carpals and tarsals, ribs and thoracic
vertebraevertebrae
 Ball and socket jointBall and socket joint
 Allows side to side, back and forth and rotationalAllows side to side, back and forth and rotational
movement eg shoulder, hipmovement eg shoulder, hip

14. Movement allowed byMovement allowed by
synovial jointssynovial joints
 Flexion – bending, decreasing the angle between bonesFlexion – bending, decreasing the angle between bones
 Extension – increases the angle between bonesExtension – increases the angle between bones
 Abduction – movement away from the midlineAbduction – movement away from the midline
 Adduction – movement towards the midlineAdduction – movement towards the midline
 Circumduction – bone end describes a circle, bone makes a coneCircumduction – bone end describes a circle, bone makes a cone
shaped movementshaped movement
 Rotation – bone moves around a central axisRotation – bone moves around a central axis
 Supination – palm hand facing upSupination – palm hand facing up
 Pronation – palm hand facing downPronation – palm hand facing down
 Eversion – sole of the foot outward of the ankleEversion – sole of the foot outward of the ankle
 Inversion – sole of the fool inward of the ankleInversion – sole of the fool inward of the ankle
 Dorsiflexion – raising the toes and footDorsiflexion – raising the toes and foot
 Plantar flexion – pointing of the toesPlantar flexion – pointing of the toes

16. AthleteAthlete
ManagementManagement
The muscular systemThe muscular system

19. Muscle actionMuscle action
 Muscles produce movement by pullingMuscles produce movement by pulling
on bones.on bones.
 Muscles are attached to bones byMuscles are attached to bones by
tendons at each end.tendons at each end.
 The end of the muscle that is relativelyThe end of the muscle that is relatively
fixed is the origin.fixed is the origin.
 The end that moves most is theThe end that moves most is the
insertion.insertion.
 The main body is the muscle belly.The main body is the muscle belly.
 When muscles contract the origin andWhen muscles contract the origin and
insertion are drawn together, causinginsertion are drawn together, causing
the muscle to shorten. The attachedthe muscle to shorten. The attached
bones are pulled in the direction of thebones are pulled in the direction of the
movement, producing movement.movement, producing movement.
This is the muscle action. Eg elbowThis is the muscle action. Eg elbow
flexionflexion

20. Reciprocal inhibitionReciprocal inhibition
 Muscles usually work in pairs. When a muscleMuscles usually work in pairs. When a muscle
contracts (agonist), another relaxescontracts (agonist), another relaxes
(antagonist). Example – triceps and biceps.(antagonist). Example – triceps and biceps.
When the elbow extends, the triceps (agonist)When the elbow extends, the triceps (agonist)
contract and the bicep (antagonist) relaxes.contract and the bicep (antagonist) relaxes.
 This pairing of opposite muscles is calledThis pairing of opposite muscles is called
‘reciprocal inhibition’.‘reciprocal inhibition’.
 Synergists are muscles that assist the agonistSynergists are muscles that assist the agonist
and antagonist.and antagonist.

21. Types of musclesTypes of muscles
Muscles can be described asMuscles can be described as
either:either:
 Voluntary (over which we haveVoluntary (over which we have
control)control)
 Involuntary (over which we haveInvoluntary (over which we have
no direct control)no direct control)
The three main types of muscleThe three main types of muscle
are:are:
 Smooth – found in blood vesselsSmooth – found in blood vessels
and intestinal walls (involuntary)and intestinal walls (involuntary)
 Cardiac – found only in the wallsCardiac – found only in the walls
of the heart (involuntary)of the heart (involuntary)
 Striped / striated / skeletal –Striped / striated / skeletal –
external, voluntary musclesexternal, voluntary muscles

22. Main features of allMain features of all
musclesmuscles
 Controlled by nerve stimuli (excitability)Controlled by nerve stimuli (excitability)
 Can contract (contractility)Can contract (contractility)
 Can stretch (extensibility)Can stretch (extensibility)
 Can return to their original shapeCan return to their original shape
(elasticity)(elasticity)
 Can atrophy (waste away)Can atrophy (waste away)
 Can hypertrophy (enlarge)Can hypertrophy (enlarge)
 Are fed by capillariesAre fed by capillaries

23. Types of muscle fibresTypes of muscle fibres
 Slow twitch fibresSlow twitch fibres
 Contract slowly, contract repeatedly, suitedContract slowly, contract repeatedly, suited
to endurance activitiesto endurance activities
 Fast twitch fibresFast twitch fibres
 Contract rapidly, are easily exhausted,Contract rapidly, are easily exhausted,
suited to speed activitiessuited to speed activities

24. Shape / fibreShape / fibre
arrangement ofarrangement of
voluntary musclesvoluntary muscles FusiformFusiform
 Fibres run the length of the belly, highlyFibres run the length of the belly, highly
contractile and produce largecontractile and produce large
movements eg bicepsmovements eg biceps
 PennatePennate
Produce smaller range ofProduce smaller range of
movements and are designed formovements and are designed for
power and strength. There arepower and strength. There are
three main types:three main types:
 UnipennateUnipennate
 Fibres are on one side of a centralFibres are on one side of a central
tendontendon
 BipennateBipennate
 Fibres run off either side of a centralFibres run off either side of a central
tendontendon
 MultipennateMultipennate
 Small tendons converge from the originSmall tendons converge from the origin
to the tendon of the insertionto the tendon of the insertion

25. Types of muscularTypes of muscular
contractioncontraction
 IsotonicIsotonic
 The length of the muscleThe length of the muscle
changes to produce force.changes to produce force.
There are two types:There are two types:
 Concentric – muscle shortens toConcentric – muscle shortens to
produce forceproduce force
 Eccentric – muscle lengthens toEccentric – muscle lengthens to
create forcecreate force
 IsometricIsometric
 Muscle length remains theMuscle length remains the
same but force is still producedsame but force is still produced

26. BibliographyBibliography
Glenn Amezdroz, Sue Dickens, GeoffGlenn Amezdroz, Sue Dickens, Geoff
Hosford, and Damien Davis.Hosford, and Damien Davis. QueenslandQueensland
Senior Physical Education.Senior Physical Education. South Yarra,South Yarra,
1999.1999.
Google image search.Google image search.
http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/