This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of various liquid hand washes against common bacteria. 195 hand samples were collected from unwashed hands, hands washed with liquid soap or plain soap, and hands of glove users. Samples were cultured and bacteria isolated included E. coli, P. aeroginosa, Enterobacter spp., B. subtilis, S. dysenteriae, Staph. aureus, and Staph. epidermidis. Liquid soaps reduced bacterial counts more than plain soap. Dettol soap showed the highest antibacterial activity based on minimum inhibitory concentration values, followed by Lux, Lifebuoy, Johnson & Johnson, and Safeguard. Minimum bactericidal concentration values were 2-3
Effect of Antiseptic and Herbal Soaps on Daily Encountered Human Skin Floraijtsrd
The present study was carried out to isolate the organisms present in the skin of female students at the age group of 18-23 from STET Women' College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi, Thiruvarur (Dt), Tamilnadu. India. The samples were streak plated onto different agar medium. The colonies thus formed on the plates were identified using Motility, Gram' staining and Biochemical tests and confirmed as E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and M.luteus by Bergey' Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Totally 46 isolates of bacteria were obtained from 30 skin swab samples. The isolated bacterial pathogens were maintained as pure culture for further studies. Antiseptic and Herbal soaps such as Dettol, Lifebuoy, Margo, and Chandrika were collected from the Cholan super market, Mannargudi, Thiruvarur (Dt), Tamilnadu, India. Isolated organisms were subjected to sensitivity test using 4 different soaps viz Dettol, Lifebuoy, Margo and Chandrika. The antiseptic soap, Dettol showed better response against the bacterial species when compared to others. Dettol was followed by Margo, Chandrika, and Lifebuoy in controlling all the organisms.Totally 46 isolates of bacteria were obtained from 30 skin swab samples. Santhiya. D | Victoria. J"Effect of Antiseptic and Herbal Soaps on Daily Encountered Human Skin Flora" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15845.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/15845/effect-of-antiseptic-and-herbal-soaps-on-daily-encountered-human-skin-flora/santhiya-d
Introduction – the ‘great’ myths
Colony Forming Units – what are they?
Microbiology laboratory cabinets – always work?
Media growth promotion – can it be skipped?
Microbial distribution in cleanrooms – free floating?
Environmental monitoring parameters – can they be pre-set?
Bunsen burners needed to create aseptic space– or not?
Identification results– always believable?
A newly invented antibacterial in decontamination of reusable hospital a deviceAlexander Decker
This document describes a study that tested the effectiveness of a newly invented antibacterial solution for decontaminating reusable medical devices. 18 used medical devices were collected from an intensive care unit and decontaminated using different concentrations and contact times of Sidr tree leaf extract, hydrogen peroxide, and their combination. Mixing 62.5 g/L Sidr extract with 1.5% hydrogen peroxide was found to effectively eradicate contamination from the devices after 30 minutes of contact. The new antibacterial agent shows potential for decontaminating reusable medical equipment through its ability to eliminate bacteria from contaminated devices within 30 minutes.
Sterilization /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
INSTANT-OFF Center for Bio-Defense Research Studyinstantoff
The Center for Bio-Defense at the School of Public Health at the University of South Florida studied the effectiveness of the INSTANT-OFF to reduce cross-contamination at hand-wash sinks and published this report.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection of orthodontic instruments and materials. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antiseptic. It describes various microorganisms that can be transmitted like hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS viruses. It discusses the importance of barrier protection, environmental surface disinfection, and contamination vehicles. Various sterilization methods are covered like steam autoclave, dry heat, glass bead and chemical vapor sterilization. Effects of sterilization on orthodontic materials are also mentioned.
This document discusses floor disinfection in hospitals. It notes that hospital floors become contaminated through various means and can harbor pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proper cleaning and disinfection of floors is important to prevent the spread of infections. Effective disinfection involves first removing dust and debris before mopping or scrubbing floors with a disinfectant solution. Frequent changing of mop heads and disinfectant solutions is also recommended for optimal disinfection.
Effect of Antiseptic and Herbal Soaps on Daily Encountered Human Skin Floraijtsrd
The present study was carried out to isolate the organisms present in the skin of female students at the age group of 18-23 from STET Women' College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi, Thiruvarur (Dt), Tamilnadu. India. The samples were streak plated onto different agar medium. The colonies thus formed on the plates were identified using Motility, Gram' staining and Biochemical tests and confirmed as E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and M.luteus by Bergey' Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Totally 46 isolates of bacteria were obtained from 30 skin swab samples. The isolated bacterial pathogens were maintained as pure culture for further studies. Antiseptic and Herbal soaps such as Dettol, Lifebuoy, Margo, and Chandrika were collected from the Cholan super market, Mannargudi, Thiruvarur (Dt), Tamilnadu, India. Isolated organisms were subjected to sensitivity test using 4 different soaps viz Dettol, Lifebuoy, Margo and Chandrika. The antiseptic soap, Dettol showed better response against the bacterial species when compared to others. Dettol was followed by Margo, Chandrika, and Lifebuoy in controlling all the organisms.Totally 46 isolates of bacteria were obtained from 30 skin swab samples. Santhiya. D | Victoria. J"Effect of Antiseptic and Herbal Soaps on Daily Encountered Human Skin Flora" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15845.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/15845/effect-of-antiseptic-and-herbal-soaps-on-daily-encountered-human-skin-flora/santhiya-d
Introduction – the ‘great’ myths
Colony Forming Units – what are they?
Microbiology laboratory cabinets – always work?
Media growth promotion – can it be skipped?
Microbial distribution in cleanrooms – free floating?
Environmental monitoring parameters – can they be pre-set?
Bunsen burners needed to create aseptic space– or not?
Identification results– always believable?
A newly invented antibacterial in decontamination of reusable hospital a deviceAlexander Decker
This document describes a study that tested the effectiveness of a newly invented antibacterial solution for decontaminating reusable medical devices. 18 used medical devices were collected from an intensive care unit and decontaminated using different concentrations and contact times of Sidr tree leaf extract, hydrogen peroxide, and their combination. Mixing 62.5 g/L Sidr extract with 1.5% hydrogen peroxide was found to effectively eradicate contamination from the devices after 30 minutes of contact. The new antibacterial agent shows potential for decontaminating reusable medical equipment through its ability to eliminate bacteria from contaminated devices within 30 minutes.
Sterilization /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
INSTANT-OFF Center for Bio-Defense Research Studyinstantoff
The Center for Bio-Defense at the School of Public Health at the University of South Florida studied the effectiveness of the INSTANT-OFF to reduce cross-contamination at hand-wash sinks and published this report.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection of orthodontic instruments and materials. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antiseptic. It describes various microorganisms that can be transmitted like hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS viruses. It discusses the importance of barrier protection, environmental surface disinfection, and contamination vehicles. Various sterilization methods are covered like steam autoclave, dry heat, glass bead and chemical vapor sterilization. Effects of sterilization on orthodontic materials are also mentioned.
