This document discusses various biotechnological techniques used for conservation, including DNA and tissue banking, DNA barcoding, and DNA fingerprinting. It provides an overview of each technique, explaining what they are, how they work, and their applications. DNA and tissue banking preserves genetic material for research and conservation. DNA barcoding uses short DNA sequences to identify species, while DNA fingerprinting examines differences in DNA to identify individuals. These techniques help preserve biodiversity, study species and populations, and aid fields like forensics, agriculture and medicine.

1. Conservation Biotechnology: DNA and Tissue Bank, DNA Barcoding
, DNA fingerprint
Submitted by: Dewaka Poudel Submitted to: Department of B.Tech in Biotechnology
Course code: BT447BT Himalayan White House International College
Semester: 8th semester Purbanchal University
B.Tech in Biotechnology
Date of Submission: 14/04/2080 1

2. Table of Content:
2
1. Conservation Biotechnology: Preserving Biodiversity and
Restoring Our Environment
- Objective, strategies , application
2. DNA and Tissue Bank
- Introduction , examples
3. DNA Barcoding
- Introduction, process, application
4. DNA fingerprinting
- Introduction, process, application
5. References

3. Why Conservation Biotechnology matters?

4. Conservation Biotechnology: Preserving Biodiversity and Restoring
Our Environment
 Specialized field within biotechnology
 focuses on utilizing biological techniques to address biodiversity
conservation and environmental challenges.
 Seeks to use the knowledge of genetics, molecular biology, and other
biological sciences
 aid in the preservation and restoration of endangered species,
ecosystems, and natural resources
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5. Conservation Biotechnology
In situ conservation
(Protected Area Network)
1.1.National
Parks
2.2.Wildlife
Sanctuaries
1.Biosphere
Reserves
a-Terrestrial
b-Marine
1-Sacred
Groves
2-Sacred
Lakes
Ex situ conservation
1.DNA and
Tissue Banking
1.Seed Gene
Bank
2.Field Gene
Bank,
1.In vitro (Plant
Tissue culture,
Slow Growth
Cultures)
1.Cryopreserva
tion
Different Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation
Figure 1. Schematic representation of different conservation strategies with focus on conventional and biotechnological-based techniques
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6. Involvement of genetics and biotechnology in breeding of medicinal
plants
Haploidy
Induction
• PTC
• • Androgenesis
• • Gynogenesis
• • Wide
hybridization
• CENH3
Over-
production
• PTC (directly and
indirectly)
• • PGRs •
Additives •
Bioreactors •
Elicitors • Hairy
roots •
Overexpression
(Agrobacterium) •
Ploidy
engineering •
COSTREL •
TILLING •
Genome editing
CRISPR/Cas9
TALENs ZFNs
Chemical profile
alteration
• PTC (directly
and indirectly)
• • PGRs &
Additives &
Elicitors
• • Metabolite
engineering
• • Ploidy
engineering
• • TILLING
• • Genome
editing
CRISPR/Cas9
TALENs ZFNs
Conservation
• PTC
(directly
and
indirectly)
• • In-situ
and Ex-situ
conservatio
n
• •Cryoprese
rvation •
Synthetic
seeds
Proliferation
• PTC
(directly
and
indirectly)
•
Organogen
esis (direct
and
indirect)
• • Somatic
embryogen
esis (direct
and
indirect)
Assess the genetic and
transcriptom information
• NGS-based
methods
• • DNA-
barcoding •
RNA-seq •
RAD-seq •
QTL
mapping •
GWAS •
SNP
markers •
Microarray
Fig. 1 Different applications of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and plant tissue culture (PTC) techniques in improvement of medicinal plants. CENH3
centromere histone H3, COSTREL combinatorial super transformation of transplastomic recipient lines, CRISPR clus- tered regularly interspaced short
palindromic repeats, Cas CRISPR-associated, GWAS genome-wide association, PGRs plant growth regulators, TALENs transcription activator-like effector
nucleases, TILLING targeting-induced local lesions in genomes, ZFNs zinc-fin- ger nucleases) 6

7. Importance of Conservation Biotechnology
1.Biodiversity
Preservation
2.Endangered
Species
Protection
3.Ecosystem
Restoration
4.Conservation
of Plant
Diversity
5.Sustainable
Resource
Management
6.Disease
Control and
Management
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8. DNA and Tissue Bank
 A specialized facility that collects, stores, and manages samples of DNA, tissues,
and other biological materials
 From various organisms, including humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms
 Serve as valuable resources for researchers, scientists, and conservationists
 Provide a repository of genetic material for a wide range of applications
 Objective: To preserve and provide access to valuable genetic resources for
advancements in various fields of study.
: Save Your Money
: Save Your DNA
8

