Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for assessing the anti-infective potential ...Cassandra Quave
This is a presentation delivered at the 16th Annual Conference on the Science of Botanicals and 5th Annual Interim American Society of Pharmacognosy Meeting from April 11-14, 2016 in Oxford, MS, USA.
Abstract:
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for Assessing the Anti-infective Potential of Natural Products in a Time of Rising Antibiotic Resistance
Quave CL1,2
1 Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 550 Asbury Circle, Candler Library 107, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. 2 Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
As antibiotic resistance continues to rise, the pool of viable anti-infective therapeutic options is becoming rapidly exhausted. New therapies are in high demand and natural products are a likely source of novel bioactive compounds to meet this need. In particular, botanical secondary metabolites represent a rich pool for antibiotic discovery efforts. Plants are often the primary ingredients used in traditional anti-infective therapies, and yet their activity and mechanisms of action are often poorly understood. Much of the antibacterial research on botanical extracts and essential oils has focused on growth inhibitory studies using outdated methods limited in their ability to obtain an accurate assessment of bioactivity. The emergence of new molecular and bioanalytical tools for drug discovery provides a unique opportunity for application to natural products research.
Using Staphylococcus aureus as a model, tools for anti-infective testing of plant extracts will be reviewed, specifically focusing on the merits and limitations of each method. Examples include standardized methods for examining activity for the inhibition of growth (e.g., MIC, MBC), virulence (e.g., quorum sensing and toxin quantification) and pathogenesis (e.g., biofilms and antibiotic synergy). Data from our recent discoveries of novel biofilm [1] and quorum sensing [2,3] inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants (Rubus ulmifolius, Castanea sativa and Schinus terebinthifolius) will be presented in the review of these tools.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01 AT007052). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of NCCIH or NIH.
References: [1] Quave CL, Estévez-Carmona M, et al. (2012) PLoS ONE, 7(1): e28737. [2] Quave CL, Lyles JT, et al. (2015) PLoS ONE, 10(8): e0136486. [3] Quave CL, Horswill AR (2014) Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 706.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Colletotrichum causes anthracnose in crops around the world producing postharvest losses up to 60%. There are a great variety of Colletotrichum strains isolated from mango orchards. Thus, it is important to characterize their pathogenicity, as well as to perform a correct identification, in order to implement good strategies to eradicate the produced disease. The aim of this work is to identify Colletotrichum spp. and to determine the production of Pectate Lyase (PL) as a virulence factor in the pathogenicity process. Macroscopic characteristics of isolated colony vary from grey to salmon, sometimes showing luxuriant orange conidial masses with grey or white bottom. Conidia vary from 10.39 to 14.83 × 2.75 to 3.40 μm corresponding to C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum according to Sutton. Growth rates vary from 0.1948 to 0.2239 day-1. The pectate lyase activity was induced by mango cells (240.81 VS 398U/L). According to CgInt and ITS4 PCR amplification M2V and SA correspond to C. gloeosporioides.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Alan Lesniewicz Memorial Lecture at UIC - July 2015Cassandra Quave
This is the keynote lecture given at the University of Illinois at Chicago Garden Walk event in the department of Pharmacognosy. The objectives of the talk were:
·Discuss the role of medical ethnobotany in drug discovery efforts
·Explore state-of-the-art research techniques that examine the activity of botanical natural products with next generation antibiotic discovery efforts focused on “alternative targets”, such as bacterial communication systems
·Provide examples of current research underway by her group both in the field (especially through fieldwork in the Mediterranean) and the lab (natural product research on multidrug resistant bacteria).
The inhibitory activity of L. crispatus against uropathogenes in vitroIJMCERJournal
ABSTRACT: Bacterial interference refers to the use of bacteria of virulence to compete with and protect against
colonization and infection by disease causing organisms. In this study, L. crispatus strain was used to detect its
antibacterial activity towered five species (one Gram-positive and four Gram-negative ) of the most common bacteria
causing urinary tract infection. L. crispatus completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus , while it had no
inhibitory effect on three of the other species.
