The purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial recovery and transfer from three biometric sensors and the survivability of bacteria on the devices. The modalities tested were fingerprint, hand geometry and hand vein recognition, all of which require sensor contact with the hand or fingers to collect the biometric. Each sensor was tested separately with two species of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Survivability was investigated by sterilizing the sensor surface, applying a known volume of diluted bacterial culture to the sensor and allowing it to dry. Bacteria were recovered at 5, 20, 40 and 60 minutes after drying by touching the contaminated device with a sterile finger cot. The finger cot was re-suspended in 5 mL of saline solution, and plated dilutions to obtain live cells counts from the bacterial recovery. The transferability of bacteria from each device surface was investigated by touching the contaminated device and then touching a plate to transfer the bacteria to growth medium to obtain live cell counts. The time lapse between consecutive touches was one minute, with the number of touches was n = 50. Again, S. aureus and E. coli were used separately as detection organisms. This paper will describe the results of the study in terms of survival curves and transfer curves of each bacterial strain for each device.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Biofilm removal - the importance of chemistry OneLife SA
Title : On site comparison of an enzymatic detergent and a non-enzymatic detergent-disinfectant for routine manual cleaning of flexible endoscopes
Background and Aims
Flexible endoscopes are potential vectors of pathogen transmission to patients. They are therefore subjected to cleaning and high-level disinfection after each procedure. High-level disinfection should only be performed on endoscopes free of organic soiling and biofilms. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the impact of the cleaning chemistry in the outcome of the manual cleaning of endoscopes.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Biofilm removal - the importance of chemistry OneLife SA
Title : On site comparison of an enzymatic detergent and a non-enzymatic detergent-disinfectant for routine manual cleaning of flexible endoscopes
Background and Aims
Flexible endoscopes are potential vectors of pathogen transmission to patients. They are therefore subjected to cleaning and high-level disinfection after each procedure. High-level disinfection should only be performed on endoscopes free of organic soiling and biofilms. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the impact of the cleaning chemistry in the outcome of the manual cleaning of endoscopes.
Should we be testing endoscopes? One life - Central Sterilising Club (csc) ...OneLife SA
The use of contaminated endoscopes can lead to patient-to-patient transmission of pathogens and infections. Studies evaluated cleanliness of patient-ready scopes after reprocessing and revealed between 10% and 30% of residual contamination.
Should therefore surveillance be standardized?
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The use of a machine designed to follow repeatedly and automatically a predetermined sequence of individual operations.
AUTOMATED WASHING
AUTOMATED MEDIA PREPARATORS
AUTOMATED COLLECTION AND
PROCESSING OF SAMPLES
CYTOSPIN
AUTOMATED GRAM STAINING
AUTOMATED STREAKING
SPIRAL PLATER
AUTOMATED ANTIBIOTIC -
SENSITIVITY SYSTEM
AUTOMATIC COLONY COUNTER
AUTOMATED URINE MICROSCOPY -
ANALYSER
Automated system for bacterial identificationDEEKSHANT KUMAR
[DOWNLOAD IT OPEN IT WITH MICROSOFT POWERPOINT THEN YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TOPIC COVERED.]
1. WHOLE TEXT IS RELIABLE.
2. TEXT HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM STANDARD TEXT BOOK FOR MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY.
3. SOME PICTURE HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM JOURNAL.
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
Evaluation of characteristics of Simplicillium lanosoniveum on pathogenicity ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study aimed to evaluate the aphidicidal and antifungal activities of Simplicillium lanosoniveum in laboratory conditions. S. lanosoniveum isolate Cs0701 shown to be pathogenic to the aphids, Aphis gossypii, Ceratovacuna lanigera and Hysteroneura setariae. The data showed that isolate Cs0701 exudates had greater mycelial growth-inhibiting effects on plant pathogenic fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii, Alternaria brassicicola and Rhizoctonia solani, in cellophane paper antibiosis test. In addition, mycelial growth of Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium sp. were partially inhibited by isolate Cs0701 exudates. The culture filtrates of isolate Cs0701 were screened for their antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungi. The results revealed that A. brassicicola, Cochliobolus miyabeanus and Curvularia lunata conidial germination was inhibited by isolate Cs0701. The culture filtrate was also able to inhibit conidial germination of jasmine orange (Murraya paniculata) powdery mildew, Oidium murrayae. However, plant host range tests showed that isolate Cs0701 was not pathogenic to Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemma perpusilla and Glycine max. Taken together, these findings provide convincing experimental evidence that S. lanosoniveum isolate Cs0701 is biologically active against both aphids and plant pathogenic fungi including powdery mildew. Pot and field trials are necessary to confirm efficacy of S. lanosoniveum against aphids and plant pathogenic fungi.