This document discusses floor disinfection in hospitals. It notes that hospital floors become contaminated through various means and can harbor pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proper cleaning and disinfection of floors is important to prevent the spread of infections. Effective disinfection involves first removing dust and debris before mopping or scrubbing floors with a disinfectant solution. Frequent changing of mop heads and disinfectant solutions is also recommended for optimal disinfection.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Consistent practice protocol can break the chain of infectionmanish goutam
This document discusses infection control protocols in dentistry. It outlines the chain of infection and how consistent practices can break the chain. It details personal protective equipment, sterilization methods, waste management protocols, and guidelines for exposure incidents to help prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens between patients and dental professionals.
The document discusses infection control in orthodontics. It outlines various pathogens that can be transmitted in a dental setting, including hepatitis B, HIV, herpes, and candida. Proper sterilization of instruments, use of personal protective equipment, vaccination of dental workers, and universal precautions are important to prevent transmission of bloodborne diseases and infections. Cross-contamination can occur through contact with saliva, blood, or other infectious body fluids, so infection control protocols are necessary to protect patients and dental professionals.
This document discusses the processes of cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of medical equipment. It defines key terms like cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, and provides the decreasing order of resistance of microorganisms. The document emphasizes that cleaning is the most important first step to remove organic matter and soil. It then describes the risks of infection from equipment and categorizes them as low, intermediate, or high risk to determine the appropriate level of disinfection or sterilization needed.
This document discusses cleaning techniques and product selection for cleanrooms in the pharmaceutical manufacturing environment. It addresses the importance of choosing detergents and disinfectants that are suitable for cleanroom use from reputable manufacturers. The document also discusses appropriate cleaning techniques for cleanrooms, including the "two bucket" and "three bucket" methods. It notes that new cleanroom technologies like isolators require specialized cleaning products and techniques like vapour disinfection to properly sanitize sensitive areas. Proper cleaning agent and technique selection is crucial to maintaining microbial control in cleanrooms.
The document discusses fundamentals of infection control including cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. It describes cleaning as the general removal of debris to reduce organic matter for bacteria and viruses. Disinfection is reducing microbes to very low levels, while sterilization kills all microorganisms. Healthcare settings follow Spaulding's Classification system which categorizes items as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Critical items requiring sterilization enter sterile tissue. Semi-critical items requiring high-level disinfection contact mucous membranes. Non-critical items requiring low-level disinfection only contact intact skin. The document also outlines standard procedures for cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
Surgical asepsis, sterilization and disinfectionGangaYadav4
This document defines key terms related to asepsis and infection control such as sepsis, asepsis, antisepsis, disinfectants, and sterilization. It describes various methods of sterilization including physical sterilization using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving. Chemical sterilization using agents like alcohols, aldehydes, chlorhexidine, and iodine is also discussed. Gas sterilization using ethylene oxide and irradiation sterilization techniques are summarized. Principles of surgical asepsis including maintaining a sterile field and proper preparation of surgical personnel and patients are highlighted in brief.
The document describes research on developing mosquito repellent fabrics using nanoparticles loaded with Vitex negundo leaf extract. Vitex negundo is a plant known to have insecticidal properties. Nanoparticles were synthesized using ionic gellification and loaded with a V. negundo leaf extract. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques like dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cotton fabrics were treated with the nanoparticles using a padding method. Testing showed the treated fabrics had 100% mosquito repellency and retained their effectiveness for up to 15 washes. Developing such repellent textiles could help protect people from mosquito-borne diseases.
This document outlines proper procedures for sterilizing dental instruments and maintaining clean surfaces and waste management. It discusses cleaning, packaging, and sterilizing critical, semi-critical and non-critical instruments. It also covers cleaning environmental surfaces, handling regulated waste like contaminated sharps, and ensuring sterilized instruments are properly stored. Maintaining sterility is essential for preventing disease transmission in dental settings.
This presentation discusses environmental decontamination and infection control practices. It provides a brief history of environmental decontamination methods dating back to ancient times. It then discusses the role of the hospital environment in infection transmission, highlighting reservoirs like air, water, surfaces. Specific multidrug-resistant organisms like VRE, MRSA, A. baumanii are discussed in relation to environmental contamination. The roles of cleaning with detergents versus use of disinfectants on surfaces are reviewed based on past studies. Newer terminal room decontamination strategies like hydrogen peroxide vapor and UV light are presented as highly effective alternatives to standard cleaning methods.
Hands, whether gloved or ungloved, are one of the main ways of spreading infection or for transferring microbial contamination. All you need to know in times of corona virus
The need and importance of hand washing in healthcare system and for people involved in patient care. When and how to wash hands? Differences between alcohol based hand rubs and hand washing.
WHO and CDC guidelines on hand washing.
The document discusses proper procedures for cleaning and sterilizing dental instruments. It outlines the following key steps: 1) Clean instruments manually or using an ultrasonic cleaner or washer; 2) Dry cleaned instruments with disposable cloth; 3) Package instruments in sterilization wraps; 4) Sterilize using steam, chemical vapor, or dry heat sterilization methods approved for dental use; 5) Store sterilized packaged instruments to maintain sterility. Proper cleaning is essential for effective sterilization.
Infection Control Guidelines for Nutrition Services [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Nutrition Services
Infection Prevention in Dietary Department
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
GUIDELINES FOR HEALTHCARE WORKERS ON INFECTION CONTROLJithin Raj RN CIC
This document provides guidelines for healthcare workers on proper waste management and infection control. It discusses the different types of waste generated in healthcare facilities and how they should be segregated, collected, stored, transported, treated and disposed of according to the Bio-medical Waste rules. The guidelines describe best practices for handling infectious waste like sharps, plastics and anatomical waste as well as hazardous materials like mercury to prevent the spread of healthcare associated infections.
Cross infection usually occurs in hospitals when patients become infected with diseases other than what they were admitted for. It can be transmitted directly from person to person through droplets or indirectly through contaminated objects. To prevent cross infection, hospitals must maintain cleanliness, safe food/water, disinfect medical equipment, and use proper isolation techniques like respiratory, intestinal, and contact isolation. Medical staff must also follow aseptic practices like hand washing, wearing masks and gowns, and disinfecting surfaces.
This document discusses cleaning and disinfection of medical instruments. It notes that cleaning is the first step to remove visible and non-visible soils before sterilization. Proper cleaning is important to reduce the microbial load and prevent transmission of infection. The document outlines the cleaning process and highlights the importance of promptly cleaning instruments after use to prevent bacterial growth. It also discusses the different classifications of medical devices based on infection risk and appropriate disinfection or sterilization methods.
This test method provides a quantitative procedure for evaluating the degree of antibacterial activity of finishes on textile materials. It involves inoculating test and control fabric swatches with bacteria, incubating them over different time periods, and calculating the percentage reduction in bacteria by the treated test swatches compared to the controls. Both qualitative and quantitative tests are described to determine bacteriostatic versus bactericidal activity. Safety precautions for working with bacteria and chemicals are also outlined.
