Clotting time - Coagulation of whole bloodSHRUTHI VASAN
Coagulation of blood - Clotting Time - Introduction - Methods - Capillary Method - Tube Method - Lee White Method - Procedure - Normal Range - Discussion.
The human body performs specific characteristics and mechanisms to carry out life. Our body functions almost beyond our own control such as sensations of cold make us provide warmth that we react to our environment. Our body cells are also exposed to an internal environment called the extracellular fluid that is in constant motion throughout our body. The blood is a major system that facilitates the transportation of chemical messengers, nutrients and electrolytes in other somatic cells. Similarly, blood cells are also sensitive to its extracellular environment with electrolytes and nutrients. The maintenance of blood constant conditions intracellularly and extracellularly achieves homeostasis.
Clotting time - Coagulation of whole bloodSHRUTHI VASAN
Coagulation of blood - Clotting Time - Introduction - Methods - Capillary Method - Tube Method - Lee White Method - Procedure - Normal Range - Discussion.
The human body performs specific characteristics and mechanisms to carry out life. Our body functions almost beyond our own control such as sensations of cold make us provide warmth that we react to our environment. Our body cells are also exposed to an internal environment called the extracellular fluid that is in constant motion throughout our body. The blood is a major system that facilitates the transportation of chemical messengers, nutrients and electrolytes in other somatic cells. Similarly, blood cells are also sensitive to its extracellular environment with electrolytes and nutrients. The maintenance of blood constant conditions intracellularly and extracellularly achieves homeostasis.
All about blood collection and handling, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
A brief presentation for second-year students in Iraqi Technical Institutes (studying Medical Laboratory Technology). This introduction covers the types of blood samples, how to collect these samples, common sites for collection, and anticoagulants in a test-tubes.
All about blood collection and handling, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
A brief presentation for second-year students in Iraqi Technical Institutes (studying Medical Laboratory Technology). This introduction covers the types of blood samples, how to collect these samples, common sites for collection, and anticoagulants in a test-tubes.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
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A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Target Audience
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Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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2. Blood grouping
• Also known as blood typing
• PRINCIPLE
• The surfaces of red cell membrane contain a variety of genetically
determined antigens, called agglutinogens, while the plasma
contains antibodies (agglutinins)
• To determine the blood group of a person, his/her red cells are
made to react with commercially available antisera containing
known agglutinins
• The slide is then examined under the microscope to detect the
presence or absence of clumping and hemolysis (agglutination) of
red cells which occurs as a result of antigen-antibody reaction
5. • Preparation of red cell suspension
• Add two drops of blood with 2ml of saline in a small test tube
• A suspension of red cells in saline should preferably be
prepared and used instead of adding blood drops directly from
the fingerpick to the antisera for the following reasons:
• Dilution of blood permits easy detection of agglutination and
hemolysis, if present. (Red cells in undiluted blood tend to
form large rouleaux and masses. These may be difficult to
disperse and may be mistaken for agglutination)
• Plasma factors likely to interfere with agglutination are
eliminated
6. Put one drop of anti-A serum on the left half
Put one drop each of normal saline on the right halves (C)
Add a drop each of red cell suspension to both sides
Mix the anti-sera and red cells, and saline and red
cells
Put one drop of anti-B serum on the left half
Put one drop each of normal saline on the right halves (C)
Add a drop each of red cell suspension to both sides
Mix the anti-sera and red cells, and saline and red
cells
Put one drop of anti-D serum on the left half
Put one drop each of normal saline on the right halves (C)
Add a drop each of red cell suspension to both sides
Mix the anti-sera and red cells, and saline and red
cells
7. • The red cells-saline mixture on the “control” sides of each
slide will act as a control to confirm agglutination or no
agglutination on the corresponding test side
• Wait for 8–10 minutes, then inspect the 3 antisera-red cell
mixtures (“test” mixtures) and ‘control ‘ mixtures, first with
naked eye to see whether agglutination has taken place of
not
• Then confirm under low magnification microscope,
comparing each “test mixture” with its corresponding
“control mixture”
8. • OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
• i. If agglutination occurs, it is usually visible to the naked
eye. The hemolysed red cells appear as isolated (separate),
dark-red masses (clumps) of different sizes and shapes.
• ii. There is brick-red coloring of the serum by the
hemoglobin released from ruptured red cells.
• iv. Under LP objective, the clumps are visible as dark masses
and the outline of the red cells cannot be seen.
• No agglutination in the ‘control’ mixtures
12. WHAT IS
THE
CLINICAL
SIGNIFIC
ANCE OF
DOING BT
AND CT?
1. History of frequent, persistent or
spontaneous bleeding.
2. Before every minor and major
surgery.(eg; tooth extraction)
3. Before taking biopsy (bone marrow,
kidney, liver etc.)
4. Before and during anticoagulant
therapy.
5. Family history of bleeding disorder.
13. BLEEDIN
G TIME
First functional platelet evaluation
test
Introduced by duke in 1900
Used to detect defects in primary
hemostasis
Used as a screening test for
vascular disorders
as well as platelet function test
15. PROCEDURE
a) After following sterile precautions, prick the fingertip deep enough (2- 3 mm) to result in
bleeding. Note the time of onset of bleeding.
b) Apply a piece of filter paper to the blood-drop every 30 seconds until the bleeding stops.
Note the time when no trace of blood on the filter paper
c) Count the spots of blood on filter paper and express bleeding time in minutes and seconds.
d) The bleeding time estimated by this method of a normal subject is within the range of 2-5
minutes.
Normally, bleeding time by this methods range by 1-7minutes. A value exceeding 10 minutes is
clearly abnormal.
17. CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
•Normal Bleeding Time: 1 to 7 minutes
Prolonged BT in
Thromboctytopenia
Disorders in platelet: -thrombasthenia,storage
pool disease,Bernard –Soulier syndrome
Afibrinogenemia
Severe hypofibrinogenemia
Vascular disorders
Aspirin
18. CLOTTING TIME
WHOLE BLOOD CLOTTING TIME
The time it takes for whole blood , drawn from
a vein and immediately placed in a container to
clot.
It measures all stages of intrinsic coagulation
It is not a very sensitive method
Avoid contamination with tissue fluid.
19. Aim: To determine Clotting
time by capillary method.
*The time from pricking the finger to the
appearance of the fibrin clot is the clotting
time
20. REQUIREMENT
1. Glass capillary tubes ( Non heparnised )
2. A Petri dish
3. Alcohol swabs
4. Cotton wool
5. Sterile lancet
22. PROCEDURE
a) Clean finger with aseptic alcohol swab.
b) Prick the finger with lancet resulting in bleeding, note the time of onset of bleeding.
c) Wipe away the first drop of blood, fill freely flowing blood is taken into a capillary tube up to about 8 cm long without air
bubble, holding the tube horizontally let it fill by capillary action.
d) Roll the capillary gently between the palms, Fill more than one tube.
e) At the end of two minutes after making the puncture, break off 0.5cm of capillary tube (blood containing end) and separate
the two halves slowly.
f) Repeat the procedure at 30 second intervals with the remaining tubes.
g) When the blood forms a continuous thread-like clot between the broken ends of the tube, the end-point has been reached,
Note the time.
h) Clotting time by this method is 3-8 minutes.
24. CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
• Only severe clotting factor deficiency can be recognized.
• Prolonged CT more than 10’-pt subjected to more detailed test.
• Used to monitor heparin therapy.
• Can be due to the deficiency of plasma factors such as
Antihemophiliac globulin,plasma
thromboplastin,fibrinogen,prothrombin.
• Circulating anticoagulants