pathology slides of GIT system
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This document summarizes several pathology slides including fatty degenerative liver, cirrhosis liver, primary carcinoma of the liver, ulcerative colitis of the rectum, adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, acute and chronic peptic ulcers, mixed tumor of the salivary gland, acute suppurative appendicitis, gastric carcinoma, and colon adenocarcinoma. For each slide, it describes the histological features such as presence of malignant cells, inflammatory cells, fibrosis, hemorrhage, and other abnormalities. The document aims to provide a histological overview of various diseases and tissues examined under the microscope on pathology slides.
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Gallbladder & extrahepatic biliary tree
The document summarizes information about the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tree. It discusses the embryology, anatomy, physiology, composition of bile, functions of the gallbladder, and radiologic diagnosis of biliary tract disease. Key points include that the liver and biliary structures develop during the fourth week of fetal life, bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, and techniques for radiologic diagnosis include plain abdominal films, ultrasonography, HIDA scans, ERCP, and MRI/CT.
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Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following additional section of the document:
[SECTION]:
The nervous system in GI has 2 networks
(plexuses) of nerves :(Enteric Nervous System):
- 1.Meissener’s submucosal plex
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Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following additional section of the document:
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- The gallbladder may be absent, duplicated, located on the left side, or intrahepatic.
- Accessory hepatic ducts occur in around 15% of cases.
- Variations can occur in the origins of the cystic and hepatic arteries.
- The cystic duct can drain into various locations and have other anomalies.
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The document discusses the gallbladder and provides information about its location, functions, risks factors for disease, and some conditions related to the gallbladder. Specifically:
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- A specimen of a hydatid cyst found in the liver as well as details on the lifecycle and characteristics of the Echinococcus parasite.
- A specimen of Meckel's diverticulum arising from the ileum and details on types of intestinal diverticula.
- A specimen showing an ileoileal intussusception in the small intestine.
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PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
Veterinary gastrointestinal surgery
this content is made by collection of photographs and literature from different sources about veterinary gastrointestinal surgery
Diseases of the liver
- Viral hepatitis can present asymptomatically, symptomatically before jaundice, or progress to fulminant hepatitis or chronic hepatitis. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check liver enzymes and serology or molecular testing to determine the virus.
- Liver abscesses can be pyogenic (most common), amebic, or fungal. Amebic abscesses are caused by Entamoeba histolytica and present with fever, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly. Pyogenic abscesses require drainage if large or not improving with antibiotics.
- Hydatid cysts are caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Surgical removal is usually required for large or infected cysts while
Surgical diseases of small bowel
This document provides an overview of surgical diseases of the small bowel. It begins with an introduction and overview of the anatomy and functions of the small bowel. It then discusses several common surgical diseases that can affect the small bowel, including bowel obstruction, paralytic ileus, Meckel's diverticulum, mesenteric ischemia, Crohn's disease, and small bowel tumors. For each condition, it provides details on causes, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options. The document aims to inform surgeons on managing various pathologies that can involve the small intestine.
CROHN’S DISEASE.pptx
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract and is characterized by chronic inflammation. It presents with symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fever. Microscopically, it shows features like ulcers, crypt abscesses, granulomas, and fibrosis of the intestinal wall. Complications can include anemia, malnutrition, strictures, fistulas, and in rare cases amyloidosis or bowel cancer.
Bile excreting ducts
This document discusses symptoms and signs of liver disease. It notes that chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholecystitis and cholangitis are among the most clinically significant liver and bile tract diseases. It describes various complaints patients may report including fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, skin itching, and bleeding. Physical exam findings are outlined including signs of liver enlargement (hepatomegaly), ascites, spider angiomas, and other manifestations. Causes, patterns and significance of symptoms are discussed for accurately diagnosing underlying liver conditions.
Similar to pathology slides of GIT system (20)
LIVER HISTOPATHOLOGY (Budd chiari syndrome, Cirrohosis, Chlangiocarcinoma)
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Appendicitis, diverticulitis, peptic ulcer disease, chron's disease
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This document discusses Covid-19 in children. It notes that while fewer Covid cases have been diagnosed in children, most pediatric cases are mild. Hospitalization rates are significantly lower in children. The pathophysiology and risk factors for children are also discussed. Common symptoms in children are cough and fever. Diagnostic methods, treatment options, and prevention strategies are summarized.
Facial trauma
Facial trauma can cause injuries to soft tissues, bones, or both from accidents like car crashes or assaults. Common signs are pain, swelling, bleeding, and changes to facial structure or function. Treatment involves airway management, bleeding control, wound care, and treating underlying bone fractures. Fractures of the maxilla and mandible are classified by location and require techniques like interdental wiring, plates or screws for fixation.
Hyphema
This document defines hyphaema as blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. It can result from compressive trauma that injures blood vessels in the iris, ciliary body, or trabecular meshwork. Hyphaema is classified based on etiology (traumatic, medical conditions, etc.) and severity (mild, moderate, severe). Presentation includes blurry vision, pain, and blood visible in the anterior chamber. Examination involves assessing injury, vision, pressure, and ruling out other issues. Treatment focuses on preventing increased pressure through medications, limiting activity, and sometimes surgery to remove blood if pressure remains high.
