The document discusses the management of biomedical waste from hospitals. It notes that hospital waste is classified as 85% non-hazardous and 15% hazardous, with the hazardous waste further divided into infectious (10%) and toxic (5%). The key aspects of management include proper segregation of waste based on category at the point of generation, use of colored containers, treatment and disposal options according to waste type, and compliance with the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 which regulate waste disposal. Improper management can pose health risks like infections to patients, staff and the public.

1. BIO MEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Submitted By: - Mr. Madan Mohan
Gupta, Assist. Professor, Faculty
of Nursing, Rama University,
Kanpur (UP)

2. INTRODUCTION
• Hospital wastes always considered potentially
hazardous.
• Wider variety of hazardous materials are
infected material, cytotoxicdrugs corrosive
chemicals and radioactive substances.
• Major hazard is of infection.
• Rising trend of HBV and HIV infection to
community and health provider.
• Safe and sustainable method of disposal of
waste material.

3. NATURE AND QUANTUM OF HOSPITAL WASTE
 Three major categories of hospital in India

1. Outpatient clinic or dispensaries
2. Outpatient and inpatient care hospitals
3. Civil hospital Distt. hospital, nursing home,
medical college hospital etc.

4. HOSPITAL WASTE AND TERMINOLOGY
1. Hospital waste - mean bio medical waste
generated from different departments of hospital,
85% wastes non hazardous 10% infectious wastes
5% non - infectious waste.
2. Medical wastes - generated from diagnosis,
treatment or immunization of human being or
animal.
3. clinical wastes - Any wastes coming out of medical
care in hospital or other clinics and dispensaries.
4. Pathological waste - include human tissues,
organs, body parts removed during surgery or
autopsy from medical procedures.
5. Infectious wastes - includes all kind of wastes
which may transmit viral, bacterial or parasitic
diseases also include animal infectious wastes.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITAL WASTES
1. Non hazardous 85%
2. Hazardous 15%

6. CLASSIFICATION
Non-hazardous(85%) Hazardous(15%)
Biodegradable
e.g. paper, cartons
Non-biodegradable
e.g. foils,plastic bags
Infectious (10%)
Dressing
Instruments
Organs
Laboratory waste etc.
Toxic (5%)
Radioactive waste
Chemical waste
Pharmaceutical waste

7.  Non hazardous :- General office wastes –
papers, cartons ,plastic etc.
 Kitchen waste
a. Biodegradable - peels of fruit and
vegetable skin and left over food, tea,
drugs and other natural kitchen waste
b. Non Biodegradable – Wrappings, foils,
plastic bags and other material

9. HAZARDOUS
(A) Potentially infectious
1. Dressing & swabs
2. Laboratang wastes
3. Instruments used in patient care
4. Potentially infected materials- placentas, tissues
organs etc.
5. Potentially infected animals

10. (B) Potentially toxic waste
1. Radioactive waste - Solid liquid and gases
used for diagnosis &
treatment
2. Chemical waste - They may be hazardous
toxic corrosive and
inflammable
3. Pharmaceutical waste - Surplus or expiry
date medicines

12. QUANTUM OF WASTES
 1-5 Kg./person developed countries
 1-2 Kg./person developing countries

13. HEALTH HAZARD WITH POOR HOSPITAL WASTES
MANAGEMENT
1. Injuries from sharp to hospital persons.
2. Nosocomial infection
3. Risk of infection outside hospital to waste handlers and
general public
4. Risk with hazardous chemicals and drugs to waste
handlers
5. Recycling and repacking of Disposable items
6. Infections – Infection disease – HBV, HIV

14. ROUTE OF TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION FROM
INFECTIOUS WASTES THROUGH
1. Non – intact skin.
2. Mucous membrane.
3. Inhalation of dust particles.
4. Ingestion through contaminated food and water and
unwashed hands.

16. CATEGORIES OF PERSONS EXPOSED TO RISK OF
INFECTION
1. Other patients and attainders.
2. Medical / paramedical persons.
3. Persons involved in collection and disposal.
4. Involved in cleaning instruments floor, surfaces
and washing of glass ware and linen.
5. Potential waste mixed with solid waste, entire
chain of persons involved in solid wastes
disposal.
6. Recycled and reused of unsterilised disposal
items.

17. HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT (FOR
PREVENTION OF HAZARDS)
• Cleanliness and good hygiene.
• Prevention of infection from patient to patient and
patient to other.
• Safe disposal of wastes from point of generation to
disposal place is important.

18. PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION CONTROL
1. Infection control measures
• a.) Infection control policy (ICP).
• b.) Hand washing.
• c.) Disinfections.
1. Patients Admissions.
2. Hygienic environment
3. Monitoring of infectious agents, finding the
source of infection & its preventive measures.
4. Waste reduction- select disposable and
reusable item to reduce waste.
•

19. BIO MEDICAL WASTE (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING )
RULES -1998
 Ministry of environment & forest notified a rule
to regulate disposal of biomedical waste
including human anatomical wastes, blood &
body fluids, medicines and glassware’s, solid
liquid and biotechnology waste from occupiers of
clinic, dispensaries, pathology laboratories, blood
bank, providing treatment/services, known as
Biomedical waste (management & Handling)
Rules -1998

20. CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES
Category Type of Waste
Treatment &
Disposal Option
Category
1
Human Anatomical Wastes
(Human tissues, organs, body parts)
Incineration/deep
burial
Category
2
Animal wastes
(Animal tissues, organs, body parts,
carcasses, bleeding part, fluid, blend and
experimental animals used in research
waste generated by veterinary hospitals)
Incineration/deep
burial
Category
3
Microbiology and Bio-technology wastes
(wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or
specimens of micro-organisms, live or
attenuated vaccines, human and animal
cell culture used in research and industrial
laboratories, wastes from biological
productions, toxins, dishes and devices
used to transfer cultures)
Local/Autoclaving
/Micro-waving
/incineration

21. Category Type of Waste
Treatment &
Disposal Option
Category 4
Waste Sharps
(Needles, syringes, scalpels, blades,
glass etc. that are capable of causing
puncture and cuts. this includes both
used and unused sharps)
Disinfection
(Chemical)/
Autoclaving/
Microwaving and
mutilation/Shredding
Category 5
Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic Drugs
(Waste comprising of outdated,
contaminated and discarded drugs and
medicines)
Incineration
/ Destruction and
disposal in land fills
Category 6
Soiled wastes
(Items contaminated with blood and body
fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled
plaster, linens, bedding, other materials
contaminated with blood)
Incineration/
Autoclaving/
Micro-waving

22. Category Type of Waste
Treatment &
Disposal Option
Category 7
Solid Wastes
(Wastes generated from disposable items
other than the waste sharps such as
tubing, catheters, IV sets, etc.)
Disinfection by
chemical treatment
/Autoclaving and
mutilation/Shredding
Category 8
Liquid wastes
(Liquid wasters- waste generated from
laboratory and washing, cleaning,
home keeping and disinfecting activities
Disinfections by
chemical treatment
and discharge in
to drain
Category 9
Incineration ash
(Ash from incineration of any
Bio-medical wastes)
Disposal in
municipal land fills
Category
10
Chemical Wastes
(Chemicals used in biological production,
chemicals used in disinfection such as
insecticides, etc.
Chemical treatment
and discharge into
drains for liquid and
secured land fills for
solids.

23. Segregation and safe storage
•Segregation at source and safe storage is the
key to hospital waste management.
•Segregation should be carried out at the point of
generation.
•If infectious waste is mixed with other hospital
waste, the entire waste will be treated as
infectious waste.
•Incorrect categorization of waste can lead to
many problems.

24. Advantages of Segregation
•Reduces total treatment cost.
•Reduces impact of this on community.
•Reduces chance of infection among health care
worker.

25. COLOUR CODING AND CONTAINERS FOR DISPOSAL OF
BIO-MEDICAL WASTES
Colour
Coding
Type of
Container
Waste Category Treatment Options
Yello Plastic bags Human & animal wastes, Microbial
and Bio-technological wastes, and
soiled wastes
(Category 1,2,3 and 6)
Incineration/deep
burial
Red Disinfected
container/Plastic
bag
Microbiological and Bio-technological
wastes, soiled wastes, solid waste
(Category-3,6 and 7)
Autoclaving/Microwavi
ng/Chemical treatment
Blue/white
Transpare
nt
Plastic
bag/Puncture
proof container
Waste sharps and solid waste
(Category 4 & 7)
Autoclaving/Microwavi
ng/Chemical treatment,
Destruction and
shredding.
Black Plastic bag Discarded medicines, Cytotoxic drugs,
Incineration Ash and Chemical Wastes
Category 5,8 &9 (Solids)
Disposal in secured
landfills.

27. CYTOTOXIC
Transportation of BMW and labeling

28. Day:______ Month _________
Year ______________
Waste Category No. _________ Date of generation__________
Waste Class
Waste Description
Sender's Name & Address Receiver's Name & Address
Phone No.:_________________ Phone No.:_______________
Telex No. _________________ Telex No. :_______________
Fax No. ___________________ Fax No. :________________
Contact Person _____________ Contact Person:____________
In case of emergency please Contact:
Name & Address:
Phone No.
LABEL FOR TRANSPORT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE CONTAINERS/BAGS

29. NOTE:-
 1.No BMW shall be kept stored beyond a period of
48 hrs.
 2.Categories 8and 10 (liquids) stored in separate
container and disposed in sever line after chemical
treatment.
 3. category 3 if disinfected locally need not to be
put in container/bags.