This document discusses biomedical waste management systems. It defines biomedical waste and categorizes it into 10 categories based on type. The types of waste include human tissue, sharps, medications, and more. Improper management of biomedical waste poses health and environmental risks. The key methods for treating biomedical waste mentioned are incineration, autoclaving, hydroclaving, chemical disinfection, and deep burial. India's Biomedical Waste Management Rules outline treatment and disposal standards, including color-coding of waste containers. The rules were updated in 2016 to apply to all healthcare facilities uniformly.

1. BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Ms. HIRVA SALVI

2. CONTENT
• DEFINITION
• TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
• CATEGORIES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
• PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH BIOMEDICAL WASTE
• NEED FOR BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
• COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF CONTAINER FOR DISPOSAL OF
BIO-MEDICAL WASTES
• TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
• BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
• ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 2

3. CONTENT
• INCINERATION
• AUTOCLAVE TREATMENT
• HYDROCLAVE TREATMENT
• MICROWAVE TREATMENT
• CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
• DEEP BURIAL
• NEW EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
• CASE STUDY
• REFERENCES
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4. BIOMEDICAL WASTE
Definition :
•“Biomedical Waste” means any waste which is generated during the diagnosis
treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities
pertaining there to or in the production or testing of bio medicals.
•Who estimates
• 85% non-hazardous waste
• 10% is infectious
• 5% non-infectious but hazardous.
4

5. TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
WASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste
Category No. 2 Animal Waste
Category No. 3
Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps
Category No. 5
Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic
drugs
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste
Category No. 7 Solid Waste
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash
Category No.10 Chemical Waste 5

6. CATEGORIES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
WASTEWASTE
CATEGORYCATEGORY
TYPE OF WASTETYPE OF WASTE
TREATMENT ANDTREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OPTIONDISPOSAL OPTION
Category No. 1Category No. 1
Human Anatomical Waste (Human tissues,Human Anatomical Waste (Human tissues,
organs, body parts)organs, body parts)
Incineration/deepIncineration/deep
burialburial
Category No. 2Category No. 2
Animal WasteAnimal Waste
(Animal tissues, organs, body parts,(Animal tissues, organs, body parts,
bleeding parts, blood and experimentalbleeding parts, blood and experimental
animals used in research, waste generatedanimals used in research, waste generated
by veterinary hospitals and colleges,by veterinary hospitals and colleges,
discharge from hospitals, animal houses)discharge from hospitals, animal houses)
Incineration/deepIncineration/deep
burialburial
Category No. 3Category No. 3
Microbiology & Biotechnology WasteMicrobiology & Biotechnology Waste
(Wastes from laboratory cultures, human(Wastes from laboratory cultures, human
and animal cell cultures used in researchand animal cell cultures used in research
and infectious agents fromresearch andand infectious agents fromresearch and
industrial laboratories)industrial laboratories)
Autoclaving/Autoclaving/
microwaving /microwaving /
incinerationincineration
6

7. Category No. 4
Waste Sharps (Needles, syringes,
blades, glass, etc. that may cause
puncture and cuts. This includes both
used and unused sharps)
Disinfecting (chemical
treatment /autoclaving /
microwaving and
mutilation /shredding
Category No. 5
Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic drugs
(Wastes comprising of outdated,
contaminated and discarded medicines)
Incineration/destruction
and drugs disposal in
secured landfills
Category No. 6
Soiled Waste (Items contaminated with
body fluids including cotton, dressings,
soiled plastercasts, bedding and other
materials contaminated with blood.)
Incineration /autoclaving
/microwaving
Category No. 7
Solid Waste (Waste generated from
disposable items otherthan the waste
sharps such as tubing, intravenous sets,
etc.)
Disinfecting by chemical
treatment/autoclaving /
microwaving and
shredding
7

