Biology Introduction: Nutrient Cycles
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The document discusses nutrient cycles and biomolecules. It provides information on the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles which are essential for life. Cells use carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen to make important molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides. These macromolecules are made up of monomers that polymerize and provide structure, energy storage, and genetic material for organisms.
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This document discusses the classification and properties of fatty acids. It defines fatty acids as long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxylic acid group. Fatty acids are classified as either saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds in their chain, making them solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, making them liquid. Unsaturated fatty acids are further divided into monounsaturated, with one double bond, and polyunsaturated, with two or more double bonds. The document provides examples of common saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and notes that replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats in the diet can help lower blood cholesterol.
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1. Fatty acids are long straight-chain carboxylic acids that are usually 10-20 carbons in length and have an even number of carbons. They can be saturated or unsaturated.
2. The structure of a fatty acid consists of a long carbon-hydrogen chain with a carboxyl group on one end. Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds in the carbon chain.
3. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds in the carbon chain, while unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids refer to the position of the first double bond from the methyl end.
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This document provides an introduction to fatty acids, including their properties, functions, nomenclature, and classification. Some key points:
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This document discusses fatty acids. Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon side chains that occur primarily in esterified form in lipids. They can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids do not contain double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds. Fatty acids are named based on their hydrocarbon structure and number of carbons. They are often represented using shorthand notations indicating the number of carbons, double bonds, and double bond positions. Common fatty acids include palmitic acid, oleic acid, and arachidonic acid.
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Absorption, digestion, metabolism of carbohydrates
applications of carbohydrates
Fatty acids
Fatty acids play key roles in metabolism as fuels, for energy storage and transport, and as components of cell membranes. They are classified by their level of saturation. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. The structure of fatty acids consists of a carboxyl end, alpha and beta carbons, and an omega methyl end. Fatty acids are broken down through beta-oxidation to produce acetyl-CoA for energy. They can also undergo lipid peroxidation or saponification.
Organic chemistry
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry topics including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and macromolecules. It defines key terms such as homologous series and discusses the physical properties and reactions of these organic compounds. For example, it explains that alkanes form a homologous series with a general formula of CnH2n+2 and that their melting and boiling points increase with chain length. It also summarizes how alcohols can undergo combustion, oxidation to form carboxylic acids, and esterification reactions.
21 ch03macromolecules2010
The document summarizes key points about carbon chemistry and its importance in life. It notes that all of life is built on carbon, with cells composed of around 72% water and 25% carbon compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds, which are versatile building blocks that can form complex molecules through bonding. These molecules include hydrocarbons, isomers with different structures and properties, and functional groups that influence reactivity and solubility. Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are formed from smaller organic molecules linking together in polymers through dehydration synthesis.
Chemistry of lipid _FATTY ACID NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION.pptx
Organic substances like lipids are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids serve several important biomedical functions in the body including being stored sources of energy, forming structural components of cell membranes, providing insulation, and acting as insulation in neurons. Lipids are also associated with diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and obesity. There are three main types of lipids - simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. Compound lipids contain fatty acids bonded to alcohols along with an additional group such as phospholipids, glycolipids, and other complex lipids.
Biological molecules
The document provides an overview of key biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the structures and functions of monomers, polymers, and larger molecules formed from these basic units. Key points covered include the structures of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; fatty acid and triglyceride structures; levels of protein structure from primary to quaternary; and DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis processes.
Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism
This document summarizes key concepts about cellular metabolism from a chapter in a human anatomy and physiology textbook. It discusses the two main types of metabolic reactions - anabolism and catabolism. It then covers specific metabolic processes in more detail, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system that produces ATP through cellular respiration. It explains how enzymes control metabolic reactions and how metabolic pathways are regulated.
Chemistry of lipids
Basics of lipids for medical/biochemistry undergraduates; structures, properties, and functions; lung surfactant
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important dietary and metabolic components. PUFAs can be synthesized in the body through a series of desaturation and elongation steps. Key PUFAs include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. PUFAs play roles in membrane structure and function, energy metabolism, and act as precursors to bioactive lipid mediators like eicosanoids and docosanoids. PUFA intake is associated with cardiovascular and other health benefits.
Introduction to Lipids and its Chemistry
A Comprehensive Introduction to Lipids and its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests and disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
Chapt04 Holes Lecture Animation[1]
The document summarizes cellular metabolism and metabolic pathways. There are two types of metabolic reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism uses energy to form larger molecules from smaller ones, while catabolism releases energy by breaking down larger molecules. The main metabolic pathways discussed are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to form pyruvic acid. The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvic acid and produces ATP and electrons. The electron transport chain uses these electrons to power ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Chemistry, classification & properties of carbohydrates
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Lithosphere 3 nc geology online
This document provides a summary of North Carolina's geology, beginning with the oldest Appalachian Mountain province that was formed 480 million years ago through plate collisions. It describes how the shifting of tectonic plates led to the formation of various supercontinents like Rodinia and Pangea over hundreds of millions of years. As these landmasses broke apart, the sediments eroded from the mountains formed the Coastal Plain where North Carolina's coastline and features like barrier islands and sounds are now located. The document uses the geological clues and structures visible today to reconstruct North Carolina's geological history over millions of years.