Key Words: inhibitory activity, L. crispatus, uropathogens
Ethnobotanical uses of wild flora and fungi on the circum-Sicilian island of ...Cassandra Quave
This is a presentation given at the 2015 meeting of the Society for Economic Botany.
Abstract:
In 1969, Galt and Galt conducted an ethnobotanical survey [1] in the community of Khamma on the circum-Sicilian volcanic island of Pantelleria, located 67 km from the Tunisian coast. Since then, a number of botanical studies concerning the local wild flora and cultivation of the zibebo grape and capers have been conducted, but none have investigated traditional ecological knowledge regarding the use of wild plants and fungi. Here, 45 years later, we revisit this topic, examining the current day knowledge and practices concerning wild plants and fungi on the island. A total of 42 in-depth interviews were conducted in June 2014 in six communities. All interviews were conducted in person in Italian with prior informed consent. We employed two primary means of eliciting responses concerning traditional practices; informants were asked to: 1) free-list the most commonly used plants for wild foods, general medicine, and skin remedies; and 2) view and discuss a booklet composed of photos of taxa listed in the Galt study.
A total of 86 botanical and 19 fungal taxa representing 54 families were cited by the study participants. While many plant-based traditions have disappeared from daily practice, especially those related to traditional fishing and hunting, they remain in the memories of the eldest subset of the population. For example, one of the most pervasive species in the landscape, Opuntia ficus-indica, has current day uses that persist (e.g., food source and shade source for cultivated vegetables), but its past applications were much more diverse, and included manipulation into hunting snares for birds. Other predominant flora included a number of Euphorbia spp., whose toxic latex was regularly used as a fish poison. Fungi, on the other hand, represent an important source of wild food today, and are widely recognized and regularly consumed. In conclusion, we have found that traditional e knowledge remains important to everyday practices of Pantescans, ranging in applications from wild foods, agricultural tools, and traditional medicines.
A study of antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases produci...Premier Publishers
Background: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae are common in hospitals. This study aims to describe the antibiotic resistance of these bacteria and their associated demographic and clinical factors. Methods: It was a prospective study of 73 isolates of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae for a period of six months from July to December 2019 in the laboratory of Befelatanana. Results: This study showed 73 (6.3%) isolates of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases- producing Enterobacteriaceae, represented by 25 (34.2%) isolates of Klebsiella spp, 24 (32.9%) isolates of Escherichia coli, 22 (30.1%) isolates of Enterobacter spp and 2 (2.7%) isolates of Proteus spp. The antibiotic resistance of these bacteria varied from 0% to 100% for all of the antibiotics tested. Resistance to aminoglycosides ranged from 0% (amikacin) to 69.9% (gentamycin). Resistance to quinolones ranged from 43.8% (levofloxacin) to 76.7% (nalidixic acid). Similarly, 60 (82.2%) isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and 25 (34.2%) isolates to chloramphenicol. Patients under 20 years (57.1%) (p=0.03), men (52.2%)(p=0.11; NS), patients with respiratory samples (83.3%)(p=0.004), with pus (61.9%)(p=0.02) and hospitalized in surgery and intensive care units (68.4%)(p=0.0009) were the most affected by these enterobacteria. Conclusion: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae are responsible for severe infections and the majorities are multi-resistant bacteria.
Keywords: Beta-lactamase, Enterobacteriaceae, antibiotic resistance, amikacin, imipenem.
