An Unknown Disease Caused By Microorganisms

An Unknown Disease Caused By Microorganisms
Introduction Whenever there is an unknown disease caused by microorganisms, tests are usually made in order to identify the organism causing
the disease. There are several tests that need to be made and they include tests such as performing a gram stain, streaking a plate to isolate
colonies, inoculating a broth culture, inoculating API strip, and performing oxidase and catalase tests. Having knowledge on how to identify
these tests are of high importance in the medical field so it would be to the advantage of those individuals who know how to examine
microorganisms and be able to identify it by correctly performing tests on organisms. To begin with, a good way to get exposed to tests that will be
needed by people entering the medical field would be to perform practice test like being assigned an Unknown that students could identify by
performing tests. The Unknown that was assigned to me for example was Unknown #22. In order to identify Unknown #22 I had to perform
several test and make sure that all the results matched with each other to be sure that I had performed my tests right. The goal of my experiment is
to learn how to properly perform tests on an Unknown organism and be able to identify it. By learning to identify a specific microorganism and
performing various testing techniques I will be able to identify a microorganism if required when I am working in the medical field. When a
microorganism is identified, the doctors' job is made easier because they are able to
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Microorganisms Lab Report
Introduction
Life on this planet began with microorganisms. Through millions of years microorganisms have found ways to successfully adapt and survive. These
adaptations have created a wide biodiversity, allowing them to basically populate in all places. Why are these microbes so important? Because they
shape the history of our world. Some microbes can be deathly to humans while some others are favorable, for example, bacteria that lives in the gut of
both humans and animals and helps during the process of digestion (Alfred Brown & Heidi Smith, 2006). Understanding these interactions help
scientists to find ways to protect humans from potential deathly pathogens. In order to observe microbes, microscope proficiency and microorganisms'
identification are crucial skills in a microbiology lab. During this laboratory session, samples of environmental and human organisms were inoculated
into two different rich media and incubated to their according temperature. After this, appropriate use and calibration of the microscope was
performed. Lastly, morphology and size of different species of bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoan were recorded.
Materials and Methods
Nutrient Broth and Nutrient Agar were used to inoculate bacteria taken from different surfaces. Nutrient agar plate was inoculated with a sample taken
from skin surface. A sterile cotton swab was first immersed on sterile water, then, rubbed against the skin with swirling motion and transferred to an
agar plate by rubbing

Common Microorganisms Essay
INTRODUCTION
Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, mold, and yeast are present and common in almost every environment on earth. The normally microscopic
organisms can easily be seen using differing types of agar, which creates an ideal environment for the organisms to form colonies, which are groups of
hundreds of organisms that can be seen with the naked eye. In order to see individual microorganisms, it is necessary to use the magnification of a
high–powered microscope.
These techniques of microbiology are used in the following five experiments. The first experiment used Trypticase SoyNutrient Agar (TSA), which can
grow a wide variety of organisms and contains casein and soybean meal and a minute NaCl, to study the effectiveness of...show more content...
Label them A, B, C, and D.
3) Press the pad of a dirty thumb onto quadrant A.
4) Swab the thumb with sterile water, allow to dry, and imprint it onto quadrant B. The sterile water acts as a control.
5) Press the other dirty thumb onto quadrant C.
6) Swab this thumb with the alcohol swab, allow to dry, and imprint on quadrant D.
Experiment 2. Effectiveness of mouthwash as an antiseptic
1) Divide a petri plate with Trypticase soy agar into 2 quadrants.
2) Swab the inside of your mouth with a sterile cotton swab, inoculate one half of the agar.
3) Rinse your mouth with Listerine brand mouthwash. Wait 5 minutes after rinsing.
4) Swab the inside of your mouth with a clean sterile swab, inoculate the second half of the agar.
Experiment 3. Normal human flora
1) Obtain two petri dishes containing one half Trypticase Soy Agar and one half Mannitol Salt Agar.
2) Moisten two sterile swabs in sterile water, remove excess water, and then use one of them to swab the inside of your nose, and the other to swab a
patch of skin, like your neck.
3) Inoculate each dish of agar with either the nose or shin swab on both sections.
Note: For experiments one through three, each petri plate should be taped shut and stored upside–down for one week at room temperature to incubate
the