Oliguria and anuria
Oliguria is a low urine output defined as less than 1 mL/kg/hr in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr in children, and less than 300 mL daily in adults. It indicates an underlying disorder and can lead to acute renal failure if left untreated. Anuria is even less urine output at less than 50 mL/day. Causes of oliguria and anuria include pre-renal (low blood volume), renal (kidney damage), and post-renal (urinary tract obstruction). Evaluation and management depends on determining the cause through history, physical exam, urinalysis, and blood tests to guide volume replacement or other interventions to prevent further kidney injury.
Bladder
This document discusses various pathologies of the ureter, bladder, and urethra. It begins by describing common congenital anomalies of the ureter including double and bifid ureters as well as ureteropelvic junction obstruction. It then discusses non-neoplastic conditions of the bladder such as vesical diverticula, cystitis, and various metaplastic lesions. Neoplastic conditions covered include urothelial carcinoma and adenocarcinomas of the bladder. Finally, it briefly mentions primary carcinoma of the urethra.
Hepatitis viruses
Hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, E and G can cause infection of the liver. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted via the fecal-oral route while hepatitis B and C are bloodborne. Hepatitis A is common in children in areas with poor sanitation and causes jaundice and abdominal symptoms for 2-6 weeks before recovery without treatment. Hepatitis B infects over 350 million carriers worldwide and can be transmitted sexually or via contaminated needles. It may cause acute or chronic infection. Hepatitis C is a major cause of post-transfusion hepatitis in developed countries and can lead to liver cancer. Vaccines exist to prevent hepatitis A and B but treatment relies on supportive care or antiviral drugs for
Physiology of memory and learning
Memory is the ability of the brain to store and recall information over time. There are four main types of memory: sensory memory (up to 0.5 seconds), short-term memory (minutes to hours), long-term memory (hours to years), and permanent memory. Information enters the brain and is either selected and stored in memory traces through processes like long-term potentiation, or neglected and forgotten. The hippocampus plays a key role in consolidating memories from short-term to long-term storage. Disorders like amnesia and Alzheimer's disease can impair memory formation and recall.
Hemoglobinopathies
The document discusses abnormal hemoglobin metabolism and hemoglobinopathies. It provides information on hemoglobin structure, definitions of thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies, specifics on sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, Bart's hydrops fetalis, and diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies. Sickle cell anemia results from a single amino acid substitution causing hemoglobin S, which polymerizes and makes red blood cells rigid and sickle-shaped. Thalassemias involve absent or reduced alpha or beta globin chains. Diagnosis involves family history, symptoms, lab tests, and analyzing hemoglobin structure.
Hemoglobin metabolism
This document discusses hemoglobin metabolism and heme synthesis. It notes that hemoglobin is made up of heme and globin, with heme containing an iron atom bound to a porphyrin ring. Heme synthesis occurs in multiple steps, starting with the formation of alpha-aminolevulinate from succinyl-CoA and glycine in the mitochondria. Several other reactions then occur to ultimately form protoporphyrin, into which iron is inserted by ferrochelatase to form heme. Heme is broken down to bilirubin, which is excreted in bile. Key enzymes involved in heme synthesis and the regulation of the process are also outlined.
blood practical CBC
This document provides information about performing a complete blood count (CBC) test. It discusses the objectives and aims of the practical, which include counting red blood cells, white blood cells, determining hemoglobin concentration, and calculating red blood cell indices. It describes manual and automated methods for obtaining CBC measurements using a hemocytometer or Coulter counter. Key steps in the procedures and normal reference ranges for CBC components are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing some clinical applications and implications of abnormal CBC results.
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a nonspecific screening test used to detect inflammation. It measures how fast red blood cells sediment in a tube in one hour. Faster sedimentation indicates more inflammation in the body from conditions like infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. The ESR is directly related to red cell mass and fibrinogen levels, and inversely related to plasma viscosity. It is an inexpensive and widely available initial screening test to monitor disease progression or remission.
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal proteins called monoclonal proteins (M proteins). The most common M protein is IgG, followed by IgA. In some cases, only free light chains are produced. Free light chains can cause kidney damage and are detected in urine as Bence Jones proteins. Myeloma cells secrete cytokines like IL-6 that support their growth and cause bone damage. Patients experience symptoms like bone pain, fractures, anemia, and kidney problems. Diagnosis involves tests to detect M proteins in blood and urine and check for organ damage and immune suppression.
