Biomagnification, also known
as bioamplification or biological magnification, is
any concentration of a toxin, such as pesticides, in
the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively
higher levels in a food chain.
A bioindicator is any an "indicator species" or group of species whose function, population, or status reveal the qualitative status of the environment.
A bioindicator is any an "indicator species" or group of species whose function, population, or status reveal the qualitative status of the environment.
What is Eutrophication and it's cause, what impacts on environment as well as on human and how to control it. All details shown in this ppt plus one case study.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
"Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater.
Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
According to the EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
What is Eutrophication and it's cause, what impacts on environment as well as on human and how to control it. All details shown in this ppt plus one case study.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
"Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater.
Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
According to the EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
presentation was provided by Prof W.U Chandrasekara
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management
For Coastal and Marine resource management course
Definition Cause, effects and control measures of :- a. Air pollution b. Water pollution c. Soil pollution d. Marine pollution e. Noise
pollution f. Thermal pollution g. Nuclear hazards Solid waste Management : Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial
wastes. Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. Pollution case studies.
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences_ Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersTTEH
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences by Syed Hasnain Shah*, Tanzeelur Rahman, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Syeda Tayyaba Bibi and Saqib Zahoor in Crimson Publishers: Health informatics
Harmful algae reproduction (HAB) occurs when algae producing toxins grow in water algae are microscopic organisms that live in an aquatic environment and through photosynthesis generate chemical energy from sunlight like higher plants. The growth of algae or algal blooms is visible with naked eye and are green layers, it might be blue, red or brown depending on the type of algae natural waters such as lakes, ponds and rivers always contain algae, but few species produce toxins In such algae, the production of toxins can be induced by environmental conditions like light, temperature and nutrients levels. The release of algae or algae toxins can have serious adverse effects on humans, fish, animals and other strata of the ecosystem
https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/fulltext/TTEH.000519.php
For more Open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more Articles on Health informatics
please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/index.php
Vermicompost-गडेउला मल training by ....pptxAnitaPoudel5
वर्मीकम्पोस्ट उत्पादन गर्ने गडेउले मलको प्रशिक्षण खोज्नुहोस्। यो एक प्राकृतिक तरिकाले उत्पन्न भएको उर्वरक हो जसले मिट्टीमा पोषक तत्वहरू जोड्छ र मिट्टीको उपचार गर्दछ।
गडेउले मलको प्रशिक्षण भनेको, केही चरणहरूमा मलाई वर्मीकम्पोस्ट उत्पादनका लागि समायोजन गर्न सिकाउने प्रक्रिया हो। पहिलो, उचित ठाउँमा मलाई संचित गर्न र त्यसलाई पुनः प्रयोग गर्नका लागि तयार गर्नुपर्छ।
पछि, वर्मीकम्पोस्ट बनाउने साधनहरूको चयन र उपयोगको तरिका शिक्षा दिइनुपर्छ। यो सामग्रीहरू मुख्यतया गडे किटाणुहरू (वर्मिकम्पोस्टिंग केवलार), मल, र पर्यावरणीय तापमान र आर्द्रताले प्रभावित हुने गरी उचित मापदण्डको तल्लो बनाइनुपर्छ।
झोलमल जैविक मल तथा बिसादी/ Jholmal: Biofertilizer and BiopesticideAnitaPoudel5
बायोपेस्टिसाइड र तरल जैविक उर्वरकहरू आजको कृषि तथा परिसर सम्बन्धी विज्ञानको एक महत्त्वपूर्ण अंग हुन्। यी उत्पादनहरू परिप्रेक्ष्यमा पर्यावरणको रक्षा र कृषि उत्पादनको वृद्धि गराउने गरी विकसित गरिएका छन्।
Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the major environmental issues in cities of many
developing countries, including Nepal. Urbanization, Industrialization and economic
development has led to increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). The use of
products that generate hazardous waste is another concern. Unmanaged disposal of medical
wastes from hospitals and clinics also contribute to pollution and public health hazards in the
localities. Therefore, SWM has become a major concern for the municipalities of Nepal. The
total sample size of 21 from the households, Restaurants, Hotels, commercial shops (including
Fruit shop, Barber shop, Spectacle shop, Library, Book shop etc.) were collected around
Kathmandu municipality.