Pros And Cons Of Microorganisms
Aum Bansal
Mr Marlon A. Uson
Science
6th September 2014
Microorganisms are good or bad
Some of the organisms don't have tissues, organs, organ systems they have a body made of one cell are called microorganisms. Microorganisms
are organisms which can mostly be seen by a microscope but sometimes they can also be seen by naked eye as the live in big groups as they double
after eating food. They are found everywhere in the world, they are in us, in plants, in animals, in chemicals, in factories, they are everywhere and they
are even in air. There are five main types of microorganisms that are FUNGI,BACTERIA, PROTOZOA, ALGAE and last but not the least VIRUSES.
Fungi are non–green plants .They lack chloroplast and so they cannot make their own food. But like other plants they have cell wall. Yeast, mould,
mushroom...show more content...
Good microorganisms such as lactobacilli, yeast, some mushrooms and some protozoa. They protect us from diseases. The lactobacillus prevents us or
fights bacterial diseases.
The hierarchy of life
In the hierarchy of life it comes in the 8th position. The hierarchy of life starts with atoms, then molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ
system, us or organisms, then population, then eco–system, then biomass and last but not the least our MOTHER EARTH scientifically named as
biosphere. Hierarchy of life is one of the important things.
Is bacteria good, bad or both
Bacteria are both good and bad. Without bacteria we would die, but some bacteria could easily kill us: it all depends which ones they are. The good
ones, those we need to survive, are there to digest our food (in our intestines) and to live on our skin and in our mouth. By doing so they provide a
protection against bad bacteria, that make you sick, and these are called 'pathogenic bacteria'. (Skipor)
Is virus good, bad or

Introduction to microorganisms and antimicrobial resistance
Microorganisms have lived between us on the earth for more than 3.8 billion years and show the greatest metabolic and genetic varieties. They are vey
essential component and play an important role in maintenance of the ecosystem. They compose almost 50% of the living biomass. In order to survive,
microorganisms have developed different mechanisms that enable them to respond to selective pressure applied by environment and different
challenge. For example; microorganisms that cause diseases for human have developed resistance mechanism to fight antimicrobial agents.
(Byarugaba.D.K.,2009)
Antibiotics are drugs used for fighting infectious diseases caused by bacteria. In the last 60 years, antibiotics have become one of the cornerstones of
new medicine. They have a critical role in reducing illness and even death from infectious diseases. Without this miracle drug, many of the new
therapies and medical procedures that are used today wouldn't be possible, for example; organ transplants, chemotherapy and joint operation.
. (Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Hamburg German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, 2013) Antibiotics are selective agents that act
on vital microbial functions without affecting host functions. They act in different ways, and the understanding of these ways is essential to understand
mechanism of bacterial resistance. These agents are described either

Introduction:
Microorganisms have been used by human beings to their benefit for centuries.
Ancient biotechnology utilized yeast to make bread and wine – perhaps well before they
even knew that tiny microbes were causing bread to rise, or grapes to ferment! In the
modern day, the use of microbes has extended so far as to actually help us reverse the
damages we cause to the environment. One such environmental application of
microorganisms is Bioremediation – the use of either indigenous or Hydrocarbonoclastic
bacteria (HCBs) to rapidly digest hydrocarbons from oil spills.
According to a recent study by The International Tanker Owners Pollution
Federation Limited, between 2010 and 2012 there were 21 tanker spills, 5 of which were
above 700 tons (2012). The use of often naturally occurring bacteria to digest these oil
spills is now being heavily studied and implemented as a means to clean up these
disastrous oil spills. Biostimulation (the addition of inorganic nutrients that would
normally be limiting) has been studied as a potential measure to encourage indigenous

microbes to increase their rate of hydrocarbon digestion in order to expedite the process of
oil spill clean–up. Bioaugmentation, the process of introducing HCBs to a native community
to increase efficacy of bioremediation, has also been studied in addition to the effect of the
addition of surfactants in both cases (McKew et al., 2007). Because oil–spills tend to contain
every

