Blood transfusions involve injecting blood intravenously from a healthy donor to a patient for therapeutic reasons. It is a common and often life-saving medical practice. Doctors must understand the indications for transfusions as well as methods for collection, storage, and administration of blood. Compatibility of blood types between donor and recipient through processes like ABO typing and cross-matching is essential to avoid transfusion reactions.

2.  Injection of a fixed volume of blood
intravenously ,which has been previously
taken from a healthy person into a
patient for therapeutic reasons
 Common medical practice
 Most often life saving

3.  As a doctor its your responsibility to know
 Indications for blood transfusions
 Collection and storage of blood
 Methods of transfusions
 Transfusion reactions

4.  Acute blood loss
 Anemia
 Bone marrow failure
 Purpura
 Clotting factor deficiencies
 Preparation for surgery or during surgery
 Burns

6.  First step is “selection of appropriate
donor “
 Rh and ABO typing
 Cross matching
 Antibody screening of patient or
recipient

7.  Healthy
 Voluntarily willing donor
 Free from any transmissible diseases
 Ideal age of 18-60yrs
 Hb of male -13g/dl female 12g%
 Donor must be screened for HIV,
Hepatitis, Malaria, filaria , lymphomas

8.  Major systems are ABO & Rh
 ABO incompatibility is immediate
 Maybe life threatening
 Rh incompatibility could be delayed

9.  Blood group is determined by the type of
antigen situated in the surface of RBC
(glycoprotein)
 Estimated over 30 blood groups with
more than 400 antigens
 Antigens – agglutinogens
 Antibodies – agglutinins
 Plasma contains antibodies against
antigens which are absent in RBC
surface

10.  Medically important blood groups are
ABO system and Rh system
 Which are responsible for major
transfusion reactions
 Due to cold antibodies other groups are
not important
 Some important minor blood groups
MNS, Lewis , Kell, Lutheran

13.  Universal donor O-ve
 Universal recipient AB+ve
 This method does not assure
compatibility
 Reaction may occur due to minor
groups
 Cross matching should be done
 However this method is useful in
emergency conditions

14.  MAJOR : Donors cells are matched
against recipient’s plasma
 MINOR : recipient's cells are matched
with donors plasma
 Antibody screening of patient

15.  Vein puncture (mostly antecubital vein ) is
done to collect blood
 350ML of blood is collected at a time from
a single donor
 Blood bag contains anti-coagulent 50-70Ml
 Anti-coagulent used consist of citrate
phosphate and dextrose
 Bleeding time is 7-10 minutes
 BP Heart Rate are monitored before and
after bleeding

18.  Some degree of diaphoresis ,
bradycardia , hypertension and dizziness
is experienced
 Donors are advised not to go for work for
the rest of the day
 To avoid strenuous exercise
 And should donate blood only after a
3months interval

21.  Stored in a blood bank at 4°C
 Ideally for two weeks
 Max of three weeks
 Should never be used after 30days
 After which haemolysis occurs beyond
use

23.  Changes due to reduction in metabolism
 Reduced Na+ K+ pump activity
 Increase in intra cellular Na and
decrease K
 Cells swell and become spherical
 Leukocyte and platelets totally
disappear after 1- 2 days
 ATP inside the cell decreases

24.  Within 24 hours metabolism increases
 Na+ K+ activity is regained
 80% of RBC survival if transfusion is done
within 14 days

25.  DUE TO MISMATCHED TRANSFUSION
shivering and fever
jaundice
haemoglobinuria
ARF
hyperkalemia

26.  Thrombophelbitis
 Air embolism

27.  Occurs when more than 10units within 24
hours
 Or total blood volume is exchanged
within 24 hours
 This leads to circulatory overload
 Cardiac arrest due to hyperkalemia

28.  Itching
 Erythema
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 In severe cases anaphylactic shock

29.  Hepatitis
 HIV
 Malaria
 Syphilis