In Vitro Combine Interactions of Antimicrobial Agents with Plant Extract agai...Premier Publishers
The in vitro interaction between n-hexane extract (nhexEXT) of root of Adiantum capillus-veneris and certain known antimicrobial drugs i.e. Oxacillin, Ceftazimide, Cefriaxone, Ofloxacin, Meropenem, Erythromycin, Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime and Ampicillin was evaluated. The study was carried out against ten bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, S.epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysentriae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia species, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli isolated from urine, pus and blood samples. Both disc diffusion and well diffusion methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity of plant extract in combination with antibiotics. Antimicrobial sensitivity indicated that Meropenem was the most effective antibiotic with zone of inhibition (ZI) of 25-33 mm among all tested antibiotics followed by Ofloxacin (10-26.5 mm), Ceftriaxone (8-20 mm), while Oxacillin showed no activity against almost all bacterial strains. The study showed that most bacterial strains were resistant to most of the antibiotics used, ranging from 20-60%. The methanolic extract (nhexEXT) of A. capillus-veneris used alone was active against most of the bacterial isolates with maximum activity against E. coli with 16 mm ZI. The study also indicated that there was an increased activity in case of combination of nhexEXT with antibiotics. The combined effects of plant extract with antibiotics were synergistic against most of the bacterial strains. The nhexEXT showed maximum synergistic effect with Ceftazimide with ZI of 42 mm followed by Meropenem (40 mm) and Ceftriaxone (28 mm) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The data suggests that plant extract could be used as alternative to antibiotics. These results give scientific backing that combination between plant extract and antibiotics would be useful in fighting the emerging drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
This poster was presented at the 2015 Georgia Bio Conference in Atlanta, GA.
Abstract:
Alarming trends in the spread of antibiotic resistance among top pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, have pushed mankind toward what has been coined as the “post-antibiotic era.” Therefore, an indirect attack on bacteria through interfering with their means of communication, quorum sensing, is proposed. An underappreciated source for modern anti-infectives is natural products from terrestrial plants. A rich history of medical traditions developed under the influence of diverse cultures in the Mediterranean and many of these are still practiced by local people. Investigation of botanical folk medicines used in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections identified Castanea sativa (European Chestnut) for its potential antibacterial activity.
This work demonstrates the quorum sensing inhibitory activity of oleanene and ursene derivatives from a C. sativa leaf extract against all S. aureus accessory gene regulator (agr) alleles. Multiple layers of evidence for agr blocking activity (IC50 1.56-25 µg mL-1) are reported: toxin outputs, reporter assays, hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity studies, and an in vivo abscess model. The C. sativa extract is neither cytotoxic to human keratinocytes, nor murine skin; it neither inhibits S. aureus growth, nor skin commensal growth. Serial passaging experiments with the extract did not result in the development of resistance. In conclusion, the disruption of quorum sensing in the absence of growth inhibition demonstrated by this natural product derived non-biocidal inhibitor of virulence shows potential for future antibiotic therapies.
Atlanta Botanical Garden Science Cafe: Medicines from Nature - 2014Cassandra Quave
In 2014, Dr. Quave presented a Science Cafe talk at Atlanta Botanical Gardens: "Medicines From Nature: Adventures of a Medical Ethnobotanist"
Abstract:
Ethnobotany is the study of human interactions with plants. It has perhaps been best defined as the science of survival as it involves the study of plants used in our daily lives for food, medicine, shelter, art, and much more. In this science café, Dr. Quave will discuss her research on medicinal plants for the treatment of infectious disease. From remote regions of the Amazon to volcanic islands in the Mediterranean and isolated mountains in the Balkans, Quave has conducted fieldwork in some of the most biologically diverse regions of the planet. She will share some of her adventures as a medical ethnobotanist and explain how traditional knowledge may be the key to the discovery of new life-saving medicines.
Synergistic antibacterial effects of three edible plants extract against anti...Open Access Research Paper
In vitro synergistic antibacterial effects among Alocasia macrorrhizos rhizome, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius corm and Colocasia esculenta corm extracts were tested against six resistant bacteria viz., Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone was compared with the commercially available antibiotic (tetracycline). High inhibitory activity was observed against E. coli (12.67±0.33 mm) and S. aureus (12.50±0.29 mm) for methanol extract at 800 mgml-1 of concentration. MIC and MBC of the extracts ranged from 200-580 mgml-1 and 250-650 mgml-1 respectively. The lowest MIC and MBC of the extracts were measured against E. coli.