This document is a project report submitted by students of IIPM New Delhi analyzing the demand for HUL's detergent brand Surf Excel. It begins with an acknowledgment and introduction sections. It then provides an executive summary of HUL as a company, its brands and distribution network. The report contains chapters on HUL's product lines, demand forecasting, market share analysis, competitors, SWOT analysis, and forecasting methods. It aims to analyze HUL's past performance and future demand for its FMCG products to forecast future demand for Surf Excel. Methodology includes collecting secondary data from sources like websites, journals and analyzing graphs to understand trends.
This document is a project file for a study comparing Lux and Dettol soap brands. It includes sections on introduction, tabular and graphical analysis of survey results, interpretations, and conclusions. 50 people participated in the survey, providing data on their demographics, soap preferences, perceptions of brand benefits, and purchasing habits. Charts show most prefer Lux for its availability and benefits, and most purchase soap from local markets. In conclusions, the author found Lux to be the preferred brand but sees little difference between the brands.
The document discusses top soap brands in India. It provides background on the introduction of soap to India during British rule. The top three soap brands in India today are Hindustan Unilever Limited, Godrej, and Nirma, which together account for 88% of the market share. HUL is a dominant player with brands like Lux and Lifebuoy. The document also shares results from a survey on consumer soap preferences and brand perceptions in India. The top five preferred brands according to the survey are Lux, Dove, Pears, Dettol, and Lifebuoy.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Consistent practice protocol can break the chain of infectionmanish goutam
This document discusses infection control protocols in dentistry. It outlines the chain of infection and how consistent practices can break the chain. It details personal protective equipment, sterilization methods, waste management protocols, and guidelines for exposure incidents to help prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens between patients and dental professionals.
The document discusses infection control in orthodontics. It outlines various pathogens that can be transmitted in a dental setting, including hepatitis B, HIV, herpes, and candida. Proper sterilization of instruments, use of personal protective equipment, vaccination of dental workers, and universal precautions are important to prevent transmission of bloodborne diseases and infections. Cross-contamination can occur through contact with saliva, blood, or other infectious body fluids, so infection control protocols are necessary to protect patients and dental professionals.
This document discusses the processes of cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of medical equipment. It defines key terms like cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, and provides the decreasing order of resistance of microorganisms. The document emphasizes that cleaning is the most important first step to remove organic matter and soil. It then describes the risks of infection from equipment and categorizes them as low, intermediate, or high risk to determine the appropriate level of disinfection or sterilization needed.
This document discusses cleaning techniques and product selection for cleanrooms in the pharmaceutical manufacturing environment. It addresses the importance of choosing detergents and disinfectants that are suitable for cleanroom use from reputable manufacturers. The document also discusses appropriate cleaning techniques for cleanrooms, including the "two bucket" and "three bucket" methods. It notes that new cleanroom technologies like isolators require specialized cleaning products and techniques like vapour disinfection to properly sanitize sensitive areas. Proper cleaning agent and technique selection is crucial to maintaining microbial control in cleanrooms.
The document discusses fundamentals of infection control including cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. It describes cleaning as the general removal of debris to reduce organic matter for bacteria and viruses. Disinfection is reducing microbes to very low levels, while sterilization kills all microorganisms. Healthcare settings follow Spaulding's Classification system which categorizes items as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Critical items requiring sterilization enter sterile tissue. Semi-critical items requiring high-level disinfection contact mucous membranes. Non-critical items requiring low-level disinfection only contact intact skin. The document also outlines standard procedures for cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
Surgical asepsis, sterilization and disinfectionGangaYadav4
This document defines key terms related to asepsis and infection control such as sepsis, asepsis, antisepsis, disinfectants, and sterilization. It describes various methods of sterilization including physical sterilization using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving. Chemical sterilization using agents like alcohols, aldehydes, chlorhexidine, and iodine is also discussed. Gas sterilization using ethylene oxide and irradiation sterilization techniques are summarized. Principles of surgical asepsis including maintaining a sterile field and proper preparation of surgical personnel and patients are highlighted in brief.
The document describes research on developing mosquito repellent fabrics using nanoparticles loaded with Vitex negundo leaf extract. Vitex negundo is a plant known to have insecticidal properties. Nanoparticles were synthesized using ionic gellification and loaded with a V. negundo leaf extract. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques like dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cotton fabrics were treated with the nanoparticles using a padding method. Testing showed the treated fabrics had 100% mosquito repellency and retained their effectiveness for up to 15 washes. Developing such repellent textiles could help protect people from mosquito-borne diseases.
This document outlines proper procedures for sterilizing dental instruments and maintaining clean surfaces and waste management. It discusses cleaning, packaging, and sterilizing critical, semi-critical and non-critical instruments. It also covers cleaning environmental surfaces, handling regulated waste like contaminated sharps, and ensuring sterilized instruments are properly stored. Maintaining sterility is essential for preventing disease transmission in dental settings.
This presentation discusses environmental decontamination and infection control practices. It provides a brief history of environmental decontamination methods dating back to ancient times. It then discusses the role of the hospital environment in infection transmission, highlighting reservoirs like air, water, surfaces. Specific multidrug-resistant organisms like VRE, MRSA, A. baumanii are discussed in relation to environmental contamination. The roles of cleaning with detergents versus use of disinfectants on surfaces are reviewed based on past studies. Newer terminal room decontamination strategies like hydrogen peroxide vapor and UV light are presented as highly effective alternatives to standard cleaning methods.
Hands, whether gloved or ungloved, are one of the main ways of spreading infection or for transferring microbial contamination. All you need to know in times of corona virus
The need and importance of hand washing in healthcare system and for people involved in patient care. When and how to wash hands? Differences between alcohol based hand rubs and hand washing.
WHO and CDC guidelines on hand washing.
The document discusses proper procedures for cleaning and sterilizing dental instruments. It outlines the following key steps: 1) Clean instruments manually or using an ultrasonic cleaner or washer; 2) Dry cleaned instruments with disposable cloth; 3) Package instruments in sterilization wraps; 4) Sterilize using steam, chemical vapor, or dry heat sterilization methods approved for dental use; 5) Store sterilized packaged instruments to maintain sterility. Proper cleaning is essential for effective sterilization.
Infection Control Guidelines for Nutrition Services [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Nutrition Services
Infection Prevention in Dietary Department
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
GUIDELINES FOR HEALTHCARE WORKERS ON INFECTION CONTROLJithin Raj RN CIC
This document provides guidelines for healthcare workers on proper waste management and infection control. It discusses the different types of waste generated in healthcare facilities and how they should be segregated, collected, stored, transported, treated and disposed of according to the Bio-medical Waste rules. The guidelines describe best practices for handling infectious waste like sharps, plastics and anatomical waste as well as hazardous materials like mercury to prevent the spread of healthcare associated infections.
Cross infection usually occurs in hospitals when patients become infected with diseases other than what they were admitted for. It can be transmitted directly from person to person through droplets or indirectly through contaminated objects. To prevent cross infection, hospitals must maintain cleanliness, safe food/water, disinfect medical equipment, and use proper isolation techniques like respiratory, intestinal, and contact isolation. Medical staff must also follow aseptic practices like hand washing, wearing masks and gowns, and disinfecting surfaces.