Unknown Microorganism
The study of two unknown microorganisms was completed by using methods taught in the microbiology laboratory. The basis of the study was
identification of those two microorganisms. Identification of the microorganisms is important in many aspects of medicine. Some of these include
source of infection, proper treatment, and which antibiotics are effective against the microorganism present.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
An unknown mixed culture was distributed by the Microbiology instructor labeled with a "3", which was the assigned group number. The group was
informed that there were two unknown microorganisms within the tube. Procedures were then completed in a specified order based on methods taught
in the laboratory using the assistance of the assigned...show more content...
Crystal violet stains the cell of the bacteria and is placed over the heat fixed slide for one minute then rinsed with H2O. The mordant that binds the
stain is gram's iodine and is recommended to be present on the slide for one minute. Alcohol is used as the decolorizer and is dripped over the
recently rinsed slide until the slide runs slightly blue. If the bacterium retains the crystal violet it is due to the thicker peptidoglycan in the cell wall
(gram–positive). The bacteria will then be stained with the counterstain safranin for 45 seconds. When crystal violet is not retained in the cell wall of
the bacterium it will stain pink (gram–negative). A gram stain was immediately performed with the recently inoculated streak plate. An inoculating
loop was used to gather some of the bacteria from an isolated colony. The loop was placed on a new slide and the transferred bacterium to the slide.
The slide was dried, heat–fixed, and the gram stain process just described was completed. After microscopic analysis, it was determined the first
unknown bacteria was a gram–positive cocci. The second unknown was determined to be gram–negative cocci. With this information a set group of test
decided and performed based on the Unknown Bacteria Flow Chart as provided in the lab manual (Pg.) these test and the results are shown in record
on the following pages. These are separated for the gram positive and the gram negative

Microorganisms In Environment
The risk assessment associated with e.g. detecting microorganisms in the environment and methods for monitoring microbe concentration could pose a
challenge as compared to genetically modified (GM) crops (SACGM., 2015). This is because microbial reproduction and their capability for survival in
wide environmental conditions is not yet studied thus, possible risks remain unknown especially once released into the environment. One would
design experiments to close the knowledge gap e.g. in behaviour and the fate of microbes in the environment though it is currently a big challenge.
Despite challenges in knowledge gap, conducting and designing experiments in containment is vital in acquiring sufficient data to inform synthetic
biology...show more content...
Risk assessment of genetically modified microbes for deliberate release in feed and food applications has not been approved however, there are
other applications where similar methods have not hindered innovation (JГ¶rg Ettenauer et al, 2015). An example is the use of novel applications
such as the production of animal and human vaccines and gene therapy. It is possible that the acquired experience from the use of such methods
could be applied to inform and encourage similar approaches to food and feed applications. There is however a regulatory mechanism in place
where if the microbes are deemed safe, Companies can obtain an exemption from the contained use directive (JГ¶rg Ettenauer et al, 2015). Whether
that can apply to food and feed applications is not yet clear. An example is where an application applied for an exemption for a bacterial biosensor
(E coli), to detect arsenic in ground water (JГ¶rg Ettenauer et al, 2015). On detecting arsenic levels in ground water, the biosensor is engineered to
turn green for safe levels or violet for dangerous levels, all under World Health Organisation (WHO) standards (JГ¶rg Ettenauer et al, 2015). 5.How
synthetic biology regulatory system could affect product innovation. One would ask whether the regulatory system on synthetic biology products
would face