A primary screening of antitumor substances was carried out among strains of actinomycetes isolated from the samples of natural substrates of arid zones in the Ile-Balkhash region. Antitumor properties of actinomycetes against Staphylococcus aureus209Р(S. aureus 209P) and its mutants UF-2 and UF-3 were studied using the agar block technique. The diameter of growth inhibition zone was measured after incubation of the test microorganisms at a temperature of 37 °C for 24 hours. 16 strains of actinomycetes (10,2%) from sandy soils and from the plant rhizosphere of the Kapshagai area virtually having no effect or only slightly affecting the growth of wild-type culture.22 strains of actinomycetes (14,0%) from takyrs and takyr-like soils of the Balkhash area had an activity against staphylococcal mutants two or more times higher than against the stock staphylococcal strain.This strains may be the potential producers of antitumor antibiotics.It was established that 24.2% of the strains of actinomycetes may be potential producers of antitumor antibiotics.
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity OlakunleAjibola
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased of late and now pose a serious public health problem globally. New antimicrobials are continuously needed to inhibit the growth of these resistant strains.
The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for assessing the anti-infective potential ...Cassandra Quave
This is a presentation delivered at the 16th Annual Conference on the Science of Botanicals and 5th Annual Interim American Society of Pharmacognosy Meeting from April 11-14, 2016 in Oxford, MS, USA.
Abstract:
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for Assessing the Anti-infective Potential of Natural Products in a Time of Rising Antibiotic Resistance
Quave CL1,2
1 Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 550 Asbury Circle, Candler Library 107, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. 2 Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
As antibiotic resistance continues to rise, the pool of viable anti-infective therapeutic options is becoming rapidly exhausted. New therapies are in high demand and natural products are a likely source of novel bioactive compounds to meet this need. In particular, botanical secondary metabolites represent a rich pool for antibiotic discovery efforts. Plants are often the primary ingredients used in traditional anti-infective therapies, and yet their activity and mechanisms of action are often poorly understood. Much of the antibacterial research on botanical extracts and essential oils has focused on growth inhibitory studies using outdated methods limited in their ability to obtain an accurate assessment of bioactivity. The emergence of new molecular and bioanalytical tools for drug discovery provides a unique opportunity for application to natural products research.
Using Staphylococcus aureus as a model, tools for anti-infective testing of plant extracts will be reviewed, specifically focusing on the merits and limitations of each method. Examples include standardized methods for examining activity for the inhibition of growth (e.g., MIC, MBC), virulence (e.g., quorum sensing and toxin quantification) and pathogenesis (e.g., biofilms and antibiotic synergy). Data from our recent discoveries of novel biofilm [1] and quorum sensing [2,3] inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants (Rubus ulmifolius, Castanea sativa and Schinus terebinthifolius) will be presented in the review of these tools.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01 AT007052). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of NCCIH or NIH.
References: [1] Quave CL, Estévez-Carmona M, et al. (2012) PLoS ONE, 7(1): e28737. [2] Quave CL, Lyles JT, et al. (2015) PLoS ONE, 10(8): e0136486. [3] Quave CL, Horswill AR (2014) Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 706.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Colletotrichum causes anthracnose in crops around the world producing postharvest losses up to 60%. There are a great variety of Colletotrichum strains isolated from mango orchards. Thus, it is important to characterize their pathogenicity, as well as to perform a correct identification, in order to implement good strategies to eradicate the produced disease. The aim of this work is to identify Colletotrichum spp. and to determine the production of Pectate Lyase (PL) as a virulence factor in the pathogenicity process. Macroscopic characteristics of isolated colony vary from grey to salmon, sometimes showing luxuriant orange conidial masses with grey or white bottom. Conidia vary from 10.39 to 14.83 × 2.75 to 3.40 μm corresponding to C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum according to Sutton. Growth rates vary from 0.1948 to 0.2239 day-1. The pectate lyase activity was induced by mango cells (240.81 VS 398U/L). According to CgInt and ITS4 PCR amplification M2V and SA correspond to C. gloeosporioides.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Alan Lesniewicz Memorial Lecture at UIC - July 2015Cassandra Quave
This is the keynote lecture given at the University of Illinois at Chicago Garden Walk event in the department of Pharmacognosy. The objectives of the talk were:
·Discuss the role of medical ethnobotany in drug discovery efforts
·Explore state-of-the-art research techniques that examine the activity of botanical natural products with next generation antibiotic discovery efforts focused on “alternative targets”, such as bacterial communication systems
·Provide examples of current research underway by her group both in the field (especially through fieldwork in the Mediterranean) and the lab (natural product research on multidrug resistant bacteria).