Guheswori Waste Water Treatment Plant,
P963+FXH, Bagmati Rd, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
Guheshwori waste water treatment plant is located at the bank of the Bagmati
River on the northeastern part of Kathmandu City. It is constructed at the initiative
of the government to clean up the Bagmati River.But it is managed by nongovernment organization “VA Tech WayBag LIMITED”. The plant treats the
untreated wastewater generated by the household, industries and other institutions
of Gaurighat,Gokarna,Chabahil, Bouddha and Kharibot.
The main aim of the guheswori waste water treatment plant are:
1. To improve quality of wastewater
2. Elimination of pollutants, toxicants and many such
3. Preservation of water quality of natural water resources
4. To make wastewater usable for other purposes
5. Prevention of harmful diseases
Praramva
Biotech Pvt.Ltd was established in the year 2011 (A.D) by the three Biotech graduates of
Kathmandu University. Praramva Biotech is now one of the largest manufacturers of
Vermicompost in Nepal. Besides that, it has its own well equipped laboratory that
produces wide portfolio of bio based products for disease and pest management, crop nutrition
and soil health management. Praramva Biotech Pvt. Ltd specializes in manufacturing biological
crop protection and plant nutrition based products for progressive farmers, who need more than
sustainable results. The main aims of the Praramva Biotech Company are:
• To help farmers to increase their productivity and economy.
• To achieve sustainable development through scientific research based method in agriculture and
environment sector.
• Production and processing of medicinal plant.
• To reduce chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides and promote organic farming.
-“Biofuel is an inexhaustible, biodegradable fuel manufactured from Biomass.”
• Renewable energy
• Derived from living materials.
• Pure and the easiest available fuels on planet earth.
Sanitary Landfill:
A method of disposing of solid waste on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, by utilizing the principles of engineering to confine the solid waste to the smallest practical area, to reduce it to the smallest practical volume, and to cover it with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each day's operation or at more frequent intervals as may be necessary.
Trickling Filter
A trickling filter is a type of wastewater treatment system.
• A trickling filter , also called trickling biofilter, biofilter, biological filter and biological trickling filter , is a fixed-bed, biological
reactor that operates under (mostly) aerobic conditions.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
3. Biomagnification, also known
as bioamplification or biological magnification, is
any concentration of a toxin, such as pesticides, in
the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively
higher levels in a food chain.
4. This increase can occur as a result of:
•Persistence – where the substance cannot be
broken down by environmental processes
•Food chain energetics – where the
substance's concentration increases
progressively as it moves up a food chain
•Low or non-existent rate of internal
degradation or excretion of the substance –
mainly due to water-insolubility
5. Biological magnification often refers to the process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy
metals work their way into lakes, rivers and the ocean, and then move up the food chain in progressively greater
concentrations as they are incorporated into the diet of aquatic organisms such as zooplankton, which in turn are
eaten perhaps by fish, which then may be eaten by bigger fish, large birds, animals, or humans. The substances
become increasingly concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move up the chain. Bioaccumulants are
substances that increase in concentration in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or
food because the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted.
Biomagnification of toxins in the food chain of a terrestrial environment. The dots represent the
organic molecules present in each trophic level. The crosses represent the mercury present in each
trophic level. While dots remain relatively constant in each individual, the concentration of crosses
become greater in each preceding trophic level. Biomagnification: An increase of toxin concentration
as the food chain moves up to higher levels. Organisms at the top have a higher tissue concentration
of toxins and pollutants than lower levels. The concentration system is due to persistence of the
toxins, food chain energetics, and low rate of internal degradation or excretion of the
substance.Trophic level I represents the primary producers. Trophic level II represents the primary
consumers. Trophic level III represents the secondary consumers. Trophic level IV represents the
tertiary consumers.
6. Causes of Biomagnification
1. Products Used in Agriculture: Chemical used in the agriculture sector is highly toxic and plays a pivotal
part in biomagnification. Examples of such chemicals are various pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and
different inorganic fertilizers. Ultimately these chemicals penetrate the soil and then are carried to rivers and
oceans via surface runoff. As a result, they enhance the biomagnification definition of causing harm to an entire
food chain.