This document discusses cleaning and disinfection of medical instruments. It notes that cleaning is the first step to remove visible and non-visible soils before sterilization. Proper cleaning is important to reduce the microbial load and prevent transmission of infection. The document outlines the cleaning process and highlights the importance of promptly cleaning instruments after use to prevent bacterial growth. It also discusses the different classifications of medical devices based on infection risk and appropriate disinfection or sterilization methods.
This test method provides a quantitative procedure for evaluating the degree of antibacterial activity of finishes on textile materials. It involves inoculating test and control fabric swatches with bacteria, incubating them over different time periods, and calculating the percentage reduction in bacteria by the treated test swatches compared to the controls. Both qualitative and quantitative tests are described to determine bacteriostatic versus bactericidal activity. Safety precautions for working with bacteria and chemicals are also outlined.
This document is a project report submitted by students of IIPM New Delhi analyzing the demand for HUL's detergent brand Surf Excel. It begins with an acknowledgment and introduction sections. It then provides an executive summary of HUL as a company, its brands and distribution network. The report contains chapters on HUL's product lines, demand forecasting, market share analysis, competitors, SWOT analysis, and forecasting methods. It aims to analyze HUL's past performance and future demand for its FMCG products to forecast future demand for Surf Excel. Methodology includes collecting secondary data from sources like websites, journals and analyzing graphs to understand trends.
This document is a project file for a study comparing Lux and Dettol soap brands. It includes sections on introduction, tabular and graphical analysis of survey results, interpretations, and conclusions. 50 people participated in the survey, providing data on their demographics, soap preferences, perceptions of brand benefits, and purchasing habits. Charts show most prefer Lux for its availability and benefits, and most purchase soap from local markets. In conclusions, the author found Lux to be the preferred brand but sees little difference between the brands.
The document discusses top soap brands in India. It provides background on the introduction of soap to India during British rule. The top three soap brands in India today are Hindustan Unilever Limited, Godrej, and Nirma, which together account for 88% of the market share. HUL is a dominant player with brands like Lux and Lifebuoy. The document also shares results from a survey on consumer soap preferences and brand perceptions in India. The top five preferred brands according to the survey are Lux, Dove, Pears, Dettol, and Lifebuoy.
This document discusses Dettol soap in Pakistan. It provides statistical data on the soap market size and Dettol's market share. It also discusses Dettol's target market and brand associations. The document notes that while consumers strongly associate Dettol with antiseptic qualities, its extension into mild skincare was not well received. To address this, Dettol repositioned itself with a new orange-scented soap that leaves users feeling fresh while still providing germ protection. The conclusion recommends Dettol capitalize on its safety image and increase innovations to move up the brand value pyramid.
Study of consumer behaviour and perception towards different soap brands in m...Suyog Patil
This document summarizes a study on consumer behavior related to soap brands in Mumbai. The objectives were to determine consumer awareness, perceptions, purchase factors, and effects of ingredients. The methodology included surveys of 25 customers using a structured online questionnaire. Key findings were that 16% preferred medicated soap, 28% preferred branded products, and Dettol was highly used for its germ-killing and cleaning qualities. The conclusions were that soaps are primarily purchased based on brand name, antiseptic quality, skin care benefits, and price.
IMC, Media Planning, Media Budget, Marketing plan, ATL and BTL, Above the line and below the line, Media selection, Communication Strategy and Plan, IMC program
The document discusses Hindustan Lever Limited's (HLL) detergent brand Surf Excel. It provides a summary of a market research project conducted on Surf Excel in Orissa, India. The summary includes the objectives of studying Surf Excel's business, marketing practices, competitors and customers in Orissa. Key findings were that Surf Excel has high brand recall and a 66% market share in Orissa. Television was the most used information source but ad recall was low. Over 50% of customers preferred larger pack sizes than 200g. In conclusion, Surf Excel was found to have excellent customer reviews for its cleansing ability and availability.
summer internship project report presentation on HULAruna Lambha
Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is India's largest fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) company. It has a majority market share in personal care and household products categories. However, HUL faces intense competition from other major FMCG players such as ITC, Procter & Gamble, and Nestle. A SWOT analysis found that HUL has strong brands and distribution but is losing market share in some categories. The document recommends that HUL focus on expanding in food, continue innovating, and launch products for lower income segments to maintain its competitive advantage.
This document is a project report submitted by Rohit Kumar to the Department of Business Studies at Keshav Mahavidyalaya exploring consumer behavior toward Lux soap. It includes an introduction, industry and company profiles on the soap industry and Lux soap, objectives of the report, limitations of the study, and a product profile of Lux soap. The majority of the report appears to be a summary of responses to a questionnaire about Lux soap, including names of respondents and sections on factors influencing soap purchases, opinions of Lux, effectiveness of Lux advertising, and awareness of soap brands.
This document provides an overview of soaps in India, including their history and marketing. It discusses the major soap categories and brands in India, how soaps are sold through different retail outlets like general stores and pan shops, and consumer preferences that vary by region. It also provides background on leading soap companies like Johnson & Johnson, describing their history and operations in India. The document contains detailed information on popular health soap brands Savlon, Dettol, and Lifebuoy, including their various product lines and ingredients.
This document discusses the role of sales promotions in the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. It begins by defining FMCG products as everyday consumer items that have a relatively fast inventory turnover and are purchased frequently. Sales promotions are an important part of marketing strategy for most FMCG companies. A survey was conducted to analyze consumer behavior and responses to sales promotion campaigns. The results showed that while some customers are strongly loyal to brands, consumers do respond to and are influenced by sales promotion activities.
This document discusses market research conducted on Dettol, a brand of hygiene products owned by Reckitt Benckiser. It provides the following key points:
1. Dettol has been a trusted brand in India since 1933 and is consistently rated as one of India's most trusted brands. It offers multiple hygiene products including soaps, hand wash, and hand sanitizer.
2. The document outlines various chapters covering topics such as the Indian personal hygiene market, Reckitt Benckiser as a company, the history and statistics of the Dettol brand, and analyses of Dettol soap.