The inhibitory activity of L. crispatus against uropathogenes in vitroIJMCERJournal
ABSTRACT: Bacterial interference refers to the use of bacteria of virulence to compete with and protect against
colonization and infection by disease causing organisms. In this study, L. crispatus strain was used to detect its
antibacterial activity towered five species (one Gram-positive and four Gram-negative ) of the most common bacteria
causing urinary tract infection. L. crispatus completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus , while it had no
inhibitory effect on three of the other species.
Key Words: inhibitory activity, L. crispatus, uropathogens
Ethnobotanical uses of wild flora and fungi on the circum-Sicilian island of ...Cassandra Quave
This is a presentation given at the 2015 meeting of the Society for Economic Botany.
Abstract:
In 1969, Galt and Galt conducted an ethnobotanical survey [1] in the community of Khamma on the circum-Sicilian volcanic island of Pantelleria, located 67 km from the Tunisian coast. Since then, a number of botanical studies concerning the local wild flora and cultivation of the zibebo grape and capers have been conducted, but none have investigated traditional ecological knowledge regarding the use of wild plants and fungi. Here, 45 years later, we revisit this topic, examining the current day knowledge and practices concerning wild plants and fungi on the island. A total of 42 in-depth interviews were conducted in June 2014 in six communities. All interviews were conducted in person in Italian with prior informed consent. We employed two primary means of eliciting responses concerning traditional practices; informants were asked to: 1) free-list the most commonly used plants for wild foods, general medicine, and skin remedies; and 2) view and discuss a booklet composed of photos of taxa listed in the Galt study.
A total of 86 botanical and 19 fungal taxa representing 54 families were cited by the study participants. While many plant-based traditions have disappeared from daily practice, especially those related to traditional fishing and hunting, they remain in the memories of the eldest subset of the population. For example, one of the most pervasive species in the landscape, Opuntia ficus-indica, has current day uses that persist (e.g., food source and shade source for cultivated vegetables), but its past applications were much more diverse, and included manipulation into hunting snares for birds. Other predominant flora included a number of Euphorbia spp., whose toxic latex was regularly used as a fish poison. Fungi, on the other hand, represent an important source of wild food today, and are widely recognized and regularly consumed. In conclusion, we have found that traditional e knowledge remains important to everyday practices of Pantescans, ranging in applications from wild foods, agricultural tools, and traditional medicines.
A study of antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases produci...Premier Publishers
Background: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae are common in hospitals. This study aims to describe the antibiotic resistance of these bacteria and their associated demographic and clinical factors. Methods: It was a prospective study of 73 isolates of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae for a period of six months from July to December 2019 in the laboratory of Befelatanana. Results: This study showed 73 (6.3%) isolates of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases- producing Enterobacteriaceae, represented by 25 (34.2%) isolates of Klebsiella spp, 24 (32.9%) isolates of Escherichia coli, 22 (30.1%) isolates of Enterobacter spp and 2 (2.7%) isolates of Proteus spp. The antibiotic resistance of these bacteria varied from 0% to 100% for all of the antibiotics tested. Resistance to aminoglycosides ranged from 0% (amikacin) to 69.9% (gentamycin). Resistance to quinolones ranged from 43.8% (levofloxacin) to 76.7% (nalidixic acid). Similarly, 60 (82.2%) isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and 25 (34.2%) isolates to chloramphenicol. Patients under 20 years (57.1%) (p=0.03), men (52.2%)(p=0.11; NS), patients with respiratory samples (83.3%)(p=0.004), with pus (61.9%)(p=0.02) and hospitalized in surgery and intensive care units (68.4%)(p=0.0009) were the most affected by these enterobacteria. Conclusion: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae are responsible for severe infections and the majorities are multi-resistant bacteria.