2. Industrial Activities: Toxic by-products released by various industries are a significant cause of
biomagnification. Additionally, the gas emission by them pollutes the air and harms the ecosystem even further.
3. Organic Contaminants: Organic substances like manures and biosolids contain essential nutrients such as
carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Plants primarily use these. However, the industrial use of these substances
causes biomagnification.
4. Mining: Mining produces by-products like copper, cobalt, zinc, lead and several other toxic chemicals.
These substances are then deposited in soil and water resources and subsequently contaminate them.
7. Substances that biomagnify:
There are two main groups of substances that biomagnify. Both are lipophilic and not easily degraded.
Novel organic substances are not easily degraded because organisms lack previous exposure and have
thus not evolved specific detoxification and excretion mechanisms, as there has been no selection pressure
from them. These substances are consequently known as "persistent organic pollutants" or POPs.
Metals are not degradable because they are elements. Organisms, particularly those subject to naturally
high levels of exposure to metals, have mechanisms to sequester and excrete metals. Problems arise when
organisms are exposed to higher concentrations than usual, which they cannot excrete rapidly enough to
prevent damage. Some persistent heavy metals are especially dangerous and harmful to the organism's
reproductive system.
Novel organic substances:
•DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
•Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
•PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)
•Toxaphene
•Monomethylmercury
8. A real-life example of biomagnification is –
•When a marsh is sprayed to control mosquitoes, it releases a trace amount of DDT. When mixed with water, it
accumulates in the cell of various aquatic organisms.
•Once feeders up the food chain, such as clams and fishes, eat these organisms, they consume that DDT.
Moreover, the concentration of DDT is ten times greater compared to the previous stage.
•This concentration of DDT moves up the food chain from one tropic level to another. For instance, if a seagull
consumes one such fish, it will accumulate more DDT. According to studies, there was a 1000 times increase in
the concentration of DDT in phytoplankton as compared to the concentration in water, 13 times higher in
zooplankton as compared to phytoplankton, around 40 times higher in different fishes as compared to
zooplankton and 25 times higher in fish-eating birds compared to fishes. DDT affects the calcium metabolism of
birds and results in the thinning of eggshells.
•During the 1940s and 1950s, DDT was extensively used to decrease the mosquito population and this led to a
rapid decline in the bird population.
•Another prominent biological magnification example is the presence of mercury in various predatory fishes.
Fishes like swordfish, shark, tuna, orange roughy, king mackerel, etc., contain a higher level of toxic mercury
than smaller fishes.
9.
10. Effects of Biomagnification
•A significant effect of biological magnification is noted on human health. For
instance, in recent years, a large number of individuals who have consumed
seafood regularly have been diagnosed with cancer. The reason behind such a
phenomenon is the presence of mercury.
•Other noted biomagnification effects are reproduction and development of all
animals, destruction of coral reefs, and most significant disruption in the natural food
chain and the ecosystem.
11. References:
1.Silvy, Nova J., ed. (2012). The Wildlife Techniques Manual: Research. Vol. 1 (7th ed.). Baltimore,
Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-1-4214-0159-1.
2.^ Landrum, PF and SW Fisher, 1999. Influence of lipids on the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer
of organic contaminants in aquatic organisms. Chapter 9 in MT Arts and BC Wainman. Lipids in fresh
water ecosystems. Springer Verlag, New York.
3.^ Croteau, M., S. N. Luoma, and A. R Stewart. 2005. Trophic transfer of metals along freshwater
food webs: Evidence of cadmium biomagnification in nature. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50 (5): 1511-1519.
4.^ EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. Mercury Study Report to Congress. Vol. IV: An
Assessment of Exposure to Mercury in the United States . EPA-452/R-97-006. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and
Development.
5.^ "DDT Ban Takes Effect". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1972-12-31. Archived
from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
6.^ Suedel, B.C., Boraczek, J.A., Peddicord, R.K., Clifford, P.A. and Dillon, T.M., 1994. Trophic transfer
and biomagnification potential of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 136: 21–89.
7.^ Gray, J.S., 2002. Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist. Mar. Pollut.
Bull. 45: 46–52.