3. Market research methods discussed include surveys, focus groups, and analyzing secondary data to understand customers
This is a powerpoint presentation prepared by me... explaining about IMC plans of Coca cola Inc. This is very useful for presentations in colleges, MBA institutes etc. Send your suggestions and likes on my email id- a380onkar@yahoo.co.in
This study evaluated the efficacy of commercially available disinfectant hand sanitizers in the reduction of the bioburden of bacterial hand contamination in twelve (12) volunteer participants. The products tested were: (1.) ethyl alcohol-based hand gel sanitizers, (2.) isopropyl alcohol-based hand gel sanitizers, (3.) water-benzalkonium chloride hand sanitizers, and (4.) 2-propanol-benzalkonium chloride disinfectants, that were all accessible in supermarkets
The purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial recovery and transfer from three biometric sensors and the survivability of bacteria on the devices. The modalities tested were fingerprint, hand geometry and hand vein recognition, all of which require sensor contact with the hand or fingers to collect the biometric. Each sensor was tested separately with two species of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Survivability was investigated by sterilizing the sensor surface, applying a known volume of diluted bacterial culture to the sensor and allowing it to dry. Bacteria were recovered at 5, 20, 40 and 60 minutes after drying by touching the contaminated device with a sterile finger cot. The finger cot was re-suspended in 5 mL of saline solution, and plated dilutions to obtain live cells counts from the bacterial recovery. The transferability of bacteria from each device surface was investigated by touching the contaminated device and then touching a plate to transfer the bacteria to growth medium to obtain live cell counts. The time lapse between consecutive touches was one minute, with the number of touches was n = 50. Again, S. aureus and E. coli were used separately as detection organisms. This paper will describe the results of the study in terms of survival curves and transfer curves of each bacterial strain for each device.
This document discusses hand hygiene and proper hand washing techniques for healthcare workers. It begins by defining various types of hand hygiene and outlines the normal bacterial flora found on hands. It then explains how pathogens can be transmitted between patients via healthcare workers' hands if hand hygiene is not properly performed. The document provides guidelines for proper hand washing and surgical hand preparation. It stresses that hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Finally, it discusses various strategies that can be used to promote and monitor hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers.
The document discusses the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings for preventing the spread of infections from healthcare workers' hands to patients. It notes that hand hygiene, including proper hand washing and use of alcohol-based hand rub, is the most effective way to reduce transmission of harmful germs. However, compliance with hand hygiene guidelines among healthcare workers remains unacceptably low. The document therefore recommends various strategies and products like alcohol-based hand rub to help improve hand hygiene practices in clinical settings.
The document discusses handwashing and hygiene practices in a hospital setting. It defines different types of handwashing including medical, surgical, and hand hygiene. It explains that transient flora on hands can transmit diseases while resident flora is generally harmless. Regular handwashing with soap and water or alcohol-based rubs removes transient bacteria and prevents transmission of infections.
The document discusses hand washing and hygiene practices in a hospital setting. It defines different types of hand washing including medical, surgical, and hand hygiene. It explains that transient flora on the hands can transmit diseases while resident flora is generally harmless. Regular hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based rubs can significantly reduce bacteria and prevent transmission of infections. Proper hand hygiene is essential for infection control in healthcare facilities.
This study evaluated Anolyte solutions as disinfectant hand washing agents. Contact plates were used to sample hands before and after washing with sterile water, sodium bicarbonate Anolyte, and sodium chloride Anolyte. The sodium chloride Anolyte virtually sterilized hands after washing as determined by culture plates and wash water samples. The sodium bicarbonate Anolyte reduced bacteria by 1 log compared to sterile water but did not fully sanitize hands. Both Anolyte solutions were more effective disinfectants than sterile water for hand washing.
Hand hygiene, specifically cleaning hands before touching patients, is the most important way to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. The WHO recommends cleaning hands at 5 key moments: before touching a patient, before clean procedures, after body fluid exposure, after touching a patient, and after contact with surfaces near the patient. Alcohol-based handrubs are more effective at killing germs than soap and water, take less time, and are less damaging to skin. Proper hand hygiene, including using alcohol-based handrubs, can significantly reduce healthcare-associated infections.
A newly invented antibacterial in decontamination of reusable hospital a deviceAlexander Decker
This document describes a study that tested the effectiveness of a newly invented antibacterial solution for decontaminating reusable medical devices. 18 used medical devices were collected from an intensive care unit and decontaminated using different concentrations and contact times of Sidr tree leaf extract, hydrogen peroxide, and their combination. Mixing 62.5 g/L Sidr extract with 1.5% hydrogen peroxide was found to effectively eradicate contamination from the devices after 30 minutes of contact. The new antibacterial agent shows potential for decontaminating reusable medical equipment.
A Study on Evaluation and Effectiveness of Herbal Hand Sanitizer and its Anti...ijtsrd
An ever increasing number of customers might want Good hygiene is a minister to health, comfort, and social interactions. Current society is well aware of hygiene. Washing hands is one of the simplest, most effective ways to get rid of germs and avoid infection. Transient microorganisms can be of any type, from any source may contact the body. As hands carry out the majority of functions of the humans body and are exposed to a variety of substances, hands hygiene plays a chief conscientiousness. Herbal plants are the unique resources of every country with potent medicinal properties pave ways towards sustainable health. In this present study, the combination of Trachyspermum copticum, Coleus aromaticus, Acorus calamus, Mentha piperita, Piper nigram, Elatteria cardamomum and Aloe barbadensis were used to formulate herbal hand sanitizer. The hand wash samples were subjected to microbial analysis. The isolated strains (Yersinia, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas) were characterized by their cultural characterization and confirmed using selective media. Herbal sanitizer possesses vitamin C (.4%), vitamin A (0.062) and considerable microbial load. The antioxidant activity was found to be 49% and the susceptibility test showed more activity found in Yersinia sp. > Proteus sp > Salmonella sp. > Klebseilla sp. > Pseudomonas sp. > E.coli. Dr. R. Kalaivani | Ms. S. V. Bakiyalakshmi | P. Arulmozhi"A Study on Evaluation and Effectiveness of Herbal Hand Sanitizer and its Anti Bacterial Activity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12922.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/biotechnology-/12922/a-study-on-evaluation-and-effectiveness-of-herbal-hand-sanitizer-and-its-anti-bacterial-activity/dr-r-kalaivani
The document describes a study that tested the antifungal activity of a novel nanoemulsion (X8W60PC) against various clinically important yeasts and filamentous fungi. The main findings were:
1) 0.1% X8W60PC killed Candida albicans and C. tropicalis yeast cells in 15 minutes, reducing their numbers by over 4 and 6 logs, respectively.
2) The minimum inhibitory concentration of X8W60PC was 0.08% for C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and several filamentous fungi.
3) Electron microscopy images showed that X8W60PC disrupted the integrity of C. albic
Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of some alcohol based hand sanitizers so...Mushafau Adebayo Oke
This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of 4 popular hand sanitizers sold in Ilorin, Nigeria. Hygel was the most effective, inhibiting all test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) with zones of inhibition ranging from 14.3mm to 28.0mm. Dettol only inhibited P. aeruginosa (14.5mm zone). The other products (SKP and Samclean) did not inhibit any organisms. Hygel and Dettol were both bacteriostatic at 100% concentration (their MIC) against all test organisms, and neither was bactericidal. In vivo testing found Hy
The document discusses guidelines for developing and implementing an effective infection control program in hospitals, including establishing an infection control team, conducting surveillance to monitor infection rates, implementing standard precautions like hand hygiene and proper waste disposal, and using antimicrobials appropriately through an understanding of their mechanisms of action and developing resistance.