Microorganisms
Micro–organisms
Micro–organisms Micro–organisms (or microbes) are literally microscopic organisms, which can only be seen properly with the aid of a microscope.
These include bacteria, microscopic fungi (moulds) and protoctists. Although viruses, which are even smaller than bacteria, are generally considered to
be non– living entities, they might also be included here as they are important disease–causing agents. Micro–organisms are the most numerous
organisms in any ecosystem. There are about 159,000 known species, although this is thought to be less than 5% of the total in existence. There is vast
genetic diversity among micro–organisms, which is not surprising as they began evolving over a billion years before land plants. This, coupled...show
more content...
These antibodies gradually proceed to destroy the invading organisms. However, over 40% of all deaths in developing countries, including the annual
deaths of 14 million children, are caused by infectious diseases. In developed countries, where there are good medical services, people seldom die
from infectious diseases. Diseases can be prevented or cured. Prevention is principally through improved standards of hygiene, personal health and the
development of vaccinations. Vaccines contain killed or non–virulent (less pathogenic) strains of bacteria and viruses, and when these are injected into
the blood, or swallowed, the body has a mild form of the disease, and is able to manufacture sufficient antibodies to acquire immunity. This is the
process of immunisation, and vaccinations are an effective way of stimulating the body's defence against such diseases as diphtheria, polio, measles,
mumps, german measles, tetanus, tuberculosis and hepatitis B. Vaccinations do exist for flu, but these have to be continually developed, because flu
virus antigens are frequently changing, producing new strains of virus to which people are not immune. New strains can result in a flu epidemic.
Most bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics which are chemicals extracted from fungi or other bacteria. Penicillin was the first antibiotic
drug. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955),

Microorganisms And Bad Bacteria
Bacteria are microorganisms that are well known to be the major cause of why people get ill. Many of these microorganisms in the world are
pathogenic by nature but are treatable by a wide number of antibiotics, some are normal flora in the body, and others are opportunistic ones. In recent
years, scientists formulated specific antibiotics that would eliminate and eradicate these pathogenic types of microorganisms, but there are still some
microorganisms that are present today that is hard to eliminate due their capability to tolerate antibiotics. In a recent study of Acinetobacter baumanii a
pleomorphic aerobic gram–negative bacillus water organism that preferentially colonizes aquatic environments that is a multi–resistant aerobic
gram–negative

Essay about Microorganisms
Microorganisms play an important role in our life: helps us to digest our food, decompose wastes and participate in various life cycles. They are
diverse and have adapted to inhabit different environments including extreme conditions, such as hot vents under the ocean to ice caps; hence known
as extremophiles. There are more microorganisms present in us than there are cells, and the various microorganisms are bacteria, viruses, fungi and
protozoa. Many people associate microorganisms as death and diseases causing agents; also frequently compared to dirt. Although some
microorganisms are responsible for causing diseases, most microorganisms' original hosts are not the human body so are not pathogenic, but
commensal. This essay will...show more content...
Plants and diazotrophs have developed a symbiotic relationship, for example, Rhizobium present in the nodules on legume roots, fixes nitrogen
enabling the plant to flourish in nitrogen–deficient grounds. Microorganisms are crucial for all three steps of nitrogen cycle: firstly, Nitrosomonas and
Nitrosococcus convert ammonium ions to nitrite and Nitrobacter convert nitrite to nitrate during nitrification; secondly, during denitrification
Pseudomonas denitrificans reduces nitrate to nitrogen gas and thirdly nitrogen fixation, with the diazotrophs reducing nitrogen from the air into
ammonia; utilized by the plants to synthesize DNA and amino acid. Another microorganism interacting with the plants are mycorrhizal fungi, which
forms a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. This association is beneficial for plants as fungal hyphae increases surface area enabling the plant roots
to absorb more nutrients; also advantageous to fungi since they gain sugars produced by plants during photosynthesis (Atlas & Bartha, 1998).Moreover,
microorganisms digest harmful chemicals, such as pollutants and chemical wastes produced by the industry through a process known as
bioremediation; thus protecting the environment and human health. In this process, microorganisms grow over a solid substrate to form a biofilm,
through which the fluid