Keywords: Beta-lactamase, Enterobacteriaceae, antibiotic resistance, amikacin, imipenem.
In Vitro Combine Interactions of Antimicrobial Agents with Plant Extract agai...Premier Publishers
The in vitro interaction between n-hexane extract (nhexEXT) of root of Adiantum capillus-veneris and certain known antimicrobial drugs i.e. Oxacillin, Ceftazimide, Cefriaxone, Ofloxacin, Meropenem, Erythromycin, Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime and Ampicillin was evaluated. The study was carried out against ten bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, S.epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysentriae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia species, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli isolated from urine, pus and blood samples. Both disc diffusion and well diffusion methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity of plant extract in combination with antibiotics. Antimicrobial sensitivity indicated that Meropenem was the most effective antibiotic with zone of inhibition (ZI) of 25-33 mm among all tested antibiotics followed by Ofloxacin (10-26.5 mm), Ceftriaxone (8-20 mm), while Oxacillin showed no activity against almost all bacterial strains. The study showed that most bacterial strains were resistant to most of the antibiotics used, ranging from 20-60%. The methanolic extract (nhexEXT) of A. capillus-veneris used alone was active against most of the bacterial isolates with maximum activity against E. coli with 16 mm ZI. The study also indicated that there was an increased activity in case of combination of nhexEXT with antibiotics. The combined effects of plant extract with antibiotics were synergistic against most of the bacterial strains. The nhexEXT showed maximum synergistic effect with Ceftazimide with ZI of 42 mm followed by Meropenem (40 mm) and Ceftriaxone (28 mm) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The data suggests that plant extract could be used as alternative to antibiotics. These results give scientific backing that combination between plant extract and antibiotics would be useful in fighting the emerging drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
This poster was presented at the 2015 Georgia Bio Conference in Atlanta, GA.
Abstract:
Alarming trends in the spread of antibiotic resistance among top pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, have pushed mankind toward what has been coined as the “post-antibiotic era.” Therefore, an indirect attack on bacteria through interfering with their means of communication, quorum sensing, is proposed. An underappreciated source for modern anti-infectives is natural products from terrestrial plants. A rich history of medical traditions developed under the influence of diverse cultures in the Mediterranean and many of these are still practiced by local people. Investigation of botanical folk medicines used in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections identified Castanea sativa (European Chestnut) for its potential antibacterial activity.
This work demonstrates the quorum sensing inhibitory activity of oleanene and ursene derivatives from a C. sativa leaf extract against all S. aureus accessory gene regulator (agr) alleles. Multiple layers of evidence for agr blocking activity (IC50 1.56-25 µg mL-1) are reported: toxin outputs, reporter assays, hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity studies, and an in vivo abscess model. The C. sativa extract is neither cytotoxic to human keratinocytes, nor murine skin; it neither inhibits S. aureus growth, nor skin commensal growth. Serial passaging experiments with the extract did not result in the development of resistance. In conclusion, the disruption of quorum sensing in the absence of growth inhibition demonstrated by this natural product derived non-biocidal inhibitor of virulence shows potential for future antibiotic therapies.
Atlanta Botanical Garden Science Cafe: Medicines from Nature - 2014Cassandra Quave
In 2014, Dr. Quave presented a Science Cafe talk at Atlanta Botanical Gardens: "Medicines From Nature: Adventures of a Medical Ethnobotanist"
Abstract:
Ethnobotany is the study of human interactions with plants. It has perhaps been best defined as the science of survival as it involves the study of plants used in our daily lives for food, medicine, shelter, art, and much more. In this science café, Dr. Quave will discuss her research on medicinal plants for the treatment of infectious disease. From remote regions of the Amazon to volcanic islands in the Mediterranean and isolated mountains in the Balkans, Quave has conducted fieldwork in some of the most biologically diverse regions of the planet. She will share some of her adventures as a medical ethnobotanist and explain how traditional knowledge may be the key to the discovery of new life-saving medicines.