Research has shown for some age groups, quality of fingerprints can impact the performance of biometric systems. A
desirable feature of biometrics is that they are suitable for use across the population. This applied study examines the performance of a fingerprint recognition system in a healthcare environment. Anecdotal evidence suggested front line healthcare workers may have lower image quality due to continued hand washing which may remove oils from their skin. During training, individuals are told to add oil to their fingers by wiping oil from their foreheads to improve the resulting quality of the
fingerprints. In the healthcare population the authors tested, compared to two general populations (collected on optical and
capacitance sensors) there was a significant difference in skin oiliness, but not in image quality. There was a difference across
healthcare and non-healthcare groups in the performance of the fingerprint algorithm when compared against the capacitance
dataset.
Should we be testing endoscopes? One life - Central Sterilising Club (csc) ...OneLife SA
The use of contaminated endoscopes can lead to patient-to-patient transmission of pathogens and infections. Studies evaluated cleanliness of patient-ready scopes after reprocessing and revealed between 10% and 30% of residual contamination.
Should therefore surveillance be standardized?
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The use of a machine designed to follow repeatedly and automatically a predetermined sequence of individual operations.
AUTOMATED WASHING
AUTOMATED MEDIA PREPARATORS
AUTOMATED COLLECTION AND
PROCESSING OF SAMPLES
CYTOSPIN
AUTOMATED GRAM STAINING
AUTOMATED STREAKING
SPIRAL PLATER
AUTOMATED ANTIBIOTIC -
SENSITIVITY SYSTEM
AUTOMATIC COLONY COUNTER
AUTOMATED URINE MICROSCOPY -
ANALYSER
Automated system for bacterial identificationDEEKSHANT KUMAR
[DOWNLOAD IT OPEN IT WITH MICROSOFT POWERPOINT THEN YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TOPIC COVERED.]
1. WHOLE TEXT IS RELIABLE.
2. TEXT HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM STANDARD TEXT BOOK FOR MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY.
3. SOME PICTURE HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM JOURNAL.
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
Evaluation of characteristics of Simplicillium lanosoniveum on pathogenicity ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study aimed to evaluate the aphidicidal and antifungal activities of Simplicillium lanosoniveum in laboratory conditions. S. lanosoniveum isolate Cs0701 shown to be pathogenic to the aphids, Aphis gossypii, Ceratovacuna lanigera and Hysteroneura setariae. The data showed that isolate Cs0701 exudates had greater mycelial growth-inhibiting effects on plant pathogenic fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii, Alternaria brassicicola and Rhizoctonia solani, in cellophane paper antibiosis test. In addition, mycelial growth of Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium sp. were partially inhibited by isolate Cs0701 exudates. The culture filtrates of isolate Cs0701 were screened for their antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungi. The results revealed that A. brassicicola, Cochliobolus miyabeanus and Curvularia lunata conidial germination was inhibited by isolate Cs0701. The culture filtrate was also able to inhibit conidial germination of jasmine orange (Murraya paniculata) powdery mildew, Oidium murrayae. However, plant host range tests showed that isolate Cs0701 was not pathogenic to Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemma perpusilla and Glycine max. Taken together, these findings provide convincing experimental evidence that S. lanosoniveum isolate Cs0701 is biologically active against both aphids and plant pathogenic fungi including powdery mildew. Pot and field trials are necessary to confirm efficacy of S. lanosoniveum against aphids and plant pathogenic fungi.
Research has shown for some age groups, quality of fingerprints can impact the performance of biometric systems. A
desirable feature of biometrics is that they are suitable for use across the population. This applied study examines the performance of a fingerprint recognition system in a healthcare environment. Anecdotal evidence suggested front line healthcare workers may have lower image quality due to continued hand washing which may remove oils from their skin. During training, individuals are told to add oil to their fingers by wiping oil from their foreheads to improve the resulting quality of the
fingerprints. In the healthcare population the authors tested, compared to two general populations (collected on optical and
capacitance sensors) there was a significant difference in skin oiliness, but not in image quality. There was a difference across
healthcare and non-healthcare groups in the performance of the fingerprint algorithm when compared against the capacitance
dataset.