Microorganisms
In this essay I will be analysing micro organisms and disease. Firstly I will be defining micro organisms and then explaining the key features of the
main categories of microorganisms. Followed by the roles of commensals and pathogens I will then go on to explain how micro organisms are
transmitted and the routes of entry to and exit from the human body of micro organisms. I will also be explaining the logical sequence of events that
occur from entry of a micro–organism to the body to the appearance of symptoms of a disease and then go onto discuss why not all infections lead to
a disease. Finally I will explain a logical sequence the signs, symptoms and treatments of yellow fever which is an infectious disease. Micro organisms
are...show more content...
Fungi such as mushroom, molds, and yeasts are eukaryotic cells with a true nucleus. Most fungi are multicellular and their cell wall is composed of
chitin. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment decomposers, through symbiotic relationships with plants
(symbionts), or harmful relationships with a host (parasites). They form characteristic filamentous tubes called hyphae that help absorb material. The
collection of hyphae is called mycelium. Fungi reproduce by releasing spores. Protozoa are unicellular aerobic eukaryotes. They have a nucleus,
complex organelles, and obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures. They make up the largest group of organisms in
the world in terms of numbers, biomass, and diversity. Their cell walls are made up of cellulose. Protozoa have been traditionally divided based on
their mode of locomotion: flagellates produce their own food and use their whip–like structure to propel forward, ciliates have tiny hair that beat to
produce movement, amoeboids have false feet or pseudopodia used for feeding and locomotion, and sporozoans are non–motile. They also have
different means of nutrition, which groups them as autotrophs or heterotrophs. Viruses are noncellular entities that consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA
or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Although viruses are classified as microorganisms, they are not considered living organisms. Viruses cannot
reproduce

Microorganisms Lab Report
Project 5 : To illustrate the different types of media used to grow and distinguish different types of microorganisms
Aim:
The purpose of this experiment is to distinguish the growth and characteristics of different organisms on different kinds of media. Also, to recognise
and understand the different microorganisms grown confirmed by gram staining.
Introduction:
Microorganisms need nutrients such as a source of energy and optimal conditions in order to grow and reproduce. In the natural environment, microbes
have their own niche and good environment for it carry out growth, but in the laboratory, these conditions and energy requirements have to be met by a
culture medium. (Microbiology Theory: Media Preparation, 2015) There are several...show more content...
(2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (13th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Microbiology Theory: Media Preparation. (2015). Retrieved August 1, 2015, from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/analytical–chromatography
/microbiology/learning–center/theory/media–preparation.html )
–American Public Health Association, American Chemical Society, Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1920). Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Sewage. American public health association. p. 95.)
The United States Pharmacopeia (23rd ed.). Rockville, MD: The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 1995
"Mannitol salt agar (7143)" (PDF). Neogen Corp. 2008.)
Difco Laboratories. 1984. Difco manual, 10th ed., p. 324–326. Difco Laboratories, Inc., Detroit, MI.)
Bailey, W. R., and E. G. Scott. 1966. Diagnostic microbiology: a text book for the isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganisms, 2nd ed.
The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO.
MacConkey Agar Plates Protocols. (2014). Retrieved August 1, 2015, from