Synergistic antibacterial effects of three edible plants extract against anti...Open Access Research Paper
In vitro synergistic antibacterial effects among Alocasia macrorrhizos rhizome, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius corm and Colocasia esculenta corm extracts were tested against six resistant bacteria viz., Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone was compared with the commercially available antibiotic (tetracycline). High inhibitory activity was observed against E. coli (12.67±0.33 mm) and S. aureus (12.50±0.29 mm) for methanol extract at 800 mgml-1 of concentration. MIC and MBC of the extracts ranged from 200-580 mgml-1 and 250-650 mgml-1 respectively. The lowest MIC and MBC of the extracts were measured against E. coli.
A primary screening of antitumor substances was carried out among strains of actinomycetes isolated from the samples of natural substrates of arid zones in the Ile-Balkhash region. Antitumor properties of actinomycetes against Staphylococcus aureus209Р(S. aureus 209P) and its mutants UF-2 and UF-3 were studied using the agar block technique. The diameter of growth inhibition zone was measured after incubation of the test microorganisms at a temperature of 37 °C for 24 hours. 16 strains of actinomycetes (10,2%) from sandy soils and from the plant rhizosphere of the Kapshagai area virtually having no effect or only slightly affecting the growth of wild-type culture.22 strains of actinomycetes (14,0%) from takyrs and takyr-like soils of the Balkhash area had an activity against staphylococcal mutants two or more times higher than against the stock staphylococcal strain.This strains may be the potential producers of antitumor antibiotics.It was established that 24.2% of the strains of actinomycetes may be potential producers of antitumor antibiotics.
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity OlakunleAjibola
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased of late and now pose a serious public health problem globally. New antimicrobials are continuously needed to inhibit the growth of these resistant strains.
The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
In vitro controlling of selected human diarrhea causing bacteria by clove ext...Open Access Research Paper
Antibacterial activity of clove extracts (Syzygium aromaticum L.) was proven against five diarrhea causing bacteria. This was further confirmed when compared with commonly used three commercial antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin) as a positive control. Significant differences (P<0.0001) were observed in the effect of the antimicrobial agents (clove extracts and antibiotics), and in the sensitivities of the bacterial species (P<0.0001) to the antimicrobial agents. Clove extracts had significant (P<0.001) activity with the acetone extract demonstrating highest activity followed by antibiotics and other extracts against tested bacteria. The zone of inhibition of clove extracts was ranged from 7.33 to 12.00 mm whereas in antibiotics, it was 0.00 to 11.67 mm. Of all the bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium was the most susceptible against all of the extracts as well as concentrations of clove, while low MIC (180 mgml-1) and MBC (680 mgml-1) of the extracts were observed against Shigella dysenteriae. Consequently, clove has a significant antidiarrheal activity and it could be used as an effective antibacterial agent, alternative to the use of antibiotics.
Single Cell Insights: Studying Environmental Microbial Communities Cell by CellQIAGEN
Dissecting complex microbial communities has incredible potential in the quest to decipher the world around us and find new sources of enzymes, antibiotics and other drugs. The challenge that remains is how to gain a deeper understanding of the roles and interactions of individual microbes. Single cell sequencing has emerged as an innovative investigational approach that provides a view of the cell-by-cell community by separating out individual microbes prior to sequencing. This issue of Single Cell Insights reviews peer-reviewed journal articles that describe applications and methodologies for single cell sequencing of environmental microbial communities.