Non respiratory functions of lungs
The lungs have several metabolic functions beyond gas exchange, including host defence, water balance maintenance, temperature and acid-base regulation, and metabolizing substances. The lungs are protected by physical, mucociliary, and cellular defences like macrophages. The lungs also play roles in water loss, heat loss, acid-base balance maintenance through CO2 exchange, fibrinolysis, renin-angiotensin system effects, and synthesizing/releasing/metabolizing various substances that enter the bloodstream.
histology slides of GIT system
This document summarizes several tissues and organs examined in histology labs, including the tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Key features are highlighted such as the papillae and taste buds on the tongue, the serous and mucous acini in salivary glands, the stratified squamous epithelium and esophageal glands in the esophagus, the liver lobule structure around the central vein and portal areas, the simple columnar epithelium of the gallbladder, and the islets of Langerhans surrounded by pancreatic acini. Diagrams are included illustrating histological structures.
Mammography
Mammography uses low-dose x-rays to examine the breast for early cancer detection. It has advanced from film to digital mammography and tomosynthesis, which creates 3D breast images. Computer-aided detection highlights abnormal areas. Screening mammograms aim to detect cancer in asymptomatic women, while diagnostic mammograms investigate symptoms. Benefits include early detection, but limitations include false positives and negatives due to breast density. Yearly mammograms after age 40 are recommended for breast cancer screening. Ultrasound provides localized breast images without radiation but cannot screen whole breasts. MRI is superior for dense breasts but has no radiation risk.
Drugs used in osteoprosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become weak and fragile from loss of tissue. There are drugs that can help prevent and treat osteoporosis by slowing bone loss, making bone stronger, or replacing hormones. The main drug types used for osteoporosis are bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), parathyroid hormone (PTH) therapy, and RANK ligand inhibitors.
Vasculitis
Vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessels. There are many types classified by the size of vessels involved and pathogenic mechanisms. Noninfectious vasculitis can be immune complex-mediated, associated with ANCAs, anti-endothelial cell antibodies, or autoreactive T cells. Infectious vasculitis involves direct invasion of vessels by pathogens. Common noninfectious vasculitides include giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and Buerger's disease. Clinical manifestations depend on the organs involved. Treatment involves immunos
Jaundice
This document discusses the causes, types, diagnosis, and treatment of jaundice. It begins by describing the normal breakdown process of red blood cells and hemoglobin. It then covers various types of congenital and acquired jaundice, including physiological jaundice in newborns, breast milk jaundice, hemolytic diseases, hepatic/hepatocellular jaundice, and obstructive jaundice. Diagnosis involves urine, liver, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include discontinuing drugs, antibiotics, blood transfusions, surgery, or phototherapy for newborns.
Malabsorption
Malabsorption results from defects in intraluminal digestion, terminal digestion, transepithelial transport, and lymphatic transport. It is characterized by weight loss, abdominal distention, diarrhea, and steatorrhea. Causes of malabsorption include cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, lactase deficiency, environmental enteropathy, abetalipoproteinemia, microscopic colitis, graft-versus-host disease, and Whipple's disease. Histological examination often reveals villous atrophy, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes, and lipid-laden macrophages in the lamina propria.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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pathology slides of GIT system
- 1. Lab pathology slides By Ali Faris
- 2. • Fatty degenerative liver There are severe fatty changes and many hepatocytes are atrophied
- 3. • Cirrhosis liver Hepatocytes are normal , septa is fibrosis and contains inflammatory cells
- 4. • Primary carcinoma liver • Aggregation of malignant cells (high nuclear – cytoplasm ratio , hyperchromatic , irregular nuclear membrane, pleomorphism ) , hemorrhage and dilated blood vessels
- 5. • Ulcerative colitis rectum • In mucosa there are hemorrhage , inflammatory cells (mostly lymphocytes) and dilated blood vessels • Submucosa and muscularis contain inflammatory cells (plasma cells and lymphocytes)
- 6. • Adenocarcinoma of pancreas • Malignant cells in the wall of gland and there are neutrophilis and lymphocytes in the lumen of the gland
- 7. • Acute peptic ulcer There are ulceration and neutrophilis Note : to differentiate it from ulcerative colitis , the acute peptic ulcer do not contain dilated blood vessels and the glands are regular
- 8. • Chronic peptic ulcer Infiltrated gastric mucosa by inflammatory cells associated with surface ulceration, the ulcer is filled by necrotic cells and debris and inflammatory cells accompanied by granulation tissue
- 9. • Mixed tumor of salivary gland Proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells associated with mesenchymal tissue
- 10. • Acute suppurative appendicitis Heavy infiltration of acute inflammatory cells (neutrophils that infiltrate mucosa , submucosa, muscularis) There are also fat cells
- 11. • Ulcerative colitis rectum mucosa is ulcerated and contains inflammatory cells and dilated blood vessels Submucosa and muscularis contain inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells)
- 12. • Gastric carcenoms Proliferation of malignant gland (high nuclear – cytoplasm ratio , hyperchromatic , irregular nuclear membrane, pleomorphism) malignant gland invade the underlying submucosa and muscularis propria)
- 13. • Colon adenocarcinoma Proliferation of malignant gland (high nuclear – cytoplasm ratio , hyperchromatic , irregular nuclear membrane, pleomorphism) that infiltrate submucosa
- 16. بالتوفيق