Research has shown for some age groups, quality of fingerprints can impact the performance of biometric systems. A
desirable feature of biometrics is that they are suitable for use across the population. This applied study examines the performance of a fingerprint recognition system in a healthcare environment. Anecdotal evidence suggested front line healthcare workers may have lower image quality due to continued hand washing which may remove oils from their skin. During training, individuals are told to add oil to their fingers by wiping oil from their foreheads to improve the resulting quality of the
fingerprints. In the healthcare population the authors tested, compared to two general populations (collected on optical and
capacitance sensors) there was a significant difference in skin oiliness, but not in image quality. There was a difference across
healthcare and non-healthcare groups in the performance of the fingerprint algorithm when compared against the capacitance dataset.
The stability score index, conceptualized in 2013, was designed to address the weaknesses of the zoo menagerie and other performance metrics by quantifying the relative stability of a user from on condition to another. In this paper, the measure of interoperability is the stability score from enrolling on one sensor and verifying on multiple sensors. The results showed that like performance, individual performance were not stable across these sensors. When examining stability by sensor family (capacitance, optical and thermal) we find that capacitive as the enrollment sensor were the least stable. Both enrolling and verifying on a thermal sensor, individuals were the most stable of the three family types. With respect to interaction type, enrolling on touch and verifying on swipe was more stable than enrolling on swipe and verifying on swipe, which was an interesting finding. Individuals using the thermal sensor generated the most stable stability scores.
This paper discusses the implementation issues of installing a commercially available hand geometry system in the current infrastructure of Purdue University's Recreational Sports Center. In addition to a performance analysis of the system, a pre- and post- data collection survey was distributed to the 129 test subjects gathering information on perceptions of biometrics, in particular hand geometry, as well as participants' thoughts and feelings during their interaction with the hand geometry device. The results of the survey suggest that participants were accepting of hand geometry. Additionally, analyses of the participants' survey responses revealed that 93% liked using hand geometry, 98% thought it was easy to use, and 87% preferred it to the existing card-based system, while nobody thought the device invaded their personal privacy. System performance achieved a 3-try match rate of 99.02% (FRR 0.98%) when "gaming"/potential impostor attempts were removed from analysis. The failure to enroll rate was zero. Statistical analyses exposed a significant difference in the scores of attempts made by users with prior hand geometry usage, and subjects that could not straighten out their hand on the device. However, there were no statistical difference in the effects of rings/no rings, improper hand placements/proper hand placements, or gender on hand geometry score.
Published in ICITA 2013, 8th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, Sydney, Australia, 1 - 4 July, 2013
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the automatic detection of biometric transaction times using hand geometry as the modality of interest. Video recordings were segmented into individual frames and processed through a program to automatically detect interactions between the user and the system. Results include a mean enrollment time of 15.860 seconds and a mean verification time of 2.915 seconds.
Presented at The 7th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA 2011), Sydney Australia, 21 Nov - 24 Nov 2011.
The purpose of this presentation is to provide additional analysis of image quality and Henry Classification on Finger location on a single sensor. One hundred and sixty nine individuals provided six impressions of their left index, left middle, right index, and right middle fingers. The results show that there is significant difference in image quality, Henry classifications, and zoo animal distribution across the four finger locations under study. The results of this research show that location is an important consideration when developing enrollment best practices for single print systems.
Current keystroke dynamics applications have tackled the problem of traditional knowledge-based static password verification, but the problem of spontaneous
password verification persists. The intent of this study was to examine the predictive strength of typing patterns for spontaneous passwords. The typing patterns of an individual typing at a DELL® keyboard on a DELL OptiPlex® GX260 machine were recorded. Variables collected included keystroke press time and keystroke latency. Computed performance measures included false match rates (FMR) and false non match rates (FNMR) at various threshold levels.
This is a preview of the databases we use in the Center. The presentation overviews our data collection GUI, data storage (datawarehouse), and our project management database. Each of these databases work together to allow us to efficiently run our operations.
Michael Brockly's M.S. thesis presentation for Purdue University, December 2013.
This study created a framework to quantify and mitigate the amount of error that test administrators introduced to a biometric system during data collection. Prior research has focused only on the subject and the errors they make when interacting with biometric systems, while ignoring the test administrator. This study used a longitudinal data collection, focusing on demographics in government identification forms such as driver’s licenses, fingerprint metadata such a moisture and skin temperature, and face image compliance to an ISO best practice standard. Error was quantified from the first visit and baseline test administrator error rates were measured. Additional training, software development, and error mitigation techniques were introduced before a second visit, in which the error rates were measured again. The new system greatly reduced the amount of test administrator error and improved the integrity of the data collected. Findings from this study show how to measure test administrator error and how to reduce it in future data collections.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
INSTANT-OFF Center for Bio-Defense Research Studyinstantoff
The Center for Bio-Defense at the School of Public Health at the University of South Florida studied the effectiveness of the INSTANT-OFF to reduce cross-contamination at hand-wash sinks and published this report.