8. Category No. 8
Liquid Waste (Waste generated from
the laboratory and washing, cleaning,
house keeping and disinfecting
activities)
Disinfecting by chemical
treatment and discharge
into drains
Category No. 9
Incineration Ash (Ash from
incineration of any biomedical waste)
Disposal in municipal
landfill
Category No.10
Chemical Waste (Chemicals used in
production of biologicals, chemicals
used in disinfecting, as insecticides,
etc.)
Chemical treatment and
discharge into drains for
liquids and secured
landfill forsolids.
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9. PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH BMW
ORGANISM DISEASES CAUSED RELATEDWASTE
ITEM
VIRUSES
HIV, Hepatitis B,
Hepatitis A,C,
Arboviruses,
Enteroviruses
AIDS, Infectious
Hepatitis,
Infectious Hepatitis,
Dengue, tick-borne
fevers, etc.
Infected needles, body
Fluids, Human excreta,
Blood.
BACTERIA
Salmonella typhi,
Vibrio cholerae,
Clostridium Tetani,
Pseudomonas,
Streptococcus
Typhoid, Cholera,
Tetanus
Wound infections,
septicemia, rheumatic
fever, skin and soft
tissue infections
Human excreta and
body fluid in landfills and
hospital wards, Sharps
such as needles,
surgical blades in
hospital waste.
9

10. NEED FOR BMW MANAGEMENT
Drugs which have been disposed of, being repacked and sold off to
unsuspecting buyers.
Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly due to waste, or due to
defective incineration emissions and ash.
Risk of infection outside hospital for waste handlers and scavengers,
other peoples.
10

11.
COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF CONTAINER FOR
DISPOSAL OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES
Colour
coding
Type of
Container
Waste Category Treatment options
Yellow Plastic bag Human, animal,
microbiology, soiled
waste
Incineration/deep burial
Red Disinfected
container/ plastic
bag
Microbiology, solid &
soiled waste
Autoclaving/Microwavin
g/Chemical Treatment
Blue /
White
Plastic
bag/puncture
proof container /
Sharps Blaster
Waste sharps & solid
waste
Autoclaving/Microwavin
g/Chemical Treatment &
destruction/shredding
Black Plastic bag Discarded medicine,
cytotoxic drugs,
incineration ash &
Chemical waste
Disposal in secured
landfill
11

12. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
1. Incineration
2. Autoclaving and shredding
3. Chemical treatment
4. Microwave treatment
5. Deep Burial
12

13. BIO MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES IN
INDIA
Biomedical waste (management and handling) rule 2016, prescribed by the
ministry of environment and forests, Government of India, came into force on
28th
march 2016.
 This rule applies to those who generate, collect, receive, store, dispose, treat or
handle bio medical waste in any manner.
Thus bio medical waste should be segregated into containers/bags at the point
of generation of waste. Thus colour coding & type of containers used for
disposal of waste.
13

14. MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BMW RULES
1998 & 2016
1998 2016
1 Occupiers with more than
1000 beds required to
obtain authorization
Every occupier generating BMW,
Including health camp requires to
obtain authorization
2 Operator duties absent Duties of the operator listed
3 Rules restricted to HCEs
with more than 1000 beds
Treatment and disposal of BMW made
mandatory for all the HCEs
4 No format for annual report A format for annual report appended
with the rules
5 Schedule I, II, III, IV,V Change of Schedule I, II, III, IV
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15. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986
 THE BIOMEDICAL WASTE (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES, 1998
 THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES,
2000
 THE HAZARDOUS WASTE (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES, 1989
 THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981
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16. INCINERATION
• High thermal process
• Oil fired or electrically powered or combination both of.
• Types of incinerators:
• Multiple hearth, rotary kiln, controlled type
• All types have two chambers 1. Primary combustion chamber
2. Secondary combustion chamber
• The primary chamber operates a temperature range - 800 (+/-)
50 deg. C.
• The secondary chamber operates a temperature range - 1050
(+/-) 50 deg. C
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Rotary Kiln Type Incinerator

17. • The chimney height should be minimum 30 meters above ground level.
• In the bio-medical waste (management and handling) rules, incineration has been
recommended for human anatomical waste, animal waste, cytotoxic drugs, discarded
medicines, soiled waste.
• Advantages:
1.Waste volumes are reduced 80-95%.
2.Waste incineration plants can be located near where waste is generated, which
decreases the costs and energy associated with transporting waste.
3.Through waste-to-energy processes, incineration can be used to produce electricity and
heat that can be used to power and heat nearby buildings, and the ash produced can be
used by the construction industry.
• Disadvantages:
1.It is expensive to build, operate, and maintain.
2.Smoke and ash emitted by the chimneys of incinerators include acid gases, nitrogen
oxide, heavy metals, particulates, and dioxin, which is a carcinogen.
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18. AUTOCLAVE TREATMENT
• This is a process of steam sterilization under pressure.
• It is a low heat process in which steam is brought into direct contact with
the waste material for duration sufficient to disinfect the material.
• These are also of three types : gravity type, pre-vacuum type and retort
type
• Gravity type
Air is evacuated with the help of gravity alone.
Temperature - 121 deg. C. And steam pressure of 15 psi. For 60-90
minutes.
• Pre-vacuum type
Vacuum pumps are used to evacuate air from the pre-vacuum autoclave
system so that the time cycle is reduced to 30-60 minutes.
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Autoclave Treatment

