The classification of the humane joints for students

1. HUMAN ANATOMY
(CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS)
Presented by: Mahmoud Bahnasi
Group No: 72

2.  Joint:- Is the point at which two or more bones meet.
 Joints are responsible for movement (e.g., the
movement of limbs) and stability (e.g., the stability
found in the bones of the skull).
 There are two ways to classify joints: on the basis
of their structure or on the basis of their function.
Classification of joints
Structure Function

3. Structure
The structural classification divides joints into
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints
depending on the material composing the joint
and the presence or absence of a cavity in the
joint.
Function
The functional classification divides joints
into three categories: synarthroses,
amphiarthroses, and diarthroses.

4. Fibrous Joints
The articular surfaces are connected together by
strong fibrous tissue and no movements are
permitted. For Example:-
A- Sutures of the skull.
B- Syndesmosis.
C- Gomphosis.

5. Cartilaginous Joints
A- Primary cartilaginous joints
(synchondroses)
B- Secondary cartilaginous joints
(symphyses)
• Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage.
Ex) Epiphyses of long bones.
• Bones are connected by fibro-cartilage.
Ex) Joints of the middle line.
Intervertebral disc
Symphysis pubis

6. Synovial Joints
 They are freely movable joints.
• The articular surfaces are covered by hyaline
cartilage.
• The joint is enveloped by a fibrous capsule, the
capsule is occasionally thickened in certain parts
forming capsular ligaments, Inside the capsule
intraarticular ligaments are found.
• The inside of the capsule is lined by a thin
synovial membrane.
• The membrane covers also the non-articular parts
of the interacapsular bones but leaves the
articular surfaces uncovered.
• The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid.

7. Classification of synovial joints
Synovial joints are classified into:-
1) Uniaxial joints: a) Hinge joints.
b) Pivot joints.
2) Biaxial joints: a) Ellipsoid (condyloid).
b) Saddle joints.
c) condylar joints.
3) Multiaxial joints: Ball and socket joints.
4) Plane joints: Ex) Carpal bones.
5) Compound joints: Ex) Temporo-mandibular joint.

8. Uniaxial joints
Movements occur around one axis only.
a) Hinge joints: Movements occur around a transverse axis,
allowing only flexion and extension. (e.g. Elbow joint)
b) Pivot joint: Movements occur around a vertical axis
allowing rotation only (e.g. Radio- ulnar joints).

9. Uniaxial joints 1- transverse axis (Hinge joints)
Movements: Flexion & Extension

10. Uniaxial joints 2- Vertical axis ( Pivot joints)
 Movements: Rotation (e.g. Supination & Pronation)

11. Biaxial joints
 Movements occur around 2 axis horizontal and vertical:
a) Ellipsoid (Condyloid). b) Saddle joints.
a) Ellipsoid (condyloid) joints:
One articular surface is oval and convex, the other is oval
and concave.
This type permits flexion and extension to occur around one axil
while adduction and abduction are permitted around the other axis
(e.g. the wrist join, metacarpo-phalangeal joint).

12. Ellipsoid (condyloid) Movements of wrist joint

13. b) Saddle joints:
Both articular surfaces are concavaca- nvex.
The allowed movements are similar to the ellipsoid joints.
but, slight rotation is also permitted (e.g. the carpo-metacarpal joint
of the thumb).

14. Multiaxial Joints
Ball & socket joints:
o A round head (ball) of one bone is received
into a cup-shaped depression (socket) in
other bone.
o All types of movements are allowed (e.g.
Shoulder and Hip joints)
Movements: Flexion & Extension, Adduction &
Abduction, Medial rotation & Lateral rotation,
Circumduction

15. Plane Joints
The articular surfaces are flat and smooth.
This shape allows only slight gliding movements
(e.g. the acromio-clavicular joint and intercarpal joints).

16. Compound Joints
The joint cavity is subdivided by articular disc into 2
compartments.
Each compartment permits different movements.
Example: Temporo-mandibular joint.

17. THANK YOU…