This study was conducted to establish bacterial contamination of cell phones and microbial contamination of
mobile phones and isolate the significant bacterial species associated with these cell phones in reference
to give necessary remedial measure. A total of 80 samples were collected to isolate microbial
population associated with cell phones. Sterile swabs were firmly rubbed on the surface of the handset, the
key buttons and on the screens of cell phones. The swabs were then inoculated into different media viz.
Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol Salt agar and Eosin Methelyne Blue agar. A total of 143
different bacterial isolates recovered from these sample and were classified as: Staphylococcus spp.
Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Micrococcus spp., Proteus spp., Bacillus spp.,
and Enterobacter spp. at the ratio of 52, 17,14,7,4,3,2 and 1% respectively. The isolates were further
subjected for Antibiotic susceptibility profiling and have found that most of the recovered isolates were
challenging to Ampicillin, few isolates also shown intermediate results. Impimen, Norfloxacin and
Gentamycin were sensitive towards most isolates. Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol showed variable
susceptibility to the different isolates. The study shown that all cell phones under investigation
were significantly contaminated by numerous bacterial species. It is an also indication that the majority of
them belongs to the normal flora of the human body as well as airborne and soil bacteria. Thus it can be said
that it is necessary to sterilise hands after contact with a cell phone since it is a potential source of disease
transmission.
Introduction – the ‘great’ myths
Colony Forming Units – what are they?
Microbiology laboratory cabinets – always work?
Media growth promotion – can it be skipped?
Microbial distribution in cleanrooms – free floating?
Environmental monitoring parameters – can they be pre-set?
Bunsen burners needed to create aseptic space– or not?
Identification results– always believable?
contents:
Introduction;
Historical Background;
Definitions;
Factors That Influence Degree Of Sterilization;
Classification of Instruments;
Instrument washer;
Thermal disinfectors;
Objectives;
How sterilization works;
New methods of sterilization;
New methods of sterilization;
Monitors of sterilization;
Dental radiology asepsis;
Laboratory asepsis;
Precautions by operator;
Disposal of waste;
Osha standards;
Handpiece sterilization;
Ultrasonic scalars asepsis;
GTR membranes, Implants, Bone Grafts presterilization ;
Conclusion;
References.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ABSTRACT- Two hundred fifty samples were collected from Khartoum teaching hospital (KTH) by swabs from units'
surfaces including walls, seats, tables, floor, medical devices, doors and windows. Air samples were also investigated by
using settle plate method. The samples were cultured on blood agar for primary isolation. Identification of MRSA was
carried out according to standard method. Resistance to methicillin and vancomycin was done for each isolate. The disc
diffusion method and In-Use test were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the four disinfectants (Clorox (sodium
hypochlorite) + Water, Phenol + liquid soap + Chloroxylenol "Dettol", Formalin + Water, and Dettol (Chloroxylenol
solution) + Liquid soap + Water) against MRSA. Data were analyzed by the statistical analysis program Statistical Package
for the Social Science (SPSS) using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference
(L.S.D) test.
The results revealed that the prevalence of MRSA was 66 (25%). Among these 11(16%) were vancomycin resistant.
Moreover, the study on the role of disinfectants in controlling infection showed that two of these disinfectants (Formalin +
Water, Dettol (Chloroxylenol solution) + Liquid soap + Water) were significantly effective on MRSA (P<0.05),>0.05) on the same organisms.
It is concluded that the prevalence of MRSA in KTH was high and the rate of Vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) is
increasing. The disinfectants used routinely in KTH were not equal in their efficiency and there was failure in the actions
of two of them.
Key words: MRSA, Hospital, Disinfectants, Infection Control, Sudan.
This research focused on classifying Human-Biometric Sensor Interaction errors in real-time. The Kinect 2 was used as a measuring device to track the position and movements of the subject through a simulated border control environment. Knowing, in detail, the state of the subject ensures that the human element of the HBSI model is analyzed accurately. A network connection was established with the iris device to know the state of the sensor and biometric system elements of the model. Information such as detection rate, extraction rate, quality, capture type, and more metrics was available for use in classifying HBSI errors. A Federal Inspection Station (FIS) booth was constructed to simulate a U.S. border control setting in an International airport. The subjects were taken through the process of capturing iris and fingerprint samples in an immigration setting. If errors occurred, the Kinect 2 program would classify the error and saved these for further analysis.