Microbiology Essay
Osmosis
4/13/13
MLT1 Lab 9
Performed at Home
Microbial Growth
There are three types of environments in which cells are located which include isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. In an isotonic environment, the
amount of water and solute are the same both inside and outside of the cell. As water drifts into the a cell, the same amount flows out creating a
balanced environment both inside and outside of the cell. When there is a high level of water on the outside of the cell and a high amount of solute
inside the cell, water will be drawn inside of the cell creating a hypotonic solution. The increase in water inside the cell causes the cell to become
engorged and erupt. In a...show more content...
The water activity also plays a big role in the microbes ability to survive as most cannot grow in a water activity level less than 0.91. Based on
observations and construction of a data table, it was shown that the 1% NaCl solution had a water activity level of 0.99, the 7% NaCl solution
0.96 and the 15% NaCl solution 0.91. Based on the table it was expected that there would be no growth in the 15% NaCl solution as most microbes
cannot survive at a water activity level of 0.91. In the S. cerevisiae specimen, moderate growth was expected and observed based on the knowledge
that most microbes desire this type of environment for growth. The same was expected although a larger amount of growth was observed for the S.
epidermidis specimens in the 1% NaCl solution than expected. The 1% NaCl solution provided the best environment for the growth of both microbes.
Minimal growth of S. cerevisiae and moderate growth of S. epidermidis was observed from the 7% NaCl solutions. The S. epidermidis is used to a
slightly salty environment on the surface of skin which may account for the higher growth over S. cerevisiae in this environment. Lastly, no growth
was noted in either specimen of 15% NaCl. This type of environment does not support the growth of most microbes due to the increase in salt content
and the hypertonic environment it creates.
Sucrose Solution/Results Sucrose was not included in

Laboratory Report: Isolating & Identifying Bacteria
Introduction: Through the conduction of numerous experiments, the identity of two bacterial isolates was determined. The tested specimen was an
unknown sample of a mixed culture of two different species of bacteria. The first step that was taken was obtaining a pure culture of each species of
bacteria by isolating one species from the other. Once isolation was complete, the isolated cultures were tested using procedures that had been
performed during previous lab sessions. A gram stain was performed on the two isolates. The isolate which had tested gram negative was then tested
for the presence of cytochrome C and lactose fermentation. For the gram positive isolate, cell shape was determined and a catalase test was performed.
Each mixed culture that was tested had one gram positive and one gram negative bacterial species. The possible species of bacteria that could have
been isolated from the mixtures included the following: Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The identities of the unknown species were
determined through comparing the experimental data against data acquired from earlier experimentation.
Another purpose of this experiment is to stress the importance of knowing the identity of a microorganism. Knowing the species of microorganism
present in a sample provides a

Essay on Aseptic Technique & Culturing Microbes
Aseptic Technique & Culturing Microbes Questions A. What is the difference between a bactericidal and bacteriostatic agent? What is the difference
between sterilization and disinfection? Control of growth refers to the prevention of growth of microorganisms. This control is affected in two basic
ways: by killing microorganisms or by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Control of growth usually involves the use of physical or chemical
agents which either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. Agents that kill cells are called cidal agents; agents that inhibit the growth of cells
without killing them...show more content...
The goals of aseptic technique are to protect the patient from infection and to prevent the spread of pathogens. Often, practices that clean (remove dirt
and other impurities), sanitize (reduce the number of microorganisms to safe levels), or disinfect (remove most microorganisms but not highly resistant
ones) are not sufficient to prevent infection. E. Describe three common forms of growth that you are likely to see in a broth culture. Pellicle – mass of
organisms floating in or on top if broth Turbidity – organisms appear as a general cloudiness through the broth Sediment – mass of organisms appears
as a deposit at the bottom of tube F.What is the difference between an aerobe and an anaerobe? Aerobes are organisms that grow only in the presence
of oxygen. They obtain energy from aerobic respiration. Anaerobes are organisms that grow only without oxygen; oxygen inhibits or kills them. They
obtain energy from anaerobic respiration or fermentation. G. Describe the difference between facultative and obligate. Obligate means "by necessity".
For example an Obligate aerobe is an organism that cannot survive without oxygen, and an Obligate anaerobe, an organism that cannot survive in the
presence of oxygen. Facultative means "optional" or "discretionary". For example, a Facultative anaerobe, is an organism that can use oxygen but also
has anaerobic methods of energy production. It can survive in either

An Unknown Disease Caused By Microorganisms

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