9. Types of Biological Samples Stored
 DNA: Genetic material extracted from blood, saliva, tissues, or
other sources, providing valuable genomic information.
 Tissues: Organ and tissue samples, crucial for studying diseases,
genetics, and regenerative medicine.
 Cells: Cultured cell lines used in research, such as cancer studies
and drug testing
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10. DNA and Tissue Bank: Some images
1. Human Tissue Sample,
https://www.reprocell.com/human-tissue-samples
2. DNA and Tissue Bank, @kewgardens
3. Samples of Plant DNA ,@kewgardens 4. Arden Tissue Bank, based at University Hospital Coventry
10

11. Global DNA and Tissue Banks
S/N DNA and Tissue Bank Location Website
1. UK Biobank United Kingdom www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/
2. Coriell Institute for Medical Research United States www.coriell.org/
3. American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) United States www.atcc.org/
4. National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Human Biobank
(caHUB)
United States www.cancer.gov/about-
nci/organization/ccct/cahub
5. German National Cohort Biorepository (GNC) Germany www.nako.de/en/
6. China National GeneBank (CNGB) China www.cngb.org
7. Estonian Biobank (Estonian Genome Center) Estonia www.geenivaramu.ee/en
8. Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
Biobank
Norway www.fhi.no/en/studies/moba
9. Qatar Biobank Qatar www.qatarbiobank.org.qa/
10 Canadian Tissue Repository Network (CTRNet Canada www.ctrnet.ca/
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12. Collection and Storage Process
3. Secure Storage:
DNA and tissue banks use specialized facilities with strict temperature and
security controls.
2. Sample Processing:
Techniques such as cryopreservation or formalin fixation maintain sample
quality for long-term storage
1. Sample Collection:
Ethical and standardized procedures ensure sample integrity and donor
consent
12

13. Applications of DNA and Tissue Banks
1. Genetic Research
• The banked samples serve as valuable resources for genetic studies, understanding disease mechanisms, and
identifying genetic markers.
2. Translational Medicine
• Tissue banks support the development of new therapies and medical interventions.
3. Forensic Science
• DNA banks aid in criminal investigations and missing persons identification.
4. Biodiversity Conservation:
DNA and tissue banks contribute to preserving genetic diversity in endangered species, supporting
conservation efforts.
5. Medical Research:
The stored samples aid in medical research, leading to breakthroughs in diagnostics, drug development, and
personalized medicine 13

14. Challenges and Ethical Considerations
 Sample Quality: Ensuring high-quality samples to maintain their usability over extended periods.
 Informed Consent: Ethical guidelines govern the collection and use of samples, respecting donor rights
and privacy.
 Data Security: Protecting sensitive genetic information from unauthorized access or breaches.
14

15. Barcodes
 a form of optical representation of data
 uses a series of black and white lines (bars) of
varying widths
 represent alphanumeric characters and
symbols.
 The specific pattern of bars and spaces
corresponds to a unique code for each
product, which can be read and interpreted
by barcode scanners or readers.
15

16. DNA Barcoding: Intro
 DNA barcoding is a molecular technique used for identifying and classifying organisms based on short standardized
DNA sequences.
 The method involves analyzing a specific region of the organism's genome, often a portion of the mitochondrial DNA,
which is highly conserved within species but varies between different species.
 This DNA barcode acts like a unique genetic signature for each species, enabling quick and accurate identification.
16

17. 17
Why DNA Barcoding is Important?

18. Paul Hebert - The Father of DNA Barcoding
Dr Paul D.N Hebert
Founder of DNA barcoding
 Paul Hebert, a Canadian scientist, introduced the concept of
DNA barcoding.
 He is often referred to as the "father of DNA barcoding."
 Hebert and his team published the foundational paper on DNA
barcoding in 2003.
 The Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) and
Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) were
established to organize and promote DNA barcoding research.
18

19. How It All Started In 2003
Propose a CO1 based ( 650bp of the 5 end) global
identification system in animals, show the success(
96.4- 100%) of assigning test specimens to the
correct phyla, order and species (lepidoptera from
Guelph) through a CO1- profile)
ability of COI sequences to diagnose species in certain
taxonomic groups, the present study extends these
analyses across the animal kingdom.
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20. The COI Gene - Universal Barcode for Animals
 DNA barcoding targets a specific gene region for identification.
 The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was chosen as the
universal barcode for animals.
 COI exhibits enough genetic variation between species and remains
highly conserved within species.
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21. DNA Barcoding: Steps
Step 1 Step 2
Step 4
Step 3 21

22. DNA barcode
DNA- Four nucleotide bases
1. Adenine-
2. Thymine-
3. Guanine-
4. Cytosine -
22

23. Application Areas
DNA
Barcode
1. Biodiversity
Research
2. Conservation
Biology
3. Food Safety
and
Authentication
4. Forensic
Sciences
5. Pharmaceutical
Industry
6. Aquatic
Ecosystem
Management
7. Invasive
Species
Detection
8. Pest
Management
9.
Paleontological
Studies
10.
Environmental
DNA (eDNA)
Studies
11. Plant and
Animal Breeding
12. Medicinal
Plant
Authentication
23