IT 34500 is an undergraduate course offered to Purdue West Lafayette students. The course gives an introduction into biometrics and automatic identification and data capture technologies
The human signature provides a natural and publically-accepted legally-admissible method for providing authentication to a process. Automatic biometric signature systems assess both the drawn image and the temporal aspects of signature construction, providing enhanced verification rates over and above conventional outcome assessment. To enable the capture of these constructional data requires the use of specialist ‘tablet’ devices. In this paper we explore the enrolment performance using a range of common signature capture devices and investigate the reasons behind user preference. The results show that writing feedback and familiarity with conventional ‘paper and pen’ donation configurations are the primary motivation for user preference. These results inform the choice of signature device from both technical performance and user acceptance viewpoints.
The inherent differences between secret-based authentication (such as passwords and PINs) and biometric authentication have left gaps in the credibility of biometrics. These gaps are due, in large part, to the inability to adequately cross-compare the two types of authentication. This paper provides a comparison between the two types of authentication by equating biometric entropy in the same way entropy of secrets are represented. Similar to the method used by Ratha, Connell, and Bolle [1], the x and y dimensions of the fingerprints were examined to determine all possible locations of minutiae. These locations were then examined based on the observed probability of minutiae occurring in each of the designated locations. The results of this work show statistically significant differences in the frequencies and probabilities of occurrence for minutiae location, type, and angle, across all possible minutiae locations. These components were applied to Shannon’s Information Theory [2] to determine the entropy of fingerprint biometrics, which was estimated to be equivalent to an 8.3-character, randomly chosen password
In this research, intra-visit match score stability was examined for the human iris. Scores were found to be statistically stable in this short time frame.
In this research, intra-visit match score stability was examined for the human iris. Scores were found to be statistically stable in this short time frame.
In this research, intra-visit match score stability was examined for the human iris. Scores were found to be statistically stable in this short time frame.
In this research, intra-visit match score stability was examined for the human iris. Scores were found to be statistically stable in this short time frame.
A lot of work done in Center recently has focused around different topics concerning "time". Iris stability across different "times" has been in the forefront due to work in the undergraduate class, IT345, the graduate class IT545, as well as work in Ben Petry's thesis. Of course "time" is a fairly inaccurate word to use. Assessing stability over time is very ambiguous to the research question. For example time may mean millisecond, months, years, or even life of the user. Upon further examination of other academic literature, the reporting of research duration, collection interval, and specific time frame of interest are sporadic at best and missing completely at worst. To solve this issue, the Center has created the biometric duration scale (BDS) model with associated suggested best practices for reporting time duration in biometrics.
The BDS model marries the general biometric model with HBSI model to create a logical flow of five phases: the presentation definition phase, sample phase, processing phase, and enrollment or matching phase. By tracking information through this progression such as specific subject presentations made, HBSI error, and FTE/Enrollment score (to name a few), performance within the general biometric model can be examined. The BDS model goes one step further by creating specific durations to report research specific metrics. By creating this model, outcomes that effect a yearly performance metrics can be looked at by examining monthly performance, daily performance, or even specific user presentations and how those subcomponents effect the whole system.
Additionally, best practices for the reporting of duration is also included. The reporting methodology stems from ISO 8601 and is in compliance with ISO 21920. In the common reporting structure, start date, duration, number of visits at how many intervals, and time scope of interest for the specific research are given in a logical, readily available format along with the very specific, detailed ISO 8601 methodology. The goal of creating a formal script for reporting research duration was to eliminate ambiguity and create an environment where replication and drawing parallels between research is encouraged.
According to a report by Frost and Sullivan in 2007, revenues for non-AFIS fingerprint devices in notebook PC's and wireless devices is anticipated to grow from $148.5 million to $1588.0 million by 2014, a compound annual growth rate of 40.3% [1]. The AFIS market has a compound annual growth rate of 15.2% with revenues of $445.0 million in 2007. With the development of mobile applications in a number of different market segments, such as healthcare, retail, and law enforcement, this paper analyzed the performance of fingerprints of different sizes, from different sensors...
Presented at The 8th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA 2013), Sydney Australia, July 1 - July 4 2013.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the automatic detection of biometric transaction times using hand geometry as the modality of interest. Video recordings were segmented into individual frames and processed through a program to automatically detect interactions between the user and the system. Results include a mean enrollment time of 15.860 seconds and a mean verification time of 2.915 seconds.
The impact of force on acquiring a high quality
fingerprint image has been systematically studied by researchers
using single print optical scanners. A previous study examined
force levels that ranged from 3N to 21N using a single print
optical sensor. A second experiment used force levels ranging
from 3N to 11N using a capacitive and optical single print sensor.