19. • Retort type
It handle much larger volumes and operate at much higher steam temperature and
pressure.
• Autoclave treatment has been recommended for microbiology and biotechnology waste,
waste sharps, soiled and solid wastes.
• This technology renders certain categories of bio-medical waste innocuous and
unrecognizable so that the treated residue can be landfilled.
• Advantages:
1.Low cost
2.No hazardous emission
3.No pre and post treatment required
• Disadvantages:
1.Need drying mechanism
2.Foul order problem 19

20. HYDROCLAVE TREATMENT
• Hydroclave is an innovative equipment for steam sterilization process.
• The system operates at 132 deg.C. And 36 psi steam pressure for sterilization time of
20 minutes.
• Hydroclave process: Stage I
Bagged waste, in ordinary bags
Sharps containers
Liquid containers
Cardboard containers
20

21. Stage II:
A.Powerful rotators mix the waste and breaks it into
small pieces.
B.Steam fills the double wall (jacket) of the vessel and
heats the vessel interior.
C.The liquids in the waste turn to steam.
D.After 20 minutes the waste and liquids are sterile.
Stage III:
A.The vent is opened, and the vessel de-pressurizes.
B.Steam heat and mixing continue until all the liquids
are evaporated and the waste is dry.
21
Stage II
Stage III

22. STAGE IV:
A.The unloading door is opened.
B.The mixer now rotates in the opposite direction, so
angled blades on the mixer can push the waste out
the unloading door.
C.The dry, sterile waste can be fine-shredded further
or dropped in a waste disposal bin.
Results:
Dry waste, regardless of its original water content.
Low odor, due to the dryness.
Volume reduction to 85%
Weight reduction to 70%
Accepted as harmless waste.
22
Stage VI

23. MICROWAVE TREATMENT
• High frequency microwaves (300-300,000 megahertz) causes
particles in waste to vibrate.
• Vibrations lead to generation of heat which disinfects waste
material.
• Advantages:
1.Less maintenance cost.
2.No harmful air emissions & liquid discharges.
3.Reduced volume of waste residues. Safe for landfill disposal.
4.Effective on sharps & bulk liquid.
• Disadvantages:
1.High investment cost 23

24. CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
• This treatment is recommended for waste sharps, solid and liquid wastes as well as chemical
wastes.
• Chemical treatment involves use of at least 1% hypochlorite solution with a minimum contact
period of 30 minutes or other equivalent chemical reagents such as phenolic compounds,
iodine, hexachlorophene, iodine-alcohol or formaldehyde-alcohol combination etc.
• Pre-shredding of the waste is desirable for better contact with the waste material.
• In the USA, chemical treatment facility is also available in mobile vans. In one version, the
waste is shredded, passed through 10% hypochlorite solution (dixichlor) followed by a finer
shredding and drying. The treated material is landfilled.
24

25. • Advantages:
1.Significant waste volume reduction
2.Ability to make waste unrecognizable
3.Rapid processing
4.Waste deodorization
• Disadvantages:
1.High investment cost
2.Lack of suitability for some waste types
3.Production of uncharacterized air emissions
4.Need for chemical storage and use
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26. DEEP BURIAL
• This is accomplished by excavating a pit or trench, placing the deceased and objects in it, and covering
it over.
• A pit or trench should be dug about two meters deep. It should be half filled with waste, then covered
with lime within 50 cm of the surface, before filling the rest of the pit with soil.
• It must be ensured that animals do not have any access to burial sites. Covers of galvanised iron or
wire meshes may be used.
• When wastes are added to the pit, a layer of 10 cm of soil shall be added to cover the wastes.
• Burial must be performed under close and dedicated supervision.
• The deep burial site should be relatively impermeable and no shallow well should be close to the site.
• The pits should be distant from habitation, and located so as to ensure that no contamination occurs to
surface water or ground water. The area should not be prone to flooding or erosion.
• The location of the deep burial site shall be authorized by the prescribed authority.
• The institution shall maintain a record of all pits used for deep burial.
• The ground water table level should be a minimum of six meters below the lower level of deep burial pit.
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27. NEW EMERGING TECHNOLOGY IN
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
27