Hand hygiene is a primary way to prevent the spread of infection. It involves cleaning one's hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer to reduce harmful microorganisms. The document discusses the importance of hand washing in clinical practice and provides the steps for proper hand washing technique. These include wetting hands, applying soap, rubbing hands together for 10-15 seconds, rinsing thoroughly, and drying hands to remove pathogens and prevent the transmission of infection.
This document discusses the effectiveness of hand washing in reducing bacterial contamination. It begins by discussing the historical discovery of hand washing in disease prevention. It then describes an experiment where fluorescent dye is used to show that proper hand washing with soap for 20 seconds reduces bacteria on the hands, as seen under UV light. The document outlines a procedure where agar plates are used to culture bacteria from fingertips that are unwashed, washed with water only, washed with soap and water, and sanitized. It demonstrates that washing with soap and water for 40 seconds or more is most effective at reducing bacterial growth.
How to use hand sanitizer, what is the history of hand sanitizer, why hand sanitizer is important, Why alcohol is used in maximum hand sanitizer, Risk and Mitigation, What are the benefits of hydrogen peroxide, Mechanism of Alcohol, Antimicrobial properties of antiseptics used in hand sanitizer.
This document provides an orientation on infection control practices. It discusses standard precautions including hand hygiene, personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, isolation practices, management of occupational exposures, cleaning and sterilization, and waste management. The infection control department's role is to minimize hospital-acquired infections through education, implementing guidelines, and surveillance. Standard precautions should be followed for all patient care to prevent transmission of pathogens and includes practices like hand hygiene, use of gloves, gowns, masks and other protective equipment depending on the procedure.
Sterilization and disinfection of orthodontic instruments /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection procedures for orthodontic instruments and materials. It defines sterilization as eliminating all microorganisms, while disinfection destroys pathogens. Common pathogens like hepatitis B and HIV that orthodontists are at risk for transmitting are described. Proper sterilization and disinfection of instruments, surfaces, and hands are critical to prevent cross-contamination. Common sterilization methods for orthodontic offices include steam autoclaving, dry heat, and chemical vapor sterilization, with each having advantages and limitations. Proper cleaning and drying of instruments is also emphasized prior to sterilization.
This document provides a history and overview of hand hygiene guidelines and practices in healthcare settings. It discusses how recommendations have evolved over time, from Semmelweis' work in 1846 demonstrating the importance of handwashing in reducing maternal mortality, to the WHO's 2009 guidelines recommending alcohol-based hand rubs when hands are not visibly soiled. The document outlines the five moments for hand hygiene according to WHO, reviews different hand hygiene products and techniques, including for surgical hand preparation, and discusses barriers to adherence and ways to promote a culture of hand hygiene compliance.
Ignaz Semmelweis discovered that handwashing with antiseptic solutions could prevent the spread of disease between patients. He observed that women giving birth in clinics where doctors examined corpses first without washing hands had a higher rate of puerperal fever than clinics where this did not occur. Proper hand hygiene, including washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub, is important in medical settings to remove pathogens and prevent transmission of infection between patients and staff. The World Health Organization recommends cleaning hands at five key moments: before touching a patient, before clean procedures, after risk of body fluid exposure, after touching a patient, and after contact with patient surroundings.
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
The document describes a case study of an 18-year-old female patient who developed toxic epidermal necrolysis as a severe adverse reaction to the drug sulfasalazine, which she had been taking for ankylosing spondylitis. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with high dose corticosteroids, fluid replacement, and supportive care. She improved with treatment and was discharged with only post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
This study examined self-medication practices for oral health problems among dental patients in Bangalore, India. The study found that 100% of the 175 dental patients surveyed practiced self-medication. Toothache was the most common triggering factor reported. Analgesics and herbal remedies were commonly used for self-treatment. Most participants consulted pharmacists for advice on self-medication and would see a dentist only if problems persisted after self-medicating. The high prevalence of self-medication indicates a need for education programs to increase awareness of risks.
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Answers Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
D0421019023
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 2(February 2014), Pp 19-23
Antibacterial Activity of Liquid Hand Washes Against Daily
Encounter Bacteria
Ahmad Naeem Sajed1, Dr. Shagufta2, Dr. Sajjad Haider2, Prof. Dr.Nosheen
Wasim Yousaf2, Dr. Imran Ahmed3 Shan Ali4, Dr. Sadaf Imran3
1,
Emergency Services Academy Rescue 1122 Lahore Pakistan
Pathology Department Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore Pakistan
3,
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan
4,
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology The University of Lahore
2,
ABSTRACT: Hands are out in the open to a lot of substances which comprises of dirt touching during
personal hygiene, raw and contaminated materials. Bacteria are deposited on skin from external source causing
variety of infections. Cleaning hands with antibacterial hand washes stops the spread of bacteria or loose
transient flora preventing cross infections. 195 samples were used for determination of MIC and MBC of
different antibacterial hand washes with inoculations of a variety of bacteria. Phenol was used as control to
measure up its activity with liquid soaps. In the list of liquid soaps, safeguard was found with highest efficacy in
terms of its minimum inhibitory concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli while
Johnson and Johnson baby liquid soap had maximum activity against various microorganisms. In order as
Johnson and Johnson > Dettol >Safeguard >Lifebuoy >Lux. Staphylococcus aureus had growing resistance
against various liquid soaps as Safeguard < Johnson and Johnson < Dettol < Lifebuoy < Lux liquid soaps.
Escherichia coli had lessen in sensitivity against various liquid soaps as Safeguard > Johnson and Johnson >
Lifebuoy > Lux > Dettol. The MBC values were found to be two to three times greater than its MIC values. The
results prove that liquid soaps have a greater effect on inhibition and removal of bacterial population than plain
soaps.
KEYWORDS: Liquid soaps, activity, pathogenic bacteria
I.
INRODUCTION
Hands perform the many functions of the human body and are open to a variety of substances which
take account of dust, different body fluids, raw and contaminated materials from environment and during
personal hygiene1. Cleaning hands with antibacterial hand washes stops the spread of microbes or loose
transient flora thus preventing infections2. After washing hand with liquid hand washes there remain a layer on
our skin exterior, this layer protects our normal flora of hands ensuing low rate of different nosocomial
infections3. The simple act of washing hands with soap can cut the risk of diarrhea by more or less half and
respiratory tract infections by a third. This makes hand washing a better option for disease prevention than any
single vaccine4.Hands that are apparently soiled or potentially tainted with muck or organic material must be
washed with liquid soap and water.
The significance of hand washing is more vital when it is allied to health care workers because of
possible contagion of bacteria that can be pathogenic or opportunistic5. Studies have revealed that liquid soaps
contain antimicrobial active ingredients which take away more bacteria as compared to plain soap3. For control
of Staphylococcal infections in hospitals and other health cares, it has been found that the greatest benefits from
hand washing came from the first 20% of washing and very petite additional benefits were gained when hand
clean-up rate was increased beyond 35%. Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of
bacterial infectious diseases transmitted to food as compared to washing withantibacterial hand washes.