24. May Be In Future
Data in seconds to minutes
Pennies per sample
Link to reference database
A taxonomic GPS
Usable by non-specialists
24

25. What is DNA fingerprinting?
 Sir Alec Jeffreys discovered DNA fingerprinting in 1984 to
solve the issue related to crime, paternity.
 It is a laboratory technique/chemical test that shows genetic
makeup of a person.
 Principle: It involves identifying differences in some specific
regions in DNA sequence
25

26. Techniques for DNA fingerprinting
26

27. Applications of DNA Fingerprinting
1.Forensic Investigations: Identify suspects, victims, and link individuals to crime scenes.
2.Paternity and Relationship Testing: Establish biological relationships between individuals.
3.Missing Persons and Disaster Victim Identification: Help identify missing persons and victims of mass casualties.
4.Immigration and Asylum Seekers: Verify family relationships in immigration cases.
5.Personalized Medicine: Predict individual responses to medications and treatments.
6.Conservation Biology: Protect endangered species and monitor wildlife populations.
7.Agriculture and Livestock Breeding: Improve crop varieties and select genetically valuable animals.
8.Historical and Archaeological Studies: Study ancient human populations and remains.
9.Genealogy and Ancestry Testing: Trace genetic heritage and family history.
10.Disease Risk Assessment: Identify genetic predispositions to certain diseases.
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28. DNA Fingerprinting in Forensics
 In criminal investigations, DNA
fingerprinting is a powerful tool to match
suspects to crime scene evidence.
 It has revolutionized the justice system by
aiding in solving cold cases and exonerating
innocent individuals.
28

29. References
1."Use of DNA in Identification". Accessexcellence.org. Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
2. Butler JM (2005). Forensic DNA typing: biology, technology, and genetics of STR markers (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier
Academic Press. ISBN 978-0080470610. OCLC 123448124.
3.Image by Mikael Häggström, MD, using following source image: Figure 1 - available via license: Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International", from the following article:
4.Roberta Sitnik, Margareth Afonso Torres, Nydia Strachman Bacal, João Renato Rebello Pinho (2006). "Using PCR for
molecular monitoring of post-transplantation chimerism". Einstein (Sao Paulo). 4 (2).
5. "Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017.
Retrieved 20 April 2017.
6. "What is DNA Barcoding?". iBOL. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
7. Kress, W. John; Erickson, David L., eds. (2012). DNA Barcodes: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology.
Vol. 858. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-591-6. ISBN 978-1-61779-590-9. S2CID 3668979.
29

30. References
8.Hebert, Paul D. N.; Cywinska, Alina; Ball, Shelley L.; deWaard, Jeremy R. (2003-02-07). "Biological identifications through
DNA barcodes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1512): 313–
321. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2218. ISSN 1471-2954. PMC 1691236. PMID 12614582.
9. Folmer, O.; Black, M.; Hoeh, W.; Lutz, R.; Vrijenhoek, R. (October 1994). "DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial
cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates". Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology. 3 (5): 294–
299. ISSN 1053-6426. PMID 7881515.
10.Soulé, Michael E. (1986). "What is Conservation Biology?" (PDF). BioScience. American Institute of Biological
Sciences. 35 (11): 727–34. doi:10.2307/1310054. JSTOR 1310054.
11.Jump up to:a b Soule, Michael E. (1986). Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates.
p. 584. ISBN 978-0-87893-795-0.
12. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j Hunter, Malcolm L. (1996). Fundamentals of conservation biology. Oxford: Blackwell
Science. ISBN 978-0-86542-371-8.
13. Jump up to:a b c d Meffe, Gary K.; Martha J. Groom (2006). Principles of conservation biology (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass:
Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-518-5.
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31. References
14.Coelho, N., Gonçalves, S., & Romano, A. (2020). Endemic plant species conservation: Biotechnological
approaches. Plants, 9(3), 345.
15.Yu, J., Wu, X. I., Liu, C., Newmaster, S., Ragupathy, S., & Kress, W. J. (2021). Progress in the use of DNA barcodes in the
identification and classification of medicinal plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208, 111691.
16. Niazian, M. (2019). Application of genetics and biotechnology for improving medicinal plants. Planta, 249, 953-973.
17.Grant, D. M., Brodnicke, O. B., Evankow, A. M., Ferreira, A. O., Fontes, J. T., Hansen, A. K., ... & Ekrem, T. (2021). The
future of DNA barcoding: reflections from early career researchers. Diversity, 13(7), 313.
18.Jordan, D., & Mills, D. (2021). Past, present, and future of DNA typing for analyzing human and non-human forensic
samples. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 646130.
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