Atmosphere 2 Notes
1) The document discusses various weather phenomena including air pressure systems, wind, storms, and hurricanes. It describes how weather is measured and influenced by factors like pressure gradients, temperature differences, and the Coriolis effect.
2) Key terms are defined for various weather systems like high and low pressure areas, warm and cold fronts, and how they influence weather patterns. Different air mass types are also introduced.
3) Hazards from severe weather events like thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes are covered along with safety measures during such events. Historic storms like Katrina are summarized.
Atmosphere 2 Notes
1. The document discusses various weather phenomena including air pressure, wind, air masses, fronts, and storms. It provides definitions and explanations of these concepts.
2. Key terms that are defined include high and low pressure systems, isobars, warm and cold fronts, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. Measurement tools like barometers and anemometers are also explained.
3. Visuals like diagrams and videos are referenced throughout to enhance understanding of complex weather patterns and interactions between different elements.
Water and Soil: Hydrosphere 1 Quality
This document provides an overview of water quality and water systems. It discusses surface water features like rivers, watersheds, and groundwater. It explains the water cycle and how humans have altered it. Water quality is impacted by pollution, which can be from point sources like factories or non-point sources like urban runoff. Water is monitored through physical, chemical, and biological indicators. The document also summarizes specific issues with the Yadkin River watershed, including pollution from coal ash dumps, fracking, and GenX chemical contamination.
Water and Soil: Hydrosphere 2 Energy in Water
1) The document discusses the distribution and chemistry of Earth's oceans. 70% of Earth's surface is covered by oceans, which originally formed as one ocean but are now divided into five major basins.
2) It also describes ocean temperatures, currents, and how thermal and saline gradients drive global ocean circulation. Surface currents are wind-driven while deep currents are driven by water density from temperature and salt content.
3) The water and carbon cycles are interconnected as oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, regulating Earth's climate over long timescales. Chemical and physical weathering processes interact with oceans to shape the lithosphere.
Biosphere Notes
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to biosphere and ecosystems. It discusses how the biosphere consists of biotic and abiotic factors that interact within different levels of organization from species to ecosystems. Energy and matter cycle through the biosphere, with the sun being the main source of energy that enters through photosynthesis and is transferred through food webs. Human activities can impact biodiversity by threatening keystone species and introducing invasive species. Maintaining biodiversity is important for healthy functioning of ecosystems.
Astronomy 2 unit checks
1. The document provides definitions and questions about various topics in astronomy and earth science. It defines nuclear fusion and fission, and asks about the sun's phase and forms of energy transfer.
2. Questions are also asked about the Milankovich cycles, specifically eccentricity, axial tilt variations, and orbital variations that impact climate over long timescales.
3. Additional questions cover the shape of the Earth, and which materials (ocean, air, land) heat up faster.
Astronomy 2 unit checks
This document contains two unit check questions about various scientific concepts:
1. The first section asks the student to identify concepts like nuclear fusion, nebula, electromagnetic radiation, and which phase the sun is currently in (main sequence).
2. The second section asks the student to identify the Milankovich cycle of eccentricity and the shape of the Earth as an oblate spheroid. It also asks which materials (ocean, air, land) heat faster.
3. The third section asks the student to label the interaction between solar wind and Earth's magnetic field that creates the aurora.
Astronomy 1 unit checks
1. Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not Earth, was the center of the universe.
2. Galileo made important astronomical observations of the moon, planets, and stars using a telescope.
3. Ptolemy previously believed that everything revolved around the Earth.
Hydrosphere 1 unit checks
1. The document discusses various hydrological concepts including erosion, sediment deposition, watersheds, discharge, load, gradient, porosity, permeability, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and nutrient pollution.
2. Key terms defined include discharge, load, gradient, porosity, permeability, and turbidity.
3. The effects of changes in discharge, load, and gradient on erosive energy are explored.
Hydrosphere 2 Energy in Water
The document discusses the global water cycle and how it influences Earth's lithosphere. It describes various weathering processes like mechanical, chemical, and mass movement that break down rocks over time. Mechanical weathering is caused by ice, water, plants and animals while chemical weathering involves acidification and oxidation of minerals. Weathering rates depend on factors like climate, hardness of rock material, and surface area exposure. Erosion then transports weathered materials and deposits them elsewhere as sediments, shaping landscapes and forming geographic features over millions of years. Examples highlighted include the Grand Canyon, Death Valley, Great Sand Dunes, Arches, Antelope Canyon, Bryce Canyon, Zion Canyon, Carlsbad Caverns, Bad
Hydrosphere 1: Water Quality
This document provides information about water quality and issues affecting the Yadkin River watershed. It discusses how human activities like urbanization, agriculture, and industry introduce pollution into surface and groundwater sources. Specific issues impacting the Yadkin River watershed include high levels of nutrients and turbidity, toxic levels of mercury in fish, and coal ash spills from Duke Energy power plants contaminating the river. Maintaining water quality requires addressing both point source pollution from facilities and non-point source pollution from activities like construction and failing septic systems.