Comparing hand washes with alcohol-based solutions and washing with antibacterial for a median time of 30
seconds, each one showed that the alcohol-based hand washes reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than
the antibacterial. But liquid soap and water is the more effective than alcohol-based hand rubs for reducing
H1N1 influenza A virus and Clostridium diffcile spores from hands6. The results of a clinical trial with HIV
patients found that liquid soap decreased itching symptoms 100% and infectious wounds and abscess7. Modified
detergents are added in their formulation that enhances their antibacterial activity. So as to all Pakistani branded
liquid soaps like Dettol, Lux, Johnson and Johnson, Lifebuoy and Safeguard have ability to remove 65% to 85%
bacterial population, prevailing on human skin8. Excellent hand germ-free surface cleaning and disinfection can
diminish the possibility of spreading diseases. Bacteria can multiply and grow up in the homes for the most part
19
2. Antibacterial Activity Of Liquid Hand…
in the kitchen, bathroom and laundry areas. The maximum count of bacteria in the kitchen and bathrooms are
found in wet and soaked areas around the cloths for wiping and or drying kitchen surfaces and the areas
around the bathroom sinks9. Liquid hand washes contain a substance triclosan that may represent a latent public
health risk in regard to development of concomitant resistance to clinically important antibacterial10 but the
number of studies elucidating the alliance between triclosan assistance and resistance to other antibacterial in
clinical isolates has been limited.
II.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study was conducted in Microbiology Llaboratory Pathology Department, Allama Iqbal
Medical College Lahore Pakistan.
Sample collection
Sterile cotton wool swab sticks wetted by sinking in normal saline were used to collect samples from
different peoples (students, laboratory staff, sweepers and teachers). A sum of 195 samples comprising 75 from
unwashed hand, 75 from washed hand with liquid soap and bars and 45 from those people who used gloves
were collected. As many area as possible of each hand were swabbed and more than one swab stick was used for
each hand. The swab sample was brought to the Microbiology laboratory for further processing.
Table 1 showing nature of samples and its collection from various age groups
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
Age
15-20
20-30
30-40
Unwashed
25
30
20
Nature of samples
Washed
25
30
20
Total samples
Glove user
15
15
15
65
75
55
Sample processing
Collected samples were processed by swab on nutrient agar. The media was prepared according to the
manufacturer instructions and after preparation and sterilization poured into the plates. The plates were then
incubated for 24 hours to check the sterility of the media.
Isolation of bacteria
Colonies that were grown on nutrient agar were sub cultured on Blood agar, MacCon key agar and
EMB agar for isolation of various bacteria. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ºC. Bacterial colonies
that developed on the plates were then identified by colony morphology, microscopy of isolated bacteria and
various biochemical tests11.
Determination of MIC by Broth Micro Dilution
Two fold serial dilutions of disinfectants were prepared and subjected against broth culture of bacteria.
These two fold dilutions of disinfectants were added in micro titer plate’s wells, eight in vertical and twelve
horizontal. Each micro tube was filled with 100 µl (0.1ml) without two dilution of hand wash concentration in
appropriate wells with the help of micropipette. Then 50 µl culture broths of each selected bacteria were added
in each dilution well to inculcate. Then those plates were covered with sterilized cover made up of plastic. These
micro titer plates were incubated for 24 hours at temperature of 35 to 37 ºC. After incubation these plates were
placed under magnifying mirror to compare the growth and inhibition of bacterial growth in each well. Turbidity
in wells showed as haze or pellet in the bottom of well12.
Turbidity analysis method
The growth of the selected bacteria in the broth medium with varied concentration of hand washes were
determined by turbidity analysis method. In all the bacterial maximum turbidity was recorded at lower
concentration of hand washes except a few whereas the minimum value was recorded at higher concentration of
hand washes13.
Determination of minimum bactericidal concentration by agar method (MBC)
MBC of hand washes were determined by inoculated 10 µl of the broth incubated with various
dilutions, hand washes which were cultured on Muller-Hinton agar plate and incubated for 24 hours at 35 to 37
ºC. Then growth was checked by observing bacterial colonies on the plates and compare with the standard
broths of selected bacteria without hand washes. The reduction of growth to 99.9% at various dilutions of hand
washes in each well of the micro titer plate considered as MBC of hand washes dilutions.
20
3. Antibacterial Activity Of Liquid Hand…
III.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Bacterial isolated colonies that developed on the culture plates (on nutrient agar, blood agar, maconkey
agar, and EMB agar) were counted in number and in percentage on microbial colony counter. The Escherichia
coli was 28% in unwashed hands while those washed with liquid soaps did not show any growth pattern, in the
case of gloves used were 6.67% and those used plane soap 1.02%. Colonies of Pseudomonas aeroginosa were
counted in unwashed hands 17.33%, it was grow in those hands that were used liquid soap and plane soap1.02%
but glove user’s colonies were counted 2.22%. In Enterobactor species 10.67% colonies were isolated in
unwashed hands and no growth were determined in those who were washed their hands with hand washes, in
glove users 4.44% colonies were counted. In unwashed hands 14.67% colonies of Bacillus subtilis were
counted, in the case of liquid and plane soap and glove users there was no observed isolated bacterial colony.
Percentage showed in unwashed hands of Shigella dysenteriae 9.33% and for plane soap were 2.05, there is no
growth pattern when washed with liquid soap and in the case of glove user colonies were 2.22%.The
Staphylococcus aureus was 12% in unwashed hands while 1.02% was for isolated colonies counted in washed
hands with liquid and plane soap and in glove user was 4.44%. Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated from
unwashed hands 8.00% and from glove users 2.22% but there was no isolated colony found in the case of hand
washes.
Table 2 Percentage of Isolated Bacteria from unwashed hands, glove users and washed with hand washes.
Unwashed
Sr.
No.
Isolated Bacteria
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
E. coli
P. aeroginosa
Enterobacter spp.
B. subtilis
S. dysenteriae
Staph. aureus
Staph. epidermidis
NO.
21
13
08
11
07
09
06
%
28.00
17.33
10.67
14.67
09.33
12.00
08.00
Washed
(Liquid Soap)
NO.
%
Washed
(Plane Soap)
NO.
%
NO.