Additional work has been conducted that looked at smaller
increments of force also using an optical sensor. This paper
contributes to the body of knowledge by using an alternative
fingerprint sensor, an alternative force level and compares it to
the auto-capture method.
As the use of signatures for identification purposes is pervasive in society and has a long history in business, dynamic signature verification (DSV) could be an answer to authenticating a document signed electronically and establishing the identity of that document in a dispute. DSV has the advantage in that traits of the signature can be collected on a digitizer. The research question of this paper is to understand how the individual variables vary across devices. In applied applications, this is important because if the signature variables change across the digitizers this will impact performance and the ability to use those variable. Understanding which traits are consistent across devices will aid dynamic signature algorithm designers to create more robust algorithms.
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2. Each bacterial species has a different infectivity
level. As a result, different numbers of each
bacterium must enter the body for that particular
species to cause an infection or disease. They can
enter the body through the thin tissues in the eyes,
nose, and mouth, or at injury sites where the skin is
broken.
The literature focuses on studies conducted on the
survivability of bacteria on non-porous inanimate
surfaces are limited to health care and domestic
environments, but do not consider public surfaces.
Thus, this paper examines bacterial survival and
transfer on biometric devices that could be used in
public environments.
II. Methodology
The three biometric devices tested in this study were
the Recognition Systems HandKey Ill, Crossmatch
Venfier 300 LC, and TechSphere VP-Il S. Each
device was tested separately with two strains of
bacteria. Each bacterial strain was tested
independently of the other. The test organisms
utilized were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia
coli. The two organisms were common teaching
laboratory strains of bacteria that contain genetic
mutations so not to cause infection, but were used as
tracer organisms. Staphylococcus aureus is a
representafive of gram positive bacteria, and in
contrast, Eschenchia coli represent gram negative
species.
A. Survivability of Bacteria on a Biometric Device
The survivability of the bacteria on the device was
determined by contaminating each device with a
known concentration of bacteria and recovering
organisms over a period of time. Just prior to
contamination, the device was sterilized with a 70
percent ethanol solution and control samples were
collected. The control samples ensured that the
sterilization was complete, and only bacteria on the
device surface were the intentional contaminates.
Sterile finger cots were worn over sterilized laboratory
latex gloves. This ensured that the inside of the finger
cot remained sterile, and prevented the naturally
occurring bacteria on the skin's surface from being
introduced into the experiment.
After the collection ofthe control samples, 50
microliters of the bacterial suspension were applied to
the device surface. The solution was allowed to dry.
Bacteria were recovered by a single touch to the
device surface with a sterile finger cot after five,
twenty, forty and sixty minutes of dry time. The finger
cots were resuspended in 5 milliliters of saline
solution. Systematic dilutions of the solution were
plated onto Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) agar plates and
allowed to grow for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius.
Tryptic soy agar is a growth medium that contains all
essential nutrents for bacterial growth. The colony
growth on the plate allowed for the quantification of
the number of surviving cells recovered at each time
point.
B. Transfer of Bacteria from Biometric Device
The transferability of bacteria over tme from
biometric devices was investigated by intentionally
contaminating the device surface with one species of
bacteria at a time. Prior to contamination, the device
surface was sterilized with a 70 percent ethanol
solution. Sterilized gloves were worn, and the
device surface was touched by a sterile finger, and
then touched to a TSA agar plate. The sterilized
surface was touched ten times with a different sterile
glove fingertip, and touched to the TSA agar plate as
the control samples. The agar plates were labeled
to indicate the touch number, with an average
number oftouches to a plate being 12, see Figure 1
below. Bacterial colonies will only grow where they
have been placed, and do not migrate over the
surface; therefore the touches to the plate were non-
overlapping to ensure that the colonies could be
quantified for each touch. Immediately pror to touch
11 on the device, the device surface was
contaminated with one species of bacteria, and
allowed to dry. The remaining 40 touches were
collected after contamination of the device. A sterile
glove fingertip was used to collect each successive
touch to the device. Successive touches lasted for
10 seconds were collected and plated at 20 second
intervals. Touches 20, 30, 40, and 50 were collected
with a sterile fingercot worn over the sterile glove,
and was placed into 5 milliliters of saline solution.
Serial dilutions ofthe saline solution were plated and
grown over night to quantify the number of live cells
that were recovered from touching the contaminated
device.
Figure 1: Transferability collection of bacteria on the
Techsphere VP-Il S Vein Reader.
111. Conclusions
81
3. The survivals of S. aureus and E. coli over time
were measured by quantifying the number of cells
recovered from the biometric devices over time.