28. SOLAR AUTOCLAVE
• Solar energy generates steam through solar collector tube. Steam is collected in a
vessel which under pressure is used as autoclave.
• Advantages:
1.Easy set up & cost effective. Useful in rural areas.
2.Useful in rural area
3.Less maintenance cost
• Disadvantages:
1.Time taking procedure.
2.Not useful in insufficient sunlight areas.
3.Not useful in rainy season.
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Source: Google Images

29. PLASMA PYROLYSIS
• Based on thermo-chemical properties of plasma.
•
waste by intense heat in absence of oxygen.
• Advantages:
1.Eco-friendly & green technology. Disposal of all types of waste (solid municipal, bio-
medical & hazardous).
2.No production of toxic residues.
• Disadvantages:
1.Technique specific apparatus & set up is required
29
Source: Google Images

30. CASE STUDY OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN NURSING HOMES AND
SMALLER HOSPITALS IN DELHI
• The survey conducted in 2001 by center for environment
education under 2005-2006.
• A total 53 nursing homes, with bed strengths ranging from 20 to
over 200 were included.
30

31. • A large nursing homes/hospitals have proper outdoor and indoor facilities,
as well as diagnostic facilities, such as a full laboratory, x-ray, scan, and
(perhaps) an MRI. Specialty nursing homes/ hospitals are those where
only a particular type of patient care is offered, such as maternity homes,
cardiac, etc.
• A large number of healthcare facilities use the services of private vendors
for the collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of their
biomedical waste.
• Health care establishments were stratified into six groups are upto 40
beds fall under group I, 41 to 80 falls under group II, 81 to 120 falls under
group III, 121 to 160 falls under group IV, 161 to 200 falls under group V
and above 200 falls under group VI.
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32. RESULTS
• The study revealed that 69.90% of HCFs handed over their laboratory waste and
88.60% of HCFs handed over their plastic waste to the service provider without
disinfection.
• The average quantity of sharps and infected plastic waste generated per day ranged
between 48 kg (57.83% of total BMW) in group I to 102 (53.15% of total BMW) kg in
group IV. Percentage wise, it was lowest (17.63% of total BMW) in group VI (over 200
beds) and highest (57.83% of total BMW) in group I.
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33. RECOMMENDATION
• Ensuring development and practice of HCW management protocol at each HCF,
• Guidelines on safe management practices, and safety procedures,
• Continuous awareness programs at all HCFs,
• Guidelines for liquid waste management,
• Ensuring a proper HCWM plan and protocol before grant or at the time of HCF license
renewal, use of information posters, signage, audio-visual aids, lectures and demonstrations,
etc.,
• Audit of HCWM practices at HCFs and
• Ensuring proper collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal practices by service
providers. 33

34. CONCLUSION
• It is concluded that there has been improvement in the
management of biomedical waste in nursing homes and small
healthcare facilities in delhi.
• Awareness and training programs should not only target doctors,
nurses, and paramedics; but also the waste handlers.
• Training of waste handlers should be practical and demonstrative.
• Improved training and awareness amongst all healthcare workers.
• Proper HCWM is crucial to health and to patient safety.
• This study brings out some improvements and remaining
deficiencies in management of HCW in the nursing homes and
other hcfs in delhi.
34

35. REFERENCES
• Bio-medical Waste (Management And Handling) Rules, 2016.
• Lalji K. Verma, Shyamala Mani, Nitu Sinha, Sunita Rana “Biomedical Waste
Management In Nursing Homes And Smaller Hospitals In Delhi” Waste Management,
2008, ISSN: 2723–2734
• Maryam Khadem Ghasemi, Rosnah Bt. Mohd. Yusuff, “Advantage And Disadvantage Of
Healthcare Waste Treatments And Disposal Alternatives: Malaysian Scenario”, Pol. J.
Environ. Stud., 2016 Vol. 25, No. 1, 17-25.
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36. THANK YOU
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