00
02
00
04
00
02
00
02
01
00
00
04
02
00
03
01
02
00
01
02
01
00.00
01.02
00.00
00.00
00.00
01.02
00.00
1.02
0.51
0.00
0.00
2.05
1.02
0.00
Glove User
%
6.67
2.22
4.44
00.00
2.22
4.44
2.22
E - Escherichia, P- Pseudomonas, B- Bacillus, S- Shigella, Staph - Staphylococcus
These results illustrate that liquid soap significantly depressed the bacterial population than plane
soaps. Similar result have deduced by Toshima in 200114. Actually the liquid soaps hold ingredients (Iodophor
and Triclosan). Triclosan is a bactericidal and appears to act upon several non specific targets. Washing with
liquid soap is enough to diminish bacteria. Plane soap is less effective than liquid soap. This was also confirmed
by Connie and George from London in the Text Book of diagnostic Microbiology that liquid soaps have a
greater effect on inhibition and removal of bacterial population than bars 11.The minimum inhibition of
concentration detected on different dilutions of selective hand washes like Lux, Safeguard, Lifebuoy, Dettol and
Jonson and Jonson. MIC determined in micro titer plate in which well add inoculums of growth bacteria and
diluted hand washes. On two dilution bacterial growth were high. Dettol > Lux > Lifebuoy > Jonson >
Safeguard > 38096 > 26710 > 25944 > 5892 > 4098. It was observed the low growth on 3 rd dilution not
minimum. On 4th dilution at 50 ml inoculums and 100 µl disinfectants, 24572 > 17882 > 12286 > 9214 > 8304
tested the concentration of bacterial growth by a turbidity analysis in micro titer plate. On1ml/100 µl diluted
sample was high bacterial concentration of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus
and Shigella dysenteriae, no growth of Bacillus subtilis. When increased the dilution at 10ml/100 µl Escherichia
coli showed moderate growth as well as in Pseudomonas aeroginosa also in Staphylococcus aureus and no
growth of Bacillus subtilis. On 50ml/100 µl showed low bacterial growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeroginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Growth of Bacillus subtilis inhibited. On 4th dilution we got mandatory
results. Comparable results were also suggested by Hughes in 1996 that antimicrobial property of hand washes
was very useful against some pathogenic organisms such as multi-drug-resistant pathogens such as
Staphylococcus aureus15. Antibacterial soaps considered to be more effective than plain soaps our study
suggests that liquid hand washes are more efficient against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria than plain
soaps16. The results have revealed that MIC has increased with the passage of time as compared to previous
researches.
21
4. Antibacterial Activity Of Liquid Hand…
MBC of hand washes were determined by inoculated 10 µl of the broth incubated with various
dilutions hand washes, which were cultured on Muller-Hinton agar plate and incubated for 24 hours at 35 to 37
ºC.
Then growth was checked by observing bacterial colonies on the plates and match up to the standard broths of
selected bacteria without hand washes.
Table 3 Reduction Percentage of Isolated Bacteria for MBC
SR.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Test Organisms
Reduction 15 seconds
Reduction 30 seconds
Reduction 60 seconds
E. coli
P. aeroginosa
B. subtilis
Staph. aureus
Staph. epidermidis
Enterobacter Spp.
99.9%
99.9%
99.9%
99.8%
99.9%
99.9%
>99.9%
99.9%
>99.9%
99.8%
99.8%
99.9%
>99.9%
99.9%
>99.9%
99.8%
99.8%
99.9%
E - Escherichia, P- Pseudomonas, B- Bacillus, Staph - Staphylococcus, S- Shigella
The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is the lowest concentration in µl / ml of samples that
results in more than 99.9% killed of the bacteria being tested. The decline of growth to 70% at 50 µl dilution of
hand washes in each well of the micro titer plate as MBC of hand washes dilution. I required a 99.9% reduction
of growth. Then 100 µl of hand wash at that rate of dilution. MBC were determined 90% reduction of growth
again added 1000 µl diluted hand wash in micro titer plate the growth were checked its 99.9% reduction of
growth. According to Shahida Hasnain 2009 at Lahore Pakistan, MBC of hand washes were determined by
inoculated 10 µl of the broth incubated with various dilutions hand washes 13. My results are different than
Shahida Hasnain because of my determined MBC. Much of the debate regarding antiseptic products has focused
on the use of antibacterial hand wash that contain the active ingredient triclosan. Actually triclosan possesses
mostly antibacterial properties but also some antifungal and antiviral properties. Minimum inhibitory
concentration disinfectants were determined by broth dilution method. Minimum bactericidal concentration
(MBC) of liquid soaps was determined by agar method. Phenol was used as control to compare its activity with
liquid soaps. The MBC values were found to be two to three times greater than its MIC values. The results
confirmed that liquid soaps have a greater effect on inhibition and removal of bacterial population than plain
soaps.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Most of the people do not even bother to use hand washes in our daily life. Nobody knows the
significance of liquid hand washes even these are much better than plain soaps due to their ingredients and
effectiveness on our skin of hands and as well as suitable for all type of skin might be that was most sensitive.
Mostly hand washes protect us from many daily encounter bacteria.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am very thankful to Pathology department, Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore Pakistan.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
Johnson SA, Goddard PA, Iliffe C, Timmins B, Rickard AH, Robson G, and Handley PS, Comparative susceptibility of resident and
transient hand bacteria to para-chloro-meta-xylenol and triclosan, J. Appl. Microbiol. 93, 2002, 336-344.
Vineeta, A. F., Nursing staff workload as a determinant of methicillin-resiatant
Staphylococcus aureus spread in an adult intensive therapy unit. J. Hosp. Infect., 43, 2006. 109-113.
Lucet, J.C., Rigaud, M.P., Mentre, F., Kassis, N., Deblangy, C., Anderemont, A. and Bouvet, E., Elimination before and after
different hygiene techniques: a randomized clinical trial. J. Hosp. Infect., 50, 2002. 276-280.
Yolande, Y. L., and K. Bressler, The dirt on soap. 49, 2010, 53-55.
Richards, M. J., Edwards, J.R., Culver, D. H., Gaynes, R.p., Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United
States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Crit. Care Med., 27, 1999, 887-892.
Jabbar, S. A., Comparative susceptibility of resident and transient hand bacteria to parachloro meta-xylenol and triclosan. J. Appl.
Microbiol., 93, 2010, 336-344.
Allison, The growth of microfunhi on carbohydrates in softsoaps. In Single Cell Protein. Tannenbaum and D. I. C. Wang Eds., MIT
Press Cambridge MA, 2005, 314.
Cheesbrough, M., District Labopratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part., 2. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 2001.
Aiello, A., 2008. Consuimer antibacterial soaps: effective or just risky? Clin Infect Dis., 1:454 Suppl 2: S137-147.
Kaiser NE, Newman JL. Formulation technology as a key component in improving hand hygiene practices. Am J Infect Control, 34,
2006, 81.
Connie, R. M and Geropge, M., In the Text Book of diagnostic Microbiology connie RM George M. 6 th Ed. WB saunder. London,
United Lindom, 2000, p 327.
22
5. Antibacterial Activity Of Liquid Hand…
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
Rama, W.A., APIC guideline for swelection and use of disinfectants in hand hygine. Amer J Infect Control, 24(4), 2001, 313-342.
Shahida, H., Antibacterial activity of soap against daily encountered bacteria. Afric journal of biotechnology, 8(8), 2009, 14311436.
Toshima Y, Ojima M, Yamada H, Mori H, Tonomura M, Hioki Y, Koya E, Observation of everyday hand-washing behavior of
Japanese and effect of antibacterial soap, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 68, 2001, 83-91.
Hughes, J. M., Director, National Center for Infectious Diseases, 1996.
McMurry LM, Oethinger M, Levy SB. Triclosan targets lipid synthesis. Nature, 1998, 394:531–2.
23