2.  Injection of a fixed volume of blood
intravenously ,which has been previously
taken from a healthy person into a
patient for therapeutic reasons
 Common medical practice
 Most often life saving

3.  As a doctor its your responsibility to know
 Indications for blood transfusions
 Collection and storage of blood
 Methods of transfusions
 Transfusion reactions

4.  Acute blood loss
 Anemia
 Bone marrow failure
 Purpura
 Clotting factor deficiencies
 Preparation for surgery or during surgery
 Burns

6.  First step is “selection of appropriate
donor “
 Rh and ABO typing
 Cross matching
 Antibody screening of patient or
recipient

7.  Healthy
 Voluntarily willing donor
 Free from any transmissible diseases
 Ideal age of 18-60yrs
 Hb of male -13g/dl female 12g%
 Donor must be screened for HIV,
Hepatitis, Malaria, filaria , lymphomas

8.  Major systems are ABO & Rh
 ABO incompatibility is immediate
 Maybe life threatening
 Rh incompatibility could be delayed

9.  Blood group is determined by the type of
antigen situated in the surface of RBC
(glycoprotein)
 Estimated over 30 blood groups with
more than 400 antigens
 Antigens – agglutinogens
 Antibodies – agglutinins
 Plasma contains antibodies against
antigens which are absent in RBC
surface

10.  Medically important blood groups are
ABO system and Rh system
 Which are responsible for major
transfusion reactions
 Due to cold antibodies other groups are
not important
 Some important minor blood groups
MNS, Lewis , Kell, Lutheran

13.  Universal donor O-ve
 Universal recipient AB+ve
 This method does not assure
compatibility
 Reaction may occur due to minor
groups
 Cross matching should be done
 However this method is useful in
emergency conditions

14.  MAJOR : Donors cells are matched
against recipient’s plasma
 MINOR : recipient's cells are matched
with donors plasma
 Antibody screening of patient

15.  Vein puncture (mostly antecubital vein ) is
done to collect blood
 350ML of blood is collected at a time from
a single donor
 Blood bag contains anti-coagulent 50-70Ml
 Anti-coagulent used consist of citrate
phosphate and dextrose
 Bleeding time is 7-10 minutes
 BP Heart Rate are monitored before and
after bleeding

18.  Some degree of diaphoresis ,
bradycardia , hypertension and dizziness
is experienced
 Donors are advised not to go for work for
the rest of the day
 To avoid strenuous exercise
 And should donate blood only after a
3months interval

21.  Stored in a blood bank at 4°C
 Ideally for two weeks
 Max of three weeks
 Should never be used after 30days
 After which haemolysis occurs beyond
use

23.  Changes due to reduction in metabolism
 Reduced Na+ K+ pump activity
 Increase in intra cellular Na and
decrease K
 Cells swell and become spherical
 Leukocyte and platelets totally
disappear after 1- 2 days
 ATP inside the cell decreases

24.  Within 24 hours metabolism increases
 Na+ K+ activity is regained
 80% of RBC survival if transfusion is done
within 14 days

25.  DUE TO MISMATCHED TRANSFUSION
shivering and fever
jaundice
haemoglobinuria
ARF
hyperkalemia

26.  Thrombophelbitis
 Air embolism

27.  Occurs when more than 10units within 24
hours
 Or total blood volume is exchanged
within 24 hours
 This leads to circulatory overload
 Cardiac arrest due to hyperkalemia

28.  Itching
 Erythema
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 In severe cases anaphylactic shock

29.  Hepatitis
 HIV
 Malaria
 Syphilis