Biomarkers are measurable indicators of biological states that can be used to assess health, disease risk, and response to treatment. They include physiological measures like blood pressure as well as molecular indicators in blood and tissues. Biomarkers must be easy to obtain, provide rapid results accurately, and have good sensitivity and specificity to be useful for clinical purposes like diagnosis or monitoring disease progression and response to interventions. They provide objective assessments but also have disadvantages like expense and storage challenges.