Below in Figure 2, the survival of S. aureus is
graphically represented in terms of the percentage
of cells surviving over time for all three of the
biometric devices. At five minutes past the dry
time, the survival ofthe bacteria on the devices had
decreased to 40 percent, 20 percent, and 15
percent for the hand geometry reader, vein reader,
and fingerprint sensor respectively. After 20
minutes, the survival rate had approached zero for
all three devices, yet even at 60 minutes a small
quantity of bacteria were still recoverable.
Survival of S. aureus
F'-
k . . . _, . . _ _. . , 4 ... .. _ _ . ..... .I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time (mlnutMs)
Figure 2: Survival of S. aureus, presented as the
percentage of survival over time in minutes.
In contrast to S. aureus, the survival of E. coli, the
drop off in survival rate is not nearly as steep in the
first five minutes. The percent survival at five minutes
is 50, 40, and 28 percent for the vein reader, hand
geometry reader, and fingerprint reader respectively.
Similar to the test with S. aureus, the survival rate
approached zero for all three devices at 20 minutes
for E. coli. Figure 3 depicts the survival curves over a
one hour time period.
Survival of E. coli
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The results of the survivability experiment can be
reported as a rate of the log of the survival. The
survival rate of the bacteria decreases over tme, and
hence can be considered a death curve. Table 1
illustrates the rate at which the survival decreases
over time by device and bacterial species.
TABLE 1
RATE OF LOG SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA
BY DEVICE
S. aureus E. coi l
Hand Geometry0.904
Reader T 09004 ----
Fingerprint 0.10
Sensor ___ 0.14_T___I
Vein Recognition 0.14 0.05
Device__ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _
The result of this comparison between S. aureus and
E. coli is that neither bacterial species survived for a
long time on the device surface. Bacteria generally
prefer warm, moist environments, but this study was
conducted room temperature with low humidity, in an
open-air environment, as would be implemented in
most public environments.
The result of the transfer of bacteria varies by the
hardness of the device surface. As seen in Figure 4,
the vein reader exhibits a more consistent level of
transfer throughout the time frame, as it plateaus off
before either the hand geometry reader or the
fingerprint sensor. The vein reader device surface
tested was the pliable plastic cup that is exposed to
the back ofthe hand. This is the largest surface
area that makes contact with a person's hand. The
pliability of the surface being tested may have
allowed bacteria to work itself into the microcrevices
ofthe plastic surface, in which it could protect itself,
and prolong the transfer to the gloved hand. In
contrast, the fingerprint sensor and the hand
geometry reader surfaces were hard surfaces,
similar to that of a doorknob.
The trend lines indicate a smoothing of the data to
reveal the shape of the transferred bacteria over the
consecutive touches to the surface. The fingerprint
sensor rapidly decreased the amount of cells
transferred with each successive touch. Essentially,
the number of cells transferred over time decreases,
as there are fewer cells on the surface to be
transferred to the gloved hand and the agar plate.
The hand geometry reader exhibited a similar curve
to the fingerprint sensor, although not as extreme.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time (minutes)
Figure 3: Survival of E. coli, presented as the
percentage of survival over time in minutes.
82
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20
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Figure 4: Transfer of S. aureus cells is presented as
the log ofthe percentage of the cells
transferred over the touch number.
Figure 5 represents the transfer curve for E. coli. In
addition to testing the three biometric devices, a metal
doorknob was also tested using the same method.
The doorknob and hand geometry reader exhibited
very similar transferability from the surface to the
gloved hand. The majority of the bacteria were
transferred from the surface for all four apparatuses
within the first ten touches. It should be noted that
the concentration of bacteria was not the same for
each device. The concentration of E. coli on the
fingerprint sensor was less than the concentration on
the other three test surfaces. Therefore, there were a
smaller number of bacteria to be transferred offthe
device sensor. However, the fingerprint sensor and
the vein reader followed the same general shape of
the curve for transfer. Again, the pliable material that
was tested on the vein reader may have influenced
the transfer rate by providing microcrevices where
bacteria could embed themselves, and thereby
transferring fewer bacteria with each consecutive
touch to the surface.
E odco transfer
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4p
Touch rmu,r
# mP* VR . HS . _ LZ (F
Figure 5: Transfer of E. coli is presented as the log
of the percentage of the cells transferred
over the touch number.
In summary, E. coli and S. aureus both exhibited a
similar survival curve that drops off drastically after
20 minutes. E. coli did exhibit a slower death curve
than S. aureus within the first 20 minutes, but the
differences were negligible after 20 minutes. The
transfer curves for S. aureus and E. coli were very
similar in terms of most of the bacteria being
transferred offthe device by touch 10.