Bell Schedule
The document outlines the daily class schedule and various alternate schedules for Davie High School for the 2017-2018 school year. It includes the times for each class period under regular daily schedule with smart lunch, early release schedule, pep rally schedule, 2-hour delay schedule, 3-hour delay schedule. The regular daily schedule has 4 class periods from 8:15 AM to 3:25 PM with three lunch periods, while alternate schedules adjust class times and add or remove periods to accommodate things like pep rallies or delays.
Energy Resources
This document provides an overview of different types of energy resources including fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable resources. It discusses the science behind various energy production methods and summarizes pros and cons of each resource. Key points covered include how fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are non-renewable but currently provide most global energy, as well as safety and environmental issues associated with nuclear power and renewable alternatives like solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal and biomass energy. The document emphasizes the importance of sustainability and moving toward renewable resources.
Climate
This document discusses climate classification systems and the factors that cause climate change. It begins with an overview of weather versus climate and the Koppen climate classification system. The major climate types are then described in detail, including tropical, dry, mild, continental, and polar climates. Various natural and human factors that can disrupt climate patterns are outlined, such as solar activity, volcanic eruptions, greenhouse gases, and deforestation. Evidence of past climate changes is examined through paleoclimate research techniques. Feedback mechanisms are described that can amplify the impacts of initial changes.
Soil and Water 2: quality
This document provides an overview of water quality and sources. It discusses the water cycle, surface water features like rivers and watersheds, and groundwater systems like aquifers. It then covers topics like water monitoring, pollution sources, and current issues affecting the Yadkin River watershed like urbanization, coal ash spills, and emerging contaminants like GenX. Videos and links are provided for additional information.
Biology EOC Study Guide/Questions
This Biology EOC study guide covers several topics:
1) Cell organelles such as the nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and their functions. It also discusses prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2) Homeostasis and transport processes in cells, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. The cell cycle and mitosis are also described.
3) Ecology topics like the carbon and nitrogen cycles, energy flow through ecosystems in the form of energy pyramids, and life functions of plants and animals like transport and gas exchange.
Lithosphere 3 notes: NC Geology
The document summarizes the geology of North Carolina through time. It describes how North Carolina began with the ancient Appalachian mountains forming 480 million years ago during the collision of tectonic plates that built the supercontinent Pangea. Erosion of these mountains contributed sediment that was deposited in inland seas, forming the Coastal Plain regions. Changing sea levels over millions of years shaped the coastline, including the barrier islands along the Outer Banks. The geology of North Carolina was ultimately determined by plate tectonics and weathering processes acting over hundreds of millions of years.
Cell energy 2 cellular respiration
Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, the "energy currency" of cells. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain take place in the mitochondria and generate most of the cell's ATP through aerobic respiration. When oxygen is limited, fermentation pathways produce a small amount of ATP without using oxygen.
Ecology 2 notes
1. The document discusses how energy from the sun is transferred through ecosystems via various processes like photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, and cellular respiration. It moves from autotrophs to heterotrophs through food chains and webs.
2. As energy moves up trophic levels from producers to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers, 90% less energy is available at each level. Marine ecosystems tend to have more microscopic autotrophs while terrestrial ecosystems rely more on plant autotrophs and large herbivores.
3. Key biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are outlined as well as how pollutants can biomagnify up food chains. Biodiversity and human impacts
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Biology Introduction: Nutrient Cycles
- 1. NUTRIENT CYCLES VIDEO: LINK 1 Amoeba Sisters Nutrient Cycles VIDEO: LINK 2 Amoeba Sisters Biomolecules Robin D. Seamon
- 2. CH4CO2 C6H12O6 Carbon Dioxide Methane Glucose Water CH4 Methane C6H12O6Glucose H2O NH3Ammonia Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleotides Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleotides
- 3. NO3Nitrate N2Nitrogen gas NH3Ammonia O2Oxygen gas Water H2OO3Ozone CO2Carbon Dioxide C6H12O6Glucose Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleotides Proteins Nucleotides
- 4. Nucleotides
- 5. LIFE CHEMISTRY: CHON Carbon C Hydrogen H Oxygen O Nitrogen N Cells put these atoms together to make useful molecules for food and energy.
- 7. CHO Glycerol fatty acid fatty acid fatty acid LIPID MONOMER: Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains POLYMER: triglyceride
- 10. (long term Energy & cell membranes)(short term Energy) The Big 4: MacromolEcules Summary SHAPE: Geometric FUNCTION (what do they do?) STRUCTURE What are they made of? MONOMER: POLYMER: SYNTHESIS How are they made? FOOD: Where can you get them in your diet? EXAMPLES OTHER FACTS SHAPE: Geometric FUNCTION (what do they do?) STRUCTURE What are they made of? MONOMER: POLYMER: SYNTHESIS How are they made? FOOD: Where can you get them in your diet? EXAMPLES OTHER FACTS ELEMENTS: ELEMENTS: RED GREEN
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