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Bioactivity screening of Soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
Microorganisms have a profound effect on medical science as they not only infect & cause disease but also produce metabolic products that can cure infections. Soil happens to be a source for a variety of microorganisms. Most of the bacteria, particularly actinomycetes produce biologically active secondary metabolites. Though there are a number of antibiotics available, there is a pressing need for the discovery of new source for antimicrobials against the pathogens due to the development of drug resistance of the pathogenic microorganisms. In addition to, new pathogenic strains are also developing and causing infection to human beings. Bioactive compounds are compounds that are produced by any living organism and are known to exhibit various biological activities both in-vitro & in-vivo. Bioactivity may be antimicrobial, antineoplastic, anticancerous, immunomodulation, antifertility & others. Soil bacteria were isolated by standard technique and by making use of selective media. The isolates were identified and subjected for preliminary screening to look for their ability to produce bioactive materials. A total of 96 strains were isolated from three different soil samples. 14 of them were found to have antibacterial activity against the human pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E.coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Salmonella typhi by preliminary screening. Further the selected (3) bacteria were grown in the suitable culture media for the production of bioactive metabolites by using rotary shake flask. The active metabolites was isolated by solvent extraction and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The antimicrobial screening of the active metabolites showed prominent effect against the clinical pathogens under the study.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca togoensis (pax) s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Study of virulence genes in vancomycin resistant Enterococci (vre) from anima...Innspub Net
With Enterococcus species in the leading cause of nosocomial infections and resistance to an array of antibiotics, this study focused to determine the frequency and distribution of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, the presence of virulence genes and to determine the relative nucleotide sequence relatedness among isolates using 16S rRNA sequence. A random sampling of 120 fecal samples of cattle, poultry, and piggery, and human clinical isolates was analyzed. Standard bacteriological methods were employed in the isolation and characterization of isolates and the disk diffusion method was used in determining their antibiotic resistance profiles. Results showed Enterococcus species in cattle at 100%, followed by clinical isolates at 80%. Vancomycin resistance was observed at high rates in Enterococcus species from human clinical isolates and cattle isolates at 90% and 80% respectively. Multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates yielded twelve resistance profiles and 16S rDNA sequences identified E. faecalis, E. durans, E. mundtii, and Enterococcus sp. Isolates from cattle samples were the most probable source of clinical isolates at 78% homology of conserved regions with the clinical isolates. Virulence determinant genes Asa1 was recorded at66.6%, Cyl at 16.6% and GelE at 8.3% among the isolates. This study established farm animals as possible reservoirs of VRE isolates to man. Hence, healthy and professional practices among animal farmers with antibiotic usage, as well as hygienic and preventive measures among hospital workers are here recommended.
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...BRNSS Publication Hub
Culex quinquefasciatus are among the most important vectors of arboviral diseases worldwide. Recent
studies indicate that diverse midgut microbiota of mosquitoes significantly affects development, digestion,
metabolism, and immunity of their hosts. Here, we studied the bacterial diversity found in midgut part
of C. quinquefasciatus to understand the host and microbe interaction. The adult C. quinquefasciatus
mosquitos were collected from Loyola College Campus, Chennai, using ovitraps, and midgut part was
extracted; moreover, the DNA templates were isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The
DNA amplicons were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq gene sequencer. The total of 279,157 reads was
classified into 85, the bacterial genera of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Aeromonas
predominantly found to be high when compared to the other bacterial genera. The present data strongly
encourage further investigations to verify the potential role of the detected bacteria in mosquito for the
transmission of several vectoral diseases.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial evaluation of root extracts of Juglans regia against Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia in Bombay Hospital and Research Centre Jabalpur. The antibacterial activity of, ethyl acetate and methanol root extracts of Juglans regia was determined by disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity was calculated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration using Mueller–Hinton broth in a tube-dilution method. The best antibacterial activity, calculated as minimum inhibitory concentration values, against ESBL was shown by the methanol root extract Juglans regia (25 mg/mL) for both isolated organisms and ethyl acetate (25mg/mL) against E. coli. The methanol extract showed zone of inhibition in the range of 17-26mm as compared to ethyl acetate extract which showed zone of inhibition in the range of 11-16mm against the uropathogens. The zone of inhibition ranged from 17 mm to 26 mm and MIC was 25mg/ml. This effect is comparable to antibiotics. The results obtained in the present study suggest that Juglans regia have the potential to be developed as antibacterial agents against ESBL producing UTI bacteria strain. Further investigations are needed to identify the active compounds and their mechanism of action
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