This initial investigaton of the survivability and
transferability of bactera on biometric devices
brings up several important points to remember, as
well providing new questions for further study.
From the bacterial survival curves, it is understood
that these species could survive on an infrequently
touched surface. However, a frequently touched
surface, if contaminated, such as in the transfer
experiments, is essentially cleaned within five to ten
touches, as the bacteria are moved to the hand.
As mentioned in the beginning of this paper, there
are naturally occurring bacteria on the hand. The
infectivity of each bacterial species is different.
Some species would require hundreds if not
thousands of cells to be ingested, enter the body
through a cut in the skin, or mucus tissues for any
sort of infection to occur. Likewise, if bacteria had
been deposited on the device surface by an
individual, most likely this would not be enough to
infect a subsequent person using the device. The
protocol in this study required the bacteria to be
placed on the surface in liquid form and allowed to
dry. In the event that a device is contaminated
simply by hand to surface contact, the
concentration of bactera on the surface would be
far less than the concentration utilized in this study.
In the event that hygiene is still a concern, it is
best for those touching common surfaces to wash
their hands with soap and warm water on a regular
basis. This will remove the majority of bacteria
from the surface ofthe hand. However, the
naturally occurring bacteria on the hand will still be
on the underlying layers of skin, and will rise to the
epidermis when the oils, moisture, and sweat come
to the surface.
Further work is necessary to investigate and
compare these results with results other species of
bacteria. In particular, it is important to take a
closer look at species of bacteria that only require a
low infectivity number, as this may be the most
important when regarding biosecurity measures.
Additionally, other species of bactera that have a
short survivability in dry conditions should be
examined to determine how well they transfer.
Additionally, further examination ofthe different
surface types, hard and soft, could prove to be
beneficial to alleviate concerns of bacterial
transmission.
83
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5. IV. References
[1] Sano, E., Maeda, T., Nakamura, T., Shikai,
M., Sakata, K., Matsushita, M., et al. (2006).
Fingerprint authenticaton device based on
optical characteristics inside a finger. In
2006 Conference on Computer Vision and
Pattem Recognition (CVPRW06).
[2] Elliott, S., Massie, S., and Sutton, M. (2007).
Perspective of Biometric Technologies: A
Survey. In Proceedings of IEEE Workshop
on Automatic Identification Technologies,
June 7 - 8 2007, (259-264).
31 Reynolds, K.A., Watt, P.M., Boone, S.A., &
Gerba, C.P., (2005). Occurrence of bacteria
and biochemical markers on public surfaces
[Electronic version]. Intemational Journal of
Environmental Health Research, 15(3), 225-
234.
relate to biometric technologies, where he is
responsible for the Biometrics Standards,
Performance, & Assurance Laboratory as well as two
classes related to biometric technologies. Dr. Elliott is
also involved in educational initiatives for the
American National Standards Institute, is a member of
Purdue University's e-Enterprise, Learning and
Center for Educational Research In Information
Assurance Security (CERIAS) Centers.
Dr. Thomas Walter is a Continuing Lecture in the
Department of Biological Sciences at Purdue
University. Dr. Walter is involved with teaching
various microbiology and molecular biology lecture
and laboratory courses at the undergraduate and
graduate level.
[4] Lee, C., Lee, S. and Kim, J.. (2006).A study
of Touchless Fingerprint Recognition
System. Republic of Korea: Yonsei
University, Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering.
[5] Chan, S. (2007, January 23). Scanners for
Tracking City Workers. New York Times, p.
1B.
[6] McBrde, M., Duncan, W., and Knox J.
(1977). The Environment and the Microbial
Ecology of Human Skin. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, 33(3), 603-608.
V. VITA
Christy Blomeke is a member ofthe Biometrics,
Standards, Performance, & Assurance Laboratory in
the Department of Industrial Technology at Purdue
University. She is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in
Technology at Purdue University. Christy holds a
Masters degree in Agricultural and Extension
Education and a Bachelors degree in Biology with a
specialization in Genetics. Christy's experience with
biometric technologies has been in the area of animal
biometrics.
Dr. Stephen Elliott is an Associate Professor in the
Department of Industrial Technology at Purdue
University. Dr. Elliott is involved in a variety of
activities relating to biometrics and security. He is
actively involved in biometric standards, acting as
Secretary on INCITS Ml Biometric Committee. Dr.
Elliott has given numerous lectures on biometric
technologies, the latest conference presentations
being specifically aimed at the banking industry. Dr.
Elliott is also involved